PEOPLE OF MI V ROSEMARIE MCSWAIN
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
FOR PUBLICATION
December 9, 2003
9:30 a.m.
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 241275
Kent Circuit Court
LC No. 88-045197-FC
ROSEMARIE McSWAIN, also known as ROSE
MARIE-JEANETTE McSWAIN,
Defendant-Appellee.
Updated Copy
February 13, 2004
Before: Whitbeck, C.J., and Smolenski and Murray, JJ.
WHITBECK, C.J.
The prosecution appeals by leave granted the trial court's grant of defendant Rosemarie
McSwain's motion for relief from judgment. The central issue in this case is whether McSwain
was competent to stand trial for murder in 1988. Because we conclude that the trial court abused
its discretion on the basis of a series of clear errors in the factual findings supporting its
determination that McSwain was not competent, we reverse.
I. Basic Facts And Procedural History
A. McSwain's Conviction
Following a seven-day trial in October 1988, in which fifty witnesses testified, a jury
convicted McSwain of first-degree premeditated murder1 and possession of a firearm during the
commission of a felony.2 The prosecution's theory of the case was that McSwain, a prostitute,
shot and killed one of her customers because he refused to pay her for services. The defense
theory of the case was misidentification and alibi. There is no indication in the record of any
question concerning McSwain's mental capacity.
At the trial in 1988, Leveta Stewart testified that McSwain and a male fitting the victim's
description came to her apartment on April 19, 1988. According to Stewart, McSwain asked her
1
MCL 750.316(1)(a).
2
MCL 750.227b.
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if "they could use a room." Stewart testified that she let McSwain and the victim use her
bedroom. After fifteen to twenty minutes, McSwain and the victim came out of the room.
Stewart testified that McSwain
told the guy that he had wasted her time bringing her up there because they had
agreed on whatever they agreed on. He's supposed to have gave [sic] her $50, and
she told him that it was for him wasting her time. She said he was going to give
her something for wasting her time, and that it was going to be his ass or hers . . . .
* * *
At that time the man was saying he didn't have any money. He said he
didn't have any money or whatever else he said, which I didn't understand.
So Rose had went [sic] in her purse and pulled out a gun, and she put it on
his privates.
Stewart testified that after McSwain placed the gun on the victim's penis, she stated that "[s]he
was going to blow his nuts off." Stewart stated that she took the gun away from McSwain,
putting it in McSwain's purse. Stewart further stated that as McSwain and the victim left,
McSwain stated that "she was going to blow his head off . . . ." Stewart testified that she took
McSwain's comment as a joke, because she did not know McSwain to be a violent person.
Margaret Gillis testified that as she left work on April 19, 1988, she noticed a car with a
man and a woman sitting inside who fit the description of the victim and McSwain, and that they
appeared to be talking. As Gillis walked toward her car, she heard a noise that might have been
a car backfiring. When Gillis reached her car approximately twenty seconds later, she heard a
second sound that sounded the same as the first. Gillis said that she then saw a car rolling
backward down the street with "the passenger door open wide, and this man in the car in the
driver's side." As the car rolled closer to her, she saw "the man from behind the steering wheel
ha[d] blood trickling from down the right side of his face." The car eventually came to a stop
when it hit a telephone pole. Gillis went back inside her place of work to call 911.
Dr. Stephen Cohle, a forensic pathologist, performed an autopsy on the victim and
determined that the cause of death was a gunshot wound to the head and a gunshot wound to the
right arm and chest. Dr. Cohle testified that the first bullet entered through the victim's right
upper eyelid and was most likely fired from a range of six to twelve inches. The second bullet
passed through the victim's right arm and into the right side of the chest, ultimately stopping in
the victim's aorta.
Three of McSwain's cellmates at the Kent County jail testified that she had confessed to
the murder. Carmen Williams testified that McSwain first claimed that she did not kill the
victim, but later stated that she "didn't mean to do it . . . ." Sequita Eaves testified that she
overheard McSwain say she "didn't mean to do it." Linda Nusbaum testified that she heard
McSwain say that she "didn't mean to—for it to happen and that she was sorry . . . ."
The jury found McSwain guilty of first-degree murder and felony-firearm, and she
appealed as of right to this Court, raising six issues, none of which related to McSwain's mental
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capacity. This Court affirmed McSwain's convictions in an unpublished opinion per curiam.3
The Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal.4
B. McSwain's Motion For Relief From Judgment
In August 1998, McSwain moved for relief from judgment pursuant to MCR 6.500 et
seq. She claimed, for the first time, that there "has been newly discovered evidence that [she] is
affected by Multiple Personality Disorder, was so affected at the time of the crime and at the
time of the trial, and is in need of highly specialized and intensive treatment." She claimed that
this information was not available to her trial counsel for the purpose of preparing a defense.
She asked that the judgment of sentence be set aside pursuant to MCR 6.500 et seq., because she
"was incompetent to stand trial; she was not available to consult with her attorney and help him
prepare a defense, even though it is now evident that self-defense was available to justify the
killing." She stated, "It is also probable that the core personality was not present for a portion, or
for all, of the trial." Citing MCR 6.508(D)(1) and (2), she stated that she "could not have
presented evidence of multiple personality disorder because it was not available to her at the time
of trial; it is newly discovered evidence, and may be raised at this time."
