STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
ERIC C. HECKMANN,
FOR PUBLICATION
July 26, 2005
9:05 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 260115
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 03-321385-NZ
DETROIT CHIEF OF POLICE, MAYOR OF
DETROIT, DETROIT DEPUTY CHIEF OF
POLICE, MARLENE HOBBS, HASUMATI
PATEL, and CITY OF DETROIT,
Defendants-Appellees.
Official Reported Version
Before: Sawyer, P.J., and Markey and Murray, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff Eric Heckmann is a civilian employee of the fiscal operations section (FOS) of
the Detroit police department. On September 11, 2002, plaintiff wrote a five-page letter to the
then newly appointed chief of police detailing allegations of gross mismanagement and fraud
within the department, including the hiring of unnecessary employees who performed no
meaningful work, misuse of overtime, falsification of time records, misuse of government
property, and premature payments of invoices. Plaintiff claims that as a result of this letter
defendants threatened or otherwise discriminated against him in violation of the Whistleblowers'
Protection Act (WPA), MCL 15.361 et seq. Plaintiff sued and also alleged in a second count that
defendants intentionally inflicted emotional distress. The trial court granted defendants' motion
for summary disposition, and plaintiff appeals by right. Because we find that plaintiff pleaded
and factually supported some of his WPA claims, we reverse in part, affirm in part, and remand
for further proceedings in the trial court.
I. Summary of Facts and Proceedings
Plaintiff is a longtime city of Detroit employee who has worked for the city's police
department since 1992. In 2002, plaintiff was a principal accountant in the department's FOS.
Plaintiff claims that in August 2002, he sent a memorandum to Deputy Chief Brenda Goss
Andrews, supervisor of the department's management services bureau, requesting a meeting to
discuss his observations of financial misconduct within the FOS. Upon receiving no response
from Andrews, plaintiff sent his September 2002 letter to newly appointed chief of police, Jerry
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Oliver. Plaintiff also forwarded a copy of the letter to Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick and to
the president of the Association of Professional and Technical Employees, a union in which
plaintiff was a member. Plaintiff acknowledged that beginning in January 2003 the union had
initiated approximately five grievance procedures on his behalf.
Plaintiff asserts that he did not receive a response to his September 2002 letter until being
called to a meeting in Andrews's office on April 8, 2003. Defendants Marlene Hobbs and
Hasumati Patel, the manager of the FOS also attended. After Patel's appointment in January
2003, plaintiff initiated the first of his grievances, which alleged that Patel had been appointed to
her position contrary to the union contract and the city's own rules regarding promotional
opportunities. Plaintiff also had criticized Hobbs in his September 2002 letter, but Hobbs was
promoted in April 2003 to the position of head governmental analyst in charge of the accounts
payable unit of the FOS. Plaintiff claims that, during the April meeting, Andrews discussed his
September 2002 letter and that Andrews told plaintiff that he should "start looking for a job
elsewhere" if he kept "making waves" and forcing Andrews to waste her time.
Plaintiff asserts that Andrews's comment to him at the April meeting was a "threat"
within the meaning of MCL 15.362. Plaintiff further alleges that after the April meeting,
defendants "otherwise discriminated" against him by reducing his duties and socially isolating
him. With respect to the former claim, plaintiff testified that Patel authored a memorandum on
April 10, 2003, outlining the respective work assignments of various FOS personnel. According
to plaintiff, although others were assigned ten or more duties, he was assigned only four.
Plaintiff acknowledged, however, that his four assigned responsibilities entailed accounting for
approximately $65 million to $80 million. Regarding social isolation, plaintiff testified that his
supervisors would ignore him but make a point of saying hello to every other person in the
office. But plaintiff acknowledged that he had a working relationship with Patel with whom he
communicated regularly by e-mail. Plaintiff also admitted no acrimony existed between him and
his coworkers, with whom he also maintained a working relationship.
In moving for summary disposition, defendants argued that plaintiff 's September 2002
letter was not a "report" within the meaning of the WPA because it was not made to an outside
agency; rather, it was merely an intra-agency complaint sent up the normal chain of command.
Defendants also argued that plaintiff had not suffered an adverse employment action because he
had not been fired, demoted, or transferred to a different job; plaintiff retained the same job
classification he had held, albeit with some altered job assignments. Defendants further noted
that although plaintiff was a union member, he had not initiated a grievance regarding his WPA
claims.