Citing Rogers v Howes,5 McSwain asserted in her motion that, because MCR 6.500
created a procedural bar that was not firmly established and regularly followed at the time of her
conviction, there was no need for her to show cause and prejudice. Alternatively, she asserted
that she was permitted to raise her claim under the general requirements for relief found at MCR
6.508(D), noting in a footnote and citing MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b), that the court may waive the
good cause requirement if it concludes there is a significant possibility that the defendant is
innocent. Finally, she asserted that she was actually innocent of the charges stating that "she,
Rosemarie McSwain, did not commit them; whatever alter [meaning alternative personality] did
commit them was acting in self-defense" and that under these circumstances "the good cause
requirement can be waived."
C. The Evidentiary Hearing
1. Overview
The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on McSwain's motion for relief on October 2
and 3, 2000. McSwain presented five witnesses in addition to herself: Thomas Parker, her trial
counsel at her 1988 trial; Debra Caratonni, her cellmate; Dr. Greeley Gregory Miklashek, a
practicing psychiatrist at Forest View Hospital in Grand Rapids; Dr. Steven Miller, director of
the Michigan Institute for Forensic-Clinical-Neuro Psychology; and Ms. Leslie Pielack, a
certified social worker and licensed professional counselor at Lake Orion Psychological
3
Unpublished opinion per curiam, issued October 8, 1990 (Docket No. 115067).
4
437 Mich 1029 (1991).
5
144 F3d 990 (CA 6, 1998).
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Services. The prosecution presented one witness: Dr. Arthur Marroquin, the assistant director of
the evaluation center at the Center for Forensic Psychiatry.
In her opening statement at the evidentiary hearing, counsel for McSwain indicated that
"what we're really talking about here is whether Rosemarie McSwain had a fair trial, and it's my
contention that there is no way she had a fair trial" because she "did not have executive function
at the time of the killing" and that one of her alternative personalities "came out in a moment
where it was perceived self-defense was necessary, and this was a self-defense killing." Counsel
indicated that "there was no competency at the time of the trial, and as the Court knows, that is a
claim that can be brought up anytime, that is constitutional in nature, it is absolutely
fundamental, it is not governed by Michigan court rules or statutes, it is U.S. Supreme Court
constitutional law."
The prosecution took a different view. In his opening statement, the prosecutor stated
that the issue was whether McSwain could carry her burden of showing that she was not
competent to stand trial at the time of the trial or "[whether] she would have been able to prevail
[using] an insanity defense." The prosecutor emphasized that the evidentiary hearing on
McSwain's motion for relief from judgment was not for the purpose of making "an inquiry as to
whether or not 12 years later someone can conclude that there may have been a self-defense
claim available."
Much of the testimony at the evidentiary hearing concerned dissociative identity disorder,
formerly known as multiple personality disorder.6 In 1987, the American Psychiatric
Association classified multiple personality disorder as a dissociative disorder.7 In 1994, multiple
personality disorder was renamed dissociative identity disorder,8 which is characterized by "[t]he
presence of two more distinct identities or personality states that recurrently take control of the
individual's behavior accompanied by an inability to recall important personal information that is
too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness."9
2. Testimony Of Thomas Parker
Parker testified that he had been the chief trial attorney for the Kent County Office of the
Defender for twenty-three years and had handled over four thousand felony cases. Parker
testified that he was assigned to handle McSwain's case in 1988 and that the first time he visited
her in jail, "[s]he was a relatively pretty young lady, a shy, tended to be coy maybe in there, very
pleasant." Parker stated that McSwain "really wasn't helpful" regarding the case, "because she
6
See American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 4th ed, 1994), p 484.
7
See American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 3rd ed, 1987), p ___.
8
See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed, 1994), supra, p 477, and
the text revision published in 2000.
9
Id.
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said she basically didn't know anything about it." Parker testified that his subsequent meetings
with McSwain were "considerably different," because "she was extremely forward, brazen,
brassy," and "constantly saying 'I didn't do it.'" According to Parker, McSwain "was of no help
really whatsoever," because he got "nothing from her" as far as information with which to
fashion a defense strategy. During trial, Parker stated, McSwain "just sat there." Parker testified
that he tried to explain the trial process to her, but "there was nothing there to indicate to me that
at the time, that she didn't understand or that she did." Parker commented:
It is rare to get a client that comes up like a blank wall, so to speak, where
their cooperation is useless. Usually you can get, you know, something. It does
happen occasionally but it is extremely rare. And that was essentially what I got,
nothing from her, so we defended the case on basically attacking the proofs that
were in the case, and try to come up with some alternative explanation of how this
person got shot besides her doing it.
Parker testified that he had never encountered multiple personality disorder or
dissociative identity disorder. His experiences were mainly with schizophrenics, schizophrenic
paranoids, or manic-depressives. Although Parker had requested competency examinations
"many times" before, he did not request one for McSwain. Parker testified that McSwain gave
no indication that she did not understand that she was on trial for first-degree murder. According
to Parker, McSwain never claimed that she acted in self-defense; instead, she consistently
maintained that she "didn't do it."
On cross-examination, Parker stated that McSwain did not do anything that manifested,
or that he believed might be, mental illness. He said she did not give any indication that she did
not understand that she was being tried for first-degree murder. With respect to McSwain's
decision not to testify, he recalled nothing in the colloquy with the trial court on this subject that
would have indicated she did not understand that she had the right to testify. He noted that
McSwain never mentioned anything about acting in self-defense.
3. Testimony of Debra Carratoni
Debra Carratoni testified that she had known McSwain for six years and had met her at
Scott Correctional Facility where she was serving five to fifteen years for embezzlement.
Carratoni testified that she and McSwain attended the same vocational and college classes, so
she "virtually was able to observe [McSwain] daily, hourly." Carratoni testified that, while she
was "not a clinician," there was "something peculiar" about McSwain, and that she and the other
cellmates "never really knew who [they] were gonna see." For example, according to Carratoni,
McSwain would wear a ball gown and an extravagant hairdo on a hot summer day, rearrange a
room full of heavy desks in order to placate an "extremely anal-retentive [sic]" graphic arts
instructor, and wake up in the middle of the night to color with crayons on construction paper,
the walls, and the floor. Carratoni testified that McSwain's demeanor and features would change
during the day: "I would see changes in her facial muscles, her hair, just everything, her
mannerisms." Carratoni testified that McSwain "can be very childlike," but that the "childlike
demeanor would evaporate when an authority figure" came around. Carratoni testified that
McSwain introduced herself as "Bambi," and that she only referred to McSwain as Bambi.
However, Carratoni indicated that she was always able to communicate with McSwain while
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McSwain was in "different demeanors" that McSwain had named Rose, Rosemarie, Passion,
Marie, Maria, Gemini Light, and Gemini Dark.
4. Testimony Of Dr. Greeley Gregory Miklashek
Dr. Miklashek testified that he interviewed McSwain on September 23, 2000, for one
hour and ten minutes, and stated that "everything that [he] saw confirmed that [she] has DID
[dissociative identity disorder]" and that he only needed about ten minutes of the interview to
confirm that. Dr. Miklashek believed one of McSwain's alternative personalities was created
during an abuse episode when she was three years old. According to Dr. Miklashek, McSwain
described eight alternative personalities to him: "Bambi" (age 19); "Lucy" (age 43, but Dr.
Miklashek stated, "I wonder if she is not actually significantly younger than 43"); "Gemini Dark"
(age 47); "Gemini Light" (age 19); "Rose" or "Baby Rose" (age 3); "Rosemarie" (age 16);
"Maria" (age 17); and "Passion" (age 18). Dr. Miklashek believed "Bambi" to be McSwain's
"co-host" and described "Bambi" as "quite mature" and "thoughtful." Dr. Miklashek believed
"Lucy" to be McSwain's "anger alter," who "strikes out when necessary." Dr. Miklashek
described "Lucy" as the protector of "Rose," "Rosemarie," and "Gemini Light." Dr. Miklashek
noted that the "protective alter and angry alter are almost synonymous, they are almost always
the same." Dr. Miklashek said the he "would be flabbergasted if this had not been going on since
the abuse began, because that's when it always starts. It's a fragmentation of consciousness that
occurs at the time of the abuse experience," but stated that he did not ask McSwain in detail
about "how far back she remembered being like this."
Dr. Miklashek testified that when he discussed the murder with McSwain, "she appeared
to switch into the Lucy alter with a rather dramatic change in facial expression, which was
maintained as long as the Lucy alter was forward." According to Dr. Miklashek, McSwain told
him that "Lucy" came forward during the murder because she thought the victim "was going to
kill Rosemarie." Dr. Miklashek continued:
[McSwain] continued to express remorse for the death of the man she's
alleged to have shot and his children, and also remorse for her impact on the body
and other alters winding up in prison as a result of her aggressive act. She also
stated, quote, "We didn't correspond and share the way we do now."
To elaborate just a little on that, so [sic] what I understand her to be saying
is that Lucy is a protector, which she had described and it's in the previous
paragraph. She's a protector of Rose and Gemini Light, I have [sic]. Her babies,
her special children. And I believe that—I know that also includes Rosemarie is
[sic] someone that she looks out for, is protective of. So my understanding of it is
that she was afraid that Rosemarie was going to be killed, and her job is to
literally protect with her own life these other parts, and that's what she did.
When I at other times asked Bambi what she remembered about those
events, she described this as—and I'm quoting again—as the, quote, terrible
event, close quote, and further stated, "Regarding a recall, it's like flicks, pieces."
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Dr. Miklashek stated that McSwain remembered her pretrial experience as "sort of . . . a
package" in which all of her "executive" alternative personalities were gone, that "[t]hey had
retreated internally." Regarding McSwain's statements at the trial that she understood she had a
right to testify on her own behalf, Dr. Miklashek stated that although it "[was] an adult person
that's sitting there," "child alters were occupying the body at that time, and . . . she had very little
capacity for social judgment or to understand what was happening to her at that time. They were
just there to be abused."
On cross-examination, Dr. Miklashek admitted that he did not review the transcript of the
trial, that he did not review any police reports, that he did not review any of McSwain's
psychiatric history, and that he had not reviewed the Michigan statute concerning competency to
stand trial or the Michigan standard on insanity. When asked whether he would need to know
the Michigan definition of insanity before making a statement about the clinical functioning of a
patient, Dr. Miklashek responded, "Is 'hell, no' too strong?" He also stated that persons with
dissociative identity disorder can function and finish a class in school, operate in a profession,
and make rational decisions.
5. Testimony Of Dr. Steven Miller
Dr. Miller testified that he performed two evaluations on McSwain: a normal
psychological mental state evaluation and a forensic evaluation. The purpose of these
evaluations was to determine whether McSwain suffered from a mental disorder that reached the
level of the legally defined concept of insanity and whether she had a legally defined mental
illness. Dr. Miller reviewed the records of McSwain's psychiatric history, but did not read the
trial transcripts or police reports before evaluating her. Dr. Miller testified that defense counsel
introduced him to McSwain at a brief meeting in January 1997, and that he evaluated her on
three different occasions in March 1997 for a total of seven to 7-1/2 hours.