In opposing defendants' motion for summary disposition, plaintiff alleged that he was
passed over for promotion in January 2003 when the position of supervisor was filled without
being posted or through other normal procedures.1 Plaintiff also pointed to his claim that in
1
Plaintiff does not allege a failure to promote as a WPA violation in his complaint. Indeed,
because plaintiff filed his complaint on July 1, 2003, the ninety-day WPA period of limitations
(continued…)
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April 2003 Andrews told him to start looking for another job if he continued to "make waves."
Plaintiff also argued that his duties had been significantly reduced and that being ignored had
created hostility.
In granting defendants summary disposition, the trial court stated:
Okay, in this case the Plaintiff is a member of a union and subject to a
collective bargaining agreement and has not exhausted his administrative
remedies. Secondly, he was not fired. He was not demoted. He was not
transferred. Because he didn't get a promotion is not the basis for [a] cause of
action. The motion is granted on all counts.
On appeal, plaintiff challenges the trial court's ruling that dismissal of the WPA claim
was proper because plaintiff had not suffered an adverse employment action for the purposes of
the act and had failed to exhaust union remedies, and that, in fact, he should have received
summary disposition on that claim because he established without rebuttal a prima facie case.
Plaintiff further asserts that he established the existence of a genuine issue of material fact
concerning whether he had suffered outrageous and extreme conduct for the purposes of his
emotional distress claim. Plaintiff additionally argues that defendants were not entitled to
summary disposition because they failed to comply with the rules of discovery.
II. Standard of Review
We review de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition. West v
Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 177, 183; 665 NW2d 468 (2003). A motion for summary
disposition brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of a complaint and
must be supported by affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence. MCR
2.116(G)(3)(b); Corley v Detroit Bd of Ed, 470 Mich 274, 278; 681 NW2d 342 (2004). The trial
court and this Court must view the substantively admissible evidence submitted at the time of the
motion in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Maiden v Rozwood, 461
Mich 109, 121; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). "Summary disposition is appropriate under MCR
2.116(C)(10) if there is no genuine issue regarding any material fact and the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record,
giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to the opposing party, leaves open an issue upon which
reasonable minds might differ." West, supra at 183.
We also review de novo questions of law, including statutory construction. Anzaldua v
Band, 457 Mich 530; 578 NW2d 306 (1998).
(…continued)
had expired with respect to the January 2003 appointment of Patel as supervisor of the FOS.
MCL 15.363(1). See also Garg v Macomb Co Community Mental Health Services, 472 Mich
263, 290; 696 NW2d 646 (2005), declaring, with respect to the general three-year statute of
limitations of MCL 600.5805 and a Civil Rights Act retaliation claim, MCL 37.2701, that "the
'continuing violations' doctrine . . . has no continued place in the jurisprudence of this state."
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III. WPA Analysis
A. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
We first hold that the trial court erred as a matter of law by applying the doctrine of
exhaustion of administrative remedies to plaintiff 's statutory WPA claim.
Plaintiff 's
administrative remedies are separate and distinct from his rights and remedies under the WPA.
To apply the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies would frustrate the purpose of the
statute, particularly when the statute provides that relief must be sought "within 90 days after the
occurrence of the alleged violation of [the] act" or be lost. MCL 15.363(1).
We are guided by the following principles of statutory construction set forth by our
Supreme Court in Shallal v Catholic Social Services of Wayne Co, 455 Mich 604, 611; 566
NW2d 571 (1997):
The cardinal rule of all statutory construction is to identify and give effect
to the intent of the Legislature. The first step in discerning intent is to examine
the language of the statute in question. We read the language according to its
ordinary and generally accepted meaning. Judicial construction is authorized only
where it lends itself to more than one interpretation. We also consider that
remedial statutes, such as the Whistleblowers' Protection Act, are to be liberally
construed, favoring the persons the Legislature intended to benefit. [Citations
omitted.]
Nowhere in the statute has the Legislature either expressly or impliedly limited its
protection to whistleblowers who have exhausted other possible remedies, whether those
possible remedies are statutory, contractual, or administrative. Indeed, when the WPA duplicates
possible common-law remedies, the statute provides the exclusive remedy. Dudewicz v Norris
Schmid, Inc, 443 Mich 68, 78-79; 503 NW2d 645 (1993). The purpose of the statute is "to
alleviate . . . the inability to combat corruption or criminally irresponsible behavior in the
conduct of government or large businesses," id. at 75, by removing the barrier of fear of
retribution from preventing employees in the best position to report corruption, Shallal, supra at
612. We thus further the purpose of the WPA of protecting whistleblowers by not reading into
the statute limitations the Legislature did not express.2
Our reading of the statute is also consistent with prior case law applying the WPA and
comparable employment discrimination statutes. See, e.g., Shallal, supra at 617, quoting Rouse
2
Generally, where statutory language is clear and unambiguous, the Legislature must have
intended the meaning it clearly expressed, and the statute must be enforced as written; no further
construction is required or permitted. Anzaldua, supra at 535. "A necessary corollary of these
principles is that a court may read nothing into an unambiguous statute that is not within the
manifest intent of the Legislature as derived from the words of the statute itself." Roberts v
Mecosta Co Gen Hosp, 466 Mich 57, 63; 642 NW2d 663 (2002).