Dr. Miller testified that he believed that McSwain developed various personalities at
different times in her life "in order to deal with different kinds of trauma and different kinds of
situations she was in." Dr. Miller believed that McSwain's personality split when she was three
or 3½ years old, forming "Baby Rose." As a teenager, "Rosemarie" developed as "more of a
core personality, who was a very passive, depressed, suicidal teenager . . . ." "Bambi" was "kind
of a street-slick prostitute type." "Passion" was a "sexual person" who according to McSwain,
was "somebody that led me to try to normalize sexuality and make me feel good about
sexuality." "Lucy" was the "angry personality" who "was considered the hard, tough, street-wise
personality, who would get things done" and whose function was to "deal with difficult
situations." Dr. Miller believed that "Lucy" committed the murder to protect "the system" (i.e.,
her alternative personalities) and that "Lucy" felt remorse as to how her decision to kill the
victim affected "the system."
Dr. Miller concluded that there was "very little doubt" that McSwain suffers from
dissociative identity disorder because she met all the diagnostic criteria for the disorder. Dr.
Miller testified that there was a "very high probability" that McSwain suffered from dissociative
identity disorder in 1988 and that she was incompetent to stand trial and not legally responsible
for the crime. Dr. Miller "extrapolated" back to 1988 and reasoned that McSwain
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likely suffered from DID from childhood, so therefore she likely suffered it at that
time, and that given that, she would not have had reasonable access to all of the
memories she needed in order to assist her defense counsel in making a
reasonable mental state reconstruction of what happened.
However, Dr. Miller testified that a person with dissociative identity disorder could be competent
to stand trial and believed that McSwain was currently competent to stand trial, because, he
explained, "through the interventions of the different clinicians that have seen her, we've helped
her to sort out her system, she's been able to tell a coherent story, we've been able to provide her
counsel with a reasonable explanation of what went forward . . . ."
On cross-examination, Dr. Miller stated that he did not read the transcript of the trial, that
he did not read any police reports about any prior contacts McSwain had with the police, that he
saw nothing strange or unusual in McSwain's colloquy with the trial court about her decision not
to testify, and that there was no suggestion that McSwain had used any alias other than "Bambi"
in connection with her arrest for the murder.
6. Testimony Of Leslie Pielack
Pielack testified that she twice interviewed McSwain. Pielack recounted McSwain's
history, including abuse beginning at age three or four, and continuing into her teenage years;
psychiatric hospitalization at age twelve; additional hospitalizations during her teenage years for
depression, suicide, and drug use; and a series of sexually abusive relationships with various
men, including her stepfather. Pielack testified that McSwain exhibited signs of amnesia, one of
the criteria for dissociative identity disorder. Pielack testified that McSwain's demeanor changed
several times during the interview:
There existed a change of eyeglasses, change of facial expressions
consistent with different identities, postures, different figures of speech, different
voice patterns, different use of slang, and dialect change, alternation from a matter
of fact demeanor to a bright demeanor to a suspicious, angry and hostile
demeanor, et cetera. And that's all during one interview.
[McSwain] would take her glasses off because all of a sudden she would
not be able to be using them very well. She would comment upon her clothes in a
surprised way, like "What am I doing wearing this? I don't wear things like this.
This is not what I would choose to be wearing."
Pielack believed that McSwain started developing alternative personalities at a very
young age and that "Lucy" came into being around age twelve. Pielack noted that "Lucy"
"presents herself as very, take care of business, not put up with anything from anyone, and a very
assertive, aggressive kind of part of self." Pielack testified that "Lucy" emerged and committed
the murder to protect McSwain.
On cross-examination, Pielack stated that she did not review the trial transcripts, police
reports, any prior police contacts that McSwain may have had, or any documents relating to
McSwain's admission to the Huron Valley Center in 1997 before interviewing McSwain.
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Indeed, in her direct testimony, Pielack outlined her view on the need to review a person's mental
health history, her criminal history, and past police reports and legal documents:
I think that information is usually elicited in the psychiatric history taking.
Part of the history—part of the interview is to assess historical information, you
know, how old are you, how many brothers and sisters do you have, where did
you grow up, you know, what kinds of things have happened in your life. And
any kind of legal history is usually asked about, you know, and the person reports
that like they would report anything else about themselves, so it's just another
piece of information. In terms of seeking, you know, formal documents, it's not
necessary in a clinical interview. It really is not, because the clinical interview is
not about that, it's about this clinical presentation now.
Pielack also stated that she would find it significant that McSwain told the treating
psychiatrist at the time of her admission in 1997 that she had been given a diagnosis of multiple
personality disorder. She further stated that the stress associated with killing someone or being
on trial for murder would very possibly make the symptoms of dissociative identity disorder
worse. On the question of McSwain's mental capacity at the time of the trial in 1988, Pielack
responded to the prosecutor's question as follows:
Q. What you're saying, then, and I don't mean to put words in your mouth,
and correct me if I'm wrong, what you are saying is that if she had this in '97 at
the time you diagnosed her, she had it in '88?
A. If it's a valid diagnosis, the likelihood is very good, yes.
7. Testimony of Rosemarie McSwain
McSwain testified about sexual abuse she experienced during her childhood. She
recounted that her stepfather sexually abused her when she was ten years old by taking her to a
shed, tying her up, and forcing her to have oral, anal, and vaginal sex with him. She testified that
her stepfather burned her legs with cigarettes, and she showed the scars to the trial court. She
recalled her stepfather hanging her upside down. She recounted another incident in which she
was injured when her stepfather inserted a pop bottle into her vagina.
8. Testimony Of Dr. Arthur Marroquin
Dr. Marroquin testified that he interviewed McSwain three times, pursuant to the trial
court's order to evaluate her for competency to stand trial and for criminal responsibility. Dr.
Marroquin stated that he reviewed the trial transcripts, police reports, and records of McSwain's
psychiatric treatment. He noted that it was important to review such records "[b]ecause the
forensic examination, unlike an ordinary clinical examination, requires that you have multiple
sources of information for reaching conclusions about a particular individual." He described
McSwain as follows:
Her appearance and demeanor were, I thought, unremarkable. She
presented as apparently adequately groomed, clean, dressed in prison clothing,
looked her age, was rather unremarkable in presentation and demeanor altogether.
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Dr. Marroquin testified that McSwain indicated that dissociative identity disorder was a
problem she had experienced for "most of her life, at least back into adolescence, and that she
had only learned about it in her adulthood . . . ." He stated that McSwain described to him "how
she had various personalities within her personality that were at different times in control of her."
Dr. Marroquin noted that he did not see any changes in McSwain's demeanor as she was talking,
nor did he see anything that would indicate a different personality coming out. Dr. Marroquin
testified that McSwain's psychiatric records from January 1997 indicate that she told her treating
psychiatrist that "she had been previously diagnosed with multiple personality disorder by "Dr.
Miller."
Dr. Marroquin testified that McSwain recounted the events of the murder and made
reference "to different personalities coming out and being concerned that she was gonna get
killed, . . . that she needed protection, and so on and so forth." Dr. Marroquin opined:
Well, my conclusion is that this is a way of talking about it after the fact.
It's not to say that this is how it actually was at the time. And I think the weight
of the information does not support the conclusion that she has a multiple
personality disorder, I think this is just after-the-fact rationalization.
Dr. Marroquin noted that McSwain signed prison forms "in which she identified herself
by her own name, not someone else's name, not some alleged alter identity." He stated that if
someone "is asked their name and identity and responds with their appropriate name and identity,
then they seem to know who they are, and I wouldn't make anything more about it than that."
Dr. Marroquin concluded that McSwain was not mentally ill and that she was competent
to stand trial when he interviewed her, as well as in 1988. Dr. Marroquin based his conclusion in
part on the trial transcripts, which, in his opinion, "did not support the presence of some mental
condition that would have prevented her from understanding the nature and object of the charge
or rationally assisting counsel." According to Dr. Marroquin, McSwain told him that she had
provided defense counsel with names of witnesses to call; Dr. Marroquin believed this to be
significant in the forensic context because it "[t]ells me they were working together." Dr.
Marroquin also stated that McSwain told him that she had discussed a plea bargain with her
attorney, and that in hindsight, she "[t]hought it was a big mistake" not to enter a plea. Dr.
Marroquin testified that when the trial court questioned McSwain regarding her decision not to
testify, "[s]he was responsive to being addressed by the Court in what appeared to be an
appropriate manner." In Dr. Marroquin's opinion, this was significant because it is not unusual
for people with "genuine mental conditions to manifest these conditions in the courtroom, either
by speaking up inappropriately or having to be cautioned to remain seated . . . ." He reasoned
that, because McSwain did not manifest any conditions of mental illness during the colloquy
with the trial court, she was not mentally ill.
Q. If she had been mentally ill at the time of your interview, would you
have expected to see something that was remarkable?
A. Absolutely.
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Q. If she had any dissociative disorder of any kind, would you have
expected to see something?
A. I would expect so, given the amount of time we spent together, yup.
Dr. Marroquin testified that he did not see any indication that McSwain was suffering
from a dissociative disorder of any kind. He noted that "people with genuine mental conditions
may try to control and disguise them, but if they actually have them, it's very difficult to disguise
them for a protracted period of time." He disagreed with the defense expert witnesses that
someone with dissociative identity disorder could appear normal and function in everyday
activities such as school and work:
I think it's very unlikely. I think that this would be a very disabling
condition if you really had it. That it would prevent a person from doing most of
the things that ordinarily you have to do to live, work, be in relationships, and so
on and so forth. I think it would be very difficult to completely keep it under
wraps, so that even a layman interacting with the person would not come away
from the interaction saying "There's really something the matter with this person."
D. The Trial Court's Opinion
In August 2001, the trial court issued an opinion and order granting McSwain's motion
for relief from judgment. The trial court detailed the testimony of each of the witnesses before
setting forth its opinion, then stated:
This court is extremely reluctant to open up once again a murder case that
was tried before a jury some eleven years ago. The court fully recognizes the
need for finality. Similarly, the court is of the opinion that medical evidence
involving psychiatric conditions is not always as objectively reliable as other
types of medical testimony. Furthermore, given the offense for which defendant
was convicted, and the life sentence with no possibility of parole necessarily
imposed following trial, defendant has nothing to lose by bringing this motion,
and everything to gain. Defendant could well be scamming the court and the
system.
On the other hand, defendant through very competent and diligent counsel
presented a compelling case that she had and continues to have several distinct
personalities. Until hearing the evidence presented, this court would have been
very much inclined to dismiss as psycho-babble the claims presented by
defendant. In the end, justice and fairness is every bit as important to the system
as is finality and convenience. If defendant is scamming the court, she is doing so
only after convincing two attorneys, four mental health professionals, and a close
friend that she has a mental illness (DID), and that such illness made her
incompetent and criminally not responsible at time of the offense and trial in
question.