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v Farmers State Bank of Jewell, Iowa, 866 F Supp 1191, 1204 (ND Iowa, 1994)
("'[W]histleblower statute[s] [are] analogous to antiretaliation provisions of other employment
discrimination statutes and . . . the policies underlying these similar statutes warrant parallel
treatment . . . .'"). See also Roulston v Tendercare (Michigan), Inc, 239 Mich App 270, 280; 608
NW2d 525 (2000) (the WPA bears substantial similarities to Michigan's civil rights statutes).
This Court first addressed the WPA in Hopkins v Midland, 158 Mich App 361; 404
NW2d 744 (1987). At issue in Hopkins was whether a union grievance resulting in an arbitration
decision in favor of the employer barred the plaintiff 's subsequent WPA action. The Court held
"that [the] plaintiff 's failure to submit [his WPA] claims to arbitration does not act as res judicata
or collateral estoppel . . . ." Id. at 366. The Hopkins Court reasoned that the rights and remedies
accorded by the WPA are different from those of a collective bargaining agreement, noting that
"the act creates rights belonging to individual employees, not collectively represented groups."
Id. at 374-375. Consequently, "the arbitration proceeding [in Hopkins] was brought by [the]
plaintiff 's union, as is the usual case, to assert rights created under a collective bargaining
agreement." Id. at 375. But, "a civil action may be required to achieve the act's goals." Id.
This Court reviewed Hopkins when faced with the question whether a whistleblower who
reports a violation of the Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Act (MIOSHA), MCL
408.1001 et seq., must bring the retaliation claim under MIOSHA. Tyrna v Adamo, Inc, 159
Mich App 592, 600; 407 NW2d 47 (1987). The Tyrna Court determined that the whistleblower
did not have to do so and held "that an employee who reports a public health or safety violation
to appropriate local authorities may maintain an action under the whistleblowers' act
notwithstanding the fact that the employer's wrongful conduct also violates MIOSHA." Id. at
594. Although MIOSHA provides its own antiretaliation provision,3 the Tyrna panel reasoned
that the WPA had broader application and provided a wider panoply of legal and injunctive
remedies. Tyrna, supra at 598-600. Because the Court found no conflict between MIOSHA and
the WPA, the Court held that, without further legislative direction, the plaintiff could pursue his
claim under either statute. Tyrna, supra at 600-601.
This Court applied similar reasoning in concluding that a settlement of a union grievance
filed on behalf of a discharged employee did not bar an action alleging wrongful termination
under the Persons With Disabilities Civil Rights Act (formerly the Handicappers' Civil Rights
Act), MCL 37.1101 et seq., and the Civil Rights Act (CRA), MCL 37.2101 et seq. Florence v
Dep't of Social Services, 215 Mich App 211, 216-217; 544 NW2d 723 (1996). The Court
observed that a union has a duty to speak for its members with respect to the terms of a collective
bargaining agreement, but a union does not have a similar duty to uphold rights its members
3
We note that MCL 408.1065 provides for the filing of a complaint with the department of labor
with an opportunity for judicial review and enforcement of the administrative agency's decision.
In a case arising before the effective date of the WPA, this Court held MIOSHA's administrative
remedies were exclusive. Ohlsen v DST Industries, Inc, 111 Mich App 580, 584; 314 NW2d 699
(1981).
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possess independently of the collective bargaining agreement.4 Id. at 214. The Court held that
because the employee's contractual rights and statutory rights were distinctly separate, the
employee had a right to proceed on her statutory claims regardless of the agreement that her
union reached with respect to the contractual grievance. Id. at 214-216.
In sum, we hold that the trial court erred by ruling that plaintiff must have exhausted his
administrative remedies, that is, by the filing of a union grievance, before he could invoke his
statutory WPA rights. Our conclusion is consistent with the WPA's requirement that claims be
brought promptly or not at all, with the statute's lack of any express or implied requirement for
exhaustion of administrative remedies, and with a construction of the WPA "favoring the persons
the Legislature intended to benefit." Shallal, supra at 611.