The trial court noted that McSwain had the burden of establishing entitlement to the relief
requested pursuant to MCR 6.508(D), and stated that "since defendant's conviction has been
-11-
appealed and decided adversely to her by both the Michigan Court of Appeals and the Michigan
Supreme Court, it is incumbent upon her to demonstrate both good cause for failure to raise these
issues on appeal as well as actual prejudice. MCR 6.508(D)(3)(a)&(b)."
The trial court then found that McSwain established good cause for not raising the issue
earlier:
At time of trial, DID was not even a recognized diagnosis. Actual DID is
extremely rare, according to the expert witnesses presented. Also, in view of the
characteristics of DID, it would have been quite difficult for trial and/or appellate
counsel to recognize the potential disability, because relevant personalities likely
withdrew at the time for reasons stated by the experts. Even if defendant at times
cooperated with counsel, and appropriately addressed the court about such
decisions as turning down an offered plea bargain, there is considerable question
as to which personality was speaking or acting at the time.
The trial court also found that McSwain demonstrated actual prejudice from the alleged
irregularities that support the claim for relief, pursuant to MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(iii):
The actual prejudice requirement presents a more substantial question.
There is little doubt from the evidence that one of defendant's personalities or
alters killed the victim. The People understandably suggest the likelihood of post
facto fabrication, and even question the validity of a DID diagnosis since such is
not uniformly recognized by all mental health professionals. The forensic review
performed by the People's expert, Dr. Marroquin, included a more thorough
review of the trial record, and other factors normally important in forensic
examination. Nonetheless, in hearing the testimony of three mental health
professionals presented live by the defense, and in reviewing the information
contained in an affidavit of a fourth, and in applying additional evidence
presented by lay witnesses, this court is left with a distinct impression that
defendant may well not have been competent at time of trial, and perhaps not
criminally responsible. Defendant's experts were united in their opinions. Some
were preeminent in the field of DID. All suggested that defendant's case was
among the most severe they had ever observed. And without questioning the
general qualifications of the prosecutor's expert, because he is extremely well
qualified in the field of forensic psychiatry, his experience and training in the field
of DID paled in comparison.
In short, the quality and quantity of expert evidence submitted by
defendant, coupled with the strength of the experts' convictions, convinced this
otherwise dubious court that had such compelling evidence been presented to the
judge and/or jury at time of trial, there is substantial likelihood that defendant
would have been declared incompetent, and a reasonable likelihood that the jury
would have decided the case differently. In view of this, justice dictates that
defendant be given the opportunity to present such evidence at a new trial.
-12-
The trial court concluded:
The court recognizes the practical difficulties that could face prosecutors
called upon to relitigate a matter some eleven years after the fact. Witnesses
disappear, memories fade, and tangible pieces of evidence may no longer be
available. Granting of defendant's motion is not something this court takes
lightly. In this case, however, evidence appears to remain strong and viable that
the person of defendant Rosemary McSwain pulled the trigger that caused the
death of the victim. Defendant does not really deny this. The only material issue
relates to defendant's alleged DID, and its impact, if any, upon her competency
and criminal responsibility. As has been evidenced by this two day hearing, both
sides are well able to present and argue their respective positions as needed.
Justice dictates that said be done.
II. MCR 6.508
A. Overview
It is well settled that
[s]ubchapter 6.500 of the Michigan Court Rules establishes the procedures for
pursuing postappeal relief from a criminal conviction. The subchapter is the
exclusive means to challenge a conviction in Michigan once a defendant has
exhausted the normal appellate process. Relief, however, may not be granted
unless the defendant demonstrates (a) good cause for failure to have raised the
grounds for relief on appeal or in a prior motion under the subchapter and (b)
actual prejudice from the alleged irregularities that support the claim for relief.
MCR 6.508(D)(3)(a) and (b).[10]
Here, there is little question that McSwain seeks relief from judgment within the scope of
MCR 6.500 et seq. Further, her central contention in her motion before the trial court for relief
from judgment was that she was incompetent to stand trial in 1988 and that she was not available
to consult with her attorney and help him prepare a defense. The reason for this, according to
McSwain, was that she suffers now, and suffered at the time of trial, from a mental incapacity
now known as dissociative identity disorder. While she also asserted that another of her various
personalities, apparently "Lucy," actually committed the murder as a form of self-defense, this
was not her central contention at the evidentiary hearing, nor is it her central contention in this
appeal. Further, the trial court addressed only the incapacity issue in its opinion and therefore it
is this issue, whether viewed under the rubric of newly discovered evidence or simply through
the structure of MCR 6.508, that is before us. We take the latter approach and therefore turn first
to the language of the court rule.
10
People v Watroba, 193 Mich App 124, 126; 483 NW2d 441 (1992).
-13-
B. The Language Of MCR 6.508
MCR 6.508 is phrased in the negative and sets out three bars to relief from judgment.
The first bar, under MCR 6.508(D)(1), is that a court may not grant relief from judgment if the
criminal defendant's motion seeks relief from judgment of conviction and sentence that still is
subject is to challenge on appeal under MCR 7.200 or MCR 7.300. This bar is not applicable
here; McSwain's judgment of conviction and sentence is not now subject to challenge on appeal
pursuant to MCR 7.200 or 7.300.
The second bar, under MCR 6.508(D)(2), is that a court may not grant relief from
judgment if the criminal defendant's motion alleges grounds for relief that were decided against
the defendant in a prior appeal or proceeding under MCR 6.500, "unless the defendant
establishes that a retroactive change in the law has undermined the prior decision." This bar is
also not applicable here; McSwain's motion did not allege grounds that were decided against her
in a prior appeal or proceeding under MCR 6.500.
The third bar, under MCR 6.508(D)(3), is that a court may not grant relief from judgment
if the criminal defendant's motion "alleges grounds for relief, other than jurisdictional defects,
which could have been raised on appeal from the conviction and sentence or in a prior motion
under" MCR 6.500. This bar clearly applies here as McSwain could have, but did not, raise the
issue of her alleged mental incapacity in her prior appeal from her conviction and sentence.
However, a criminal defendant can avoid the application of this bar if that defendant
demonstrates:
(a) good cause for failure to raise such grounds on appeal or in the prior
motion; and
(b) actual prejudice from the alleged irregularities that support the claim
for relief.[11]
The rule then defines "actual prejudice":
(i) in a conviction following a trial, but for the alleged error, the defendant
would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal;[12]
* * *
(iii) in any case, the irregularity was so offensive to the maintenance of a
sound judicial process that the conviction should not be allowed to stand
regardless of its effect on the outcome of the case . . . .[13]
11
MCR 6.508(D)(3).
12
MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b).
13
Id.
-14-
The court rule also provides that the criminal defendant has the burden of establishing
entitlement to the relief requested and that the court may waive the "good cause" requirement of
MCR 6.508(D)(3)(a) if it concludes that there is a significant possibility that the defendant is
innocent of the crime.14 Here, as we note above, the trial court found that McSwain had
demonstrated both "good cause" for failing to raise the mental incapacity ground in her previous
appeal and "actual prejudice." The next step in our analysis, therefore, is our consideration of the
standard against which we review these findings.
III. Standard Of Review
A. Overview
It is well established that we review a trial court's grant of relief from judgment for an
abuse of discretion15 and that we review a trial court's findings of fact supporting its ruling for
clear error.16 These simple statements, however, mask myriad complexities. The first such
complexity occurs at the threshold and relates to the proper order in which we are to conduct this
bifurcated inquiry. In some instances, statutory language and case precedent set the order; when
reviewing a trial court's decision to sentence a minor as a juvenile or as an adult, for example, the
appellate court first reviews the trial court's findings of fact for clear error and then reviews the
ultimate decision for an abuse of discretion.17 While there is no similar statutory direction when
dealing with our review of a trial court's grant of relief from judgment, we believe that simple
logic requires us first to consider a trial court's findings of fact and then to consider that court's
ultimate decision.
B. Reviewing A Trial Court's Findings Of Facts For Clear Error
The second complexity relates to the "clearly erroneous" standard, one that is "easier to
cite than to explain."18 The classic formulation is that a trial court's findings of fact are clearly
erroneous "if, after a review of the entire record, the appellate court is left with a definite and
14
MCR 6.508(D)(3).
15
People v Ulman, 244 Mich App 500, 508; 625 NW2d 429 (2001) ("A trial court's grant of
relief from judgment is reviewed generally for an abuse of discretion," citing People v Osaghae,
460 Mich 529, 534; 596 NW2d 911 [1999] and People v Reed, 198 Mich App 639, 645; 499
NW2d 441 [1993], aff 'd 449 Mich 375; 535 NW2d 496 [1995]).
16
MCR 2.613(C). See also People v Crear, 242 Mich App 158, 167; 618 NW2d 91 (2000).
17
See People v Thenghkam, 240 Mich App 29, 41-42; 610 NW2d 571 (2000), overruled in part
on other grounds in People v Petty, 469 Mich 108; 665 NW2d 443 (2003). See also People v
Launsburry, 217 Mich App 358, 362; 551 NW2d 460 (1996), People v Lyons (On Remand), 203
Mich App 465, 468; 513 NW2d 170 (1994), and People v Passeno, 195 Mich App 91, 103; 489
NW2d 152 (1992), overruled in part on other grounds in People v Bigelow, 229 Mich App 218;
581 NW2d 744 (1998).
18
Thenghkam, supra at 43.
-15-
firm conviction that a mistake has been made."19 This formulation derives from United States v
United States Gypsum Co,20 but in that case the United States Supreme Court "did little more
than announce the 'firm and definite conviction' slogan without a great deal of elucidation."21
Nonetheless, in Michigan, we have derived two general principles from Gypsum. The first is that
reviewing courts give "less deference to the factual findings of trial judges than to the factual
findings of juries, even though the trial court's findings still have 'great weight.'"22 The second is
that "a trial court's factual findings may be clearly erroneous even when there is some evidence
to support them."23 As this Court stated in Thenghkam:
There are occasions, albeit relatively infrequent ones, when a trial court's
assessment of those facts suffers from some shortsightedness. . . . In those
circumstances where the trial court's findings do not accurately portray the factual
background of the case, we conclude that the trial court "clearly erred."[24]
Overall, the clear error standard of review is highly deferential to the trial court; indeed,
MCR 2.613(C) requires that regard be given to the "special opportunity of the trial court to judge
the credibility of the witnesses who appeared before it." However, "[t]he important lesson of
Gypsum is that appellate courts need not refrain from scrutinizing a trial court's factual findings,
nor may appellate courts tacitly endorse obvious errors under the guise of deference."25
Thus, here, we must scrutinize the trial court's factual findings and, while according those
findings deference as required by the court rule, we are not to tacitly endorse obvious errors, or
omissions, under the guise of that deference.