B. Adverse Employment Action
We also hold that the trial court erred as a matter of law by implicitly ruling that plaintiff
must show that he was fired, demoted, or transferred in order to state a viable WPA claim and
that other bases, such as not getting a promotion or being threatened with employment action
including discharge, were not sufficient. Plaintiff alleged, and supported by his deposition
testimony, that Andrews referenced his September 2002 letter to the chief of police and told him
to start looking for a job elsewhere if he kept "making waves" and wasting Andrews's time.
Viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, this allegation and evidence support inferences
that defendant Andrews threatened plaintiff with discharge in retaliation for his September letter.
MCL 15.362 provides:
An employer shall not discharge, threaten, or otherwise discriminate
against an employee regarding the employee's compensation, terms, conditions,
location, or privileges of employment because the employee, or a person acting on
behalf of the employee, reports or is about to report, verbally or in writing, a
violation or a suspected violation of a law or regulation or rule promulgated
pursuant to law of this state, a political subdivision of this state, or the United
States to a public body, unless the employee knows that the report is false, or
because an employee is requested by a public body to participate in an
investigation, hearing, or inquiry held by that public body, or a court action.
[Emphasis added.]
Thus, the elements necessary to establish a prima facie case of a WPA violation are: "(1)
that plaintiff was engaged in protected activities as defined by the act; (2) that plaintiff was
subsequently discharged, threatened, or otherwise discriminated against; and (3) that a causal
4
We observe that plaintiff 's report of a violation or a suspected violation of a law in this case
implicated several fellow coworkers who might also be members of the same union. If so, the
union would face a difficult conflict of interest by representing plaintiff regarding alleged
retaliation for reporting wrongdoing.
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connection existed between the protected activity and the discharge, threat, or discrimination."
Phinney v Perlmutter, 222 Mich App 513, 553; 564 NW2d 532 (1997). Here, plaintiff 's
allegation and testimony regarding Andrews's statement, viewed in the light most favorable to
plaintiff, support inferences that would be sufficient to satisfy elements 2 and 3, that is,
reasonable jurors could find that defendant Andrews threatened plaintiff with discharge in
retaliation for his September letter See id. at 555-556. Accordingly, material disputed questions
of fact exist regarding whether Andrews made the comment, whether it was a threat of discharge,
and whether it was causally related to plaintiff 's September 2002 letter. Summary disposition
was therefore inappropriate. West, supra at 183.
Moreover, plaintiff alleges that as a result of his September letter, defendants
significantly reduced his work responsibilities. In Peña v Ingham Co Rd Comm, 255 Mich App
299, 311; 660 NW2d 351 (2003), in the context of a retaliation claim under Michigan's CRA,
this Court addressed what constitutes an adverse employment action. This Court "defined an
adverse employment action as an employment decision that is materially adverse in that it is
more than a mere inconvenience or an alteration of job responsibilities and that there must be
some objective basis for demonstrating that the change is adverse because a plaintiff 's subjective
impressions as to the desirability of one position over another are not controlling." Id., citing
Wilcoxon v Minnesota Mining & Mfg Co, 235 Mich App 347, 364; 597 NW2d 250 (1999) (other
citations and internal punctuation omitted). Further, although an exhaustive list of adverse
employment actions does not exist, the Peña Court noted "typical" adverse employment actions
include "a termination in employment, a demotion evidenced by a decrease in wage or salary, a
less distinguished title, a material loss of benefits, significantly diminished material
responsibilities, or other indices that might be unique to a particular situation." Peña, supra at
312 (citations omitted).
The record here is insufficient to determine whether plaintiff presented sufficient
evidence to establish a material question of fact regarding his allegation of "significantly
diminished material responsibilities."
Although plaintiff relies on Patel's April 2003
memorandum indicating other employees in the FOS were assigned more duties than he was,
plaintiff acknowledged that his assigned duties were significant and entailed accounting for
between $65 million to $80 million. Moreover, even if plaintiff 's material responsibilities were
significantly diminished, plaintiff must also establish a causal connection to his September 2002
letter. "Summary disposition for the defendant is appropriate when a plaintiff cannot factually
demonstrate a causal link between the protected activity and the adverse employment action."
West, supra at 184. This requires more than showing a mere temporal relationship between a
protected activity and the alleged adverse employment action. Id. at 185-186, 186 n 12.
Furthermore, in this case, there is a span of eight months between the protected activity and the
alleged adverse employment action.
In addition, plaintiff alleges his being socially isolated in the office creates a material
question of fact regarding an adverse employment action. We find plaintiff 's claim in this regard
legally and factually deficient. In Peña, supra at 315, this Court held that the "type of ostracism
or isolation [plaintiff alleges] is not the sort of conduct that rises to the level of an adverse
employment action." Moreover, plaintiff admitted in his deposition that he regularly
communicated by e-mail with his supervisor and maintained a "working relationship" with her.
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Further, plaintiff admitted that he also maintained a civil "working relationship" with his
coworkers; consequently, this allegation fails as a matter of law and fact.
Plaintiff also argues on appeal that he was passed over for promotion in January 2003 and
April 2003. Although a failure to promote, if motivated by an intent to retaliate for protected
activity, may come within the protection of the WPA, see Hopkins, supra at 377-378, plaintiff
alleged neither incident in his complaint. Other than noting that the limitations period expired on
the January 2003 appointment of Patel before plaintiff filed his complaint, see n 1, we decline to
address this appellate argument further.
C. Report to a Public Body
Defendants argue, as an alternative basis for affirming the trial court decision, that
plaintiff did not engage in a protected activity because his September 2002 letter to the chief of
police and the mayor was merely a report submitted through the normal chain of command, not
to a public body as required by the WPA. See Dickson v Oakland Univ, 171 Mich App 68, 71;
429 NW2d 640 (1988), overruled in part Dudewicz, supra at 77. The trial court did not rule on
this issue, but the issue presents a question of law, and we have before us the facts necessary to
resolve the issue. See Providence Hosp v Nat'l Labor Union Health & Welfare Fund, 162 Mich
App 191, 194-195; 412 NW2d 690 (1987). Accordingly, because this issue will arise on remand,
we address it. To the extent that the WPA requires that a whistleblower report to a "public body"
other than the whistleblower's employer, we hold that plaintiff satisfied the requirement by
forwarding a copy of his September 2002 letter to the mayor.
We discern in the plain language of the WPA no exception for reporting a violation or a
suspected violation of a law to a public body when the whistleblower is also an employee of
public body.5 We also discern no ambiguity permitting judicial construction. Shallal, supra at
612. Nevertheless, we feel constrained by our Supreme Court's partial approval in Dudewicz of
the analysis in Dickson. In Dickson, the plaintiff was a police officer employed by the Oakland
University Department of Public Safety. The plaintiff alleged that his superiors criticized him
for not exercising more discretion before making an arrest. The plaintiff also alleged that his
superiors declined to seek an arrest warrant for a university student after he reported being
assaulted by the student. The Dickson Court reasoned that the WPA "is designed to protect
employees who report suspected wrongdoing by their employer to a higher authority from
retaliatory discharge." Dickson, supra at 70. The Court held that because the plaintiff only
"reported the wrongdoing of students and others to his employer pursuant to his job function,"
his claim did not come within the meaning of the WPA. Dickson, supra at 71.
In Dudewicz, the plaintiff claimed that the defendant discriminated against him because
he reported alleged criminal activity of a coemployee. The defendant argued that the WPA was
limited to when a whistleblower reports alleged wrongdoing of his or her employer, not a fellow
employee. The trial court agreed, relying on Dickson. Our Supreme Court, however, found no
5
See n 2.
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such limitation in the plain language of the statute. Dudewicz, supra at 74-76. The Court held
that the Dickson Court erred by suggesting that the WPA was limited to protecting
whistleblowers who report wrongdoing by employers. Dudewicz, supra at 77. But the Court
also noted, that "the plaintiff in Dickson reported the violation only to his employer, not to a
public body within the meaning of the WPA. On these facts, the panel correctly found that the
WPA was inapplicable." Id. at 77 n 4.
We hold that on the facts of this case plaintiff 's report to the mayor satisfies the
requirement of Dickson-Dudewicz. Although the mayor is the chief executive officer of the city,
of which the police department is a part, the mayor's office and the police department are
separate "public bodies" as that term is defined in the WPA. Thus, a report to the mayor of
wrongdoing within the police department constitutes a report to a "higher authority" under
Dickson-Dudewicz and satisfies the statutory definition of "public body."
MCL 15.361(d) defines "public body," among other things, as:
(iii) A county, city, township, village, intercounty, intercity, or regional
governing body, a council, school district, special district, or municipal
corporation, or a board, department, commission, council, agency, or any member
or employee thereof.
* * *
(v) A law enforcement agency or any member or employee of a law
enforcement agency.
Just as the statute defines a "public body" as a "board, department, commission, council,
agency," or "law enforcement agency," this Court too has recognized that an employee of a
public body who reports a violation or a suspected violation of a law or regulation to a larger
umbrella entity that is also a public body has made a report to a public body within the meaning
of the WPA. For example, in Phinney, the plaintiff was a senior research associate at the
Institute of Gerontology at the University of Michigan. The plaintiff reported the theft of her
research to many University of Michigan employees. This Court held that the University of
Michigan was a "public body" as defined by the WPA and that her report to the U of M satisfied
any requirement that the plaintiff whistleblower must report to a "higher authority." Phinney,
supra at 555.
In sum, to the extent that the WPA requires a whistleblower who is an employee of a
public body to report a violation or a suspected violation of a law or regulation to a different
public body, plaintiff has satisfied that requirement here.
D. Plaintiff 's Claim to Summary Disposition
Plaintiff argues that the trial court should have granted him summary disposition on his
WPA claim because he established a prima facie case of a violation of the act that defendants
failed to rebut. We disagree.
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When considering claims under the WPA, this Court applies the burden-shifting analysis
used in retaliatory discharge claims under Michigan's Civil Rights Act. Roulston, supra at 280281. Accordingly,
the plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of
retaliatory discharge. If the plaintiff succeeds, the burden shifts to the defendant
to articulate a legitimate business reason for the discharge. If the defendant
produces evidence establishing the existence of a legitimate reason for the
discharge, the plaintiff must have an opportunity to prove that the legitimate
reason offered by the defendant was not the true reason, but was only a pretext for
the discharge. [Id. (citations omitted).]
As discussed in part III(B), plaintiff pleaded and factually supported at least one alleged
WPA violation. But this conclusion is reached when the evidence plaintiff submitted is viewed
in the light most favorable to him, as it must be on defendant's MCR 2.116(C)(10) motion for
summary disposition. A presumptive viewing of the evidence in plaintiff 's favor is not the same
as concluding that reasonable minds could not differ regarding the conclusions to be drawn from
the evidence. West, supra at 183. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in declining to grant
plaintiff summary disposition on his WPA claim.
IV. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
We hold that the trial court properly dismissed plaintiff 's claim for intentional infliction
of emotional distress.
Although our Supreme Court has not formally recognized this tort, in recent years, we
have. See, e.g., Nelson v Ho, 222 Mich App 74, 85 n 6; 564 NW2d 482 (1997), citing Roberts v
Auto-Owners Ins Co, 422 Mich 594; 374 NW2d 905 (1985).
In order to establish intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress,
a plaintiff must show (1) extreme and outrageous conduct, (2) intent or
recklessness, (3) causation, and (4) severe emotional distress. Liability attaches
only when a plaintiff can demonstrate that the defendant's conduct is so
outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible
bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a
civilized community. A defendant is not liable for mere insults, indignities,
threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or other trivialities. [Lewis v LeGrow, 258
Mich App 175, 196; 670 NW2d 675 (2003) (citations and internal punctuation
omitted).]
To determine whether conduct is so extreme and outrageous that it would trigger liability,
one must consider whether relating the facts of the case to an average member of the community
"'would arouse his resentment against the actor, and lead him to exclaim, "Outrageous!"'" AutoOwners, supra at 603, quoting Restatement Torts, 2d, § 46, comment d, pp 72-73. Because
reasonable minds could not differ and would conclude that defendants' alleged conduct that
forms the basis of plaintiff 's claim is not "outrageous," the court properly granted summary
disposition. West, supra at 183.
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Moreover, to the extent that plaintiff can prove damages as result of emotional distress
causally related to a WPA violation, his exclusive remedy lies in the WPA. See Dudewicz, supra
at 78-79. See, also, Phinney, supra at 560, holding that "emotional distress damages are
awardable in a claim brought under the WPA."
V. Conclusion
Because the trial court erred as a matter of law when it applied the doctrine of exhaustion
of other remedies to plaintiff 's WPA claim, and an erroneous standard regarding what may
constitute an adverse employment action within the meaning of the WPA, we affirm in part,
reverse in part, vacate the trial court's order granting summary disposition to defendants, and
remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We leave
to the trial court's discretion whether to grant the parties additional time for discovery. We do
not retain jurisdiction. No costs may be awarded because neither party completely prevailed.
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Jane E. Markey
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
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