C. Reviewing A Trial Court's Ultimate Decision For An Abuse Of Discretion
The third complexity relates to the abuse of discretion standard. It is, perhaps, helpful to
think of this standard as a spectrum. The most deferential end of that spectrum is the formulation
contained in Spalding v Spalding,26 which states that an abuse of discretion occurs when the
lower court's decision is "so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not
the exercise of will but perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but defiance thereof, not
the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias." Under this formulation, an appellate court is
19
People v Gistover, 189 Mich App 44, 46; 472 NW2d 27 (1991).
20
333 US 364; 68 S Ct 525; 92 L Ed 746 (1948).
21
Thenghkam, supra at 45.
22
Id. See also Brady v Michigan Consolidated Gas Co, 31 Mich App 498, 500 n 1; 188 NW2d
58 (1971) (Michigan's appellate courts traditionally exercise a broader review of a judge's
decision than of jury verdicts).
23
Thenghkam, supra at 45.
24
Id. at 46.
25
Id. at 47.
26
355 Mich 382, 384-385; 94 NW2d 810 (1959).
-16-
almost required, in order to reverse a trial judge's discretionary decision, to conclude that the
judge literally had taken leave of his senses.
At the other end of the spectrum is the considerably less deferential formulation of the
abuse of discretion standard contained in the recent case of People v Babcock.27 There, Justice
Markman, writing for the majority, analyzed the abuse of discretion standard:
At its core, an abuse of discretion standard acknowledges that there will be
circumstances in which there will be no single correct outcome; rather, there will
be more than one reasonable and principled outcome. See People v Talley, 410
Mich 378, 398; 301 NW2d 809 (1981) (Levin, J., concurring), quoting Langes v
Green, 282 US 531, 541; 51 S Ct 243; 75 L Ed 520 (1931) ("'The term
"discretion" denotes the absence of a hard and fast rule.'"). When the trial court
selects one of these principled outcomes, the trial court has not abused its
discretion and, thus, it is proper for the reviewing court to defer to the trial court's
judgment. An abuse of discretion occurs, however, when the trial court chooses
an outcome falling outside this principled range of outcomes. See Conoco, Inc v
JM Huber Corp, 289 F3d 819, 826 (CA Fed, 2002) ("Under an abuse of discretion
review, a range of reasonable determinations would survive review."); United
States v Penny, 60 F3d 1257, 1265 (CA 7, 1995) ("a court does not abuse its
discretion when its decision 'is within the range of options from which one would
expect a reasonable trial judge to select'") (citation omitted).[28]
However, Babcock interpreted a statute and not a court rule; further, that statute dealt
with sentencing. We conclude that if there is to be a decision to expand this formulation of the
abuse of discretion standard beyond the statutory context of sentencing, that decision is
appropriate for the Supreme Court, and not this Court.
Fortunately, there is a formulation of the abuse of discretion standard that is in the middle
of the spectrum. Under this formulation, an abuse of discretion can be found only where "an
unprejudiced person, considering the facts on which the trial court [relied], would find no
justification or excuse for the ruling made."29 It is this formulation that we consider to be
appropriate for our review of the trial court's ultimate decision in this case.
IV. The Trial Court's Findings
A. MCR 6.508(D)(3) Redux
To review briefly, we are concerned here with the third bar to granting relief from
judgment contained in MCR 6.508(D)(3). The court rule bars such a grant if the criminal
27
469 Mich 247; 666 NW2d 231 (2003).
28
Babcock, supra at 269.
29
People v Williams, 240 Mich App 316, 320; 614 NW2d 647 (2000).
-17-
defendant's motion alleges a ground for relief, other than jurisdictional defects, that could have
been raised on appeal from the conviction and sentence or in a prior motion under MCR 6.500.
However, a criminal defendant can avoid the application of this bar if that defendant satisfies
both of the following requirements:
(a) [a demonstration of] good cause for failure to raise such grounds on
appeal or in the prior motion,[30] and
(b) [a demonstration of] actual prejudice from the alleged irregularities
that support the claim for relief.[31]
B. Good Cause
As noted above, the trial court found that McSwain established good cause for not earlier
raising the issue of her alleged incompetence to stand trial. The trial court's reasoning is fairly
thin on this point; essentially, the trial court reasoned that, since dissociative identity disorder
was not a recognized disease at the time of McSwain's trial and since the characteristics of the
disease would have made it difficult for trial and appellate counsel to recognize it, good cause
existed for not earlier raising the defense of McSwain's incompetence to stand trial. This finding
presumes that McSwain had dissociative identity disorder at the time of her trial. In our view,
this finding has something of a "now you see it, now you don't" flavor to it. Any convicted
criminal can, if the criminal can present evidence of a current dissociative identity disorder,
claim that such a disorder existed in the past but that, because of the characteristics of the
disease, it could not be identified. This opens a rather obvious door for claims of incompetence
to stand trial that are based on a disease that was both unrecognized and unrecognizable at the
time of that trial.
Further, we note that Parker testified that, at the first time he visited McSwain in jail, she
was "shy" and "very pleasant." However, Parker then testified that his subsequent meetings with
McSwain were "considerably different," because "she was extremely forward, brazen, brassy . . .
." Thus, it could very well be that, contrary to the trial court's conclusion, this case is one in
which trial counsel could have, but did not, pick up on a potential insanity defense. This failure
cannot be attributed to the fact that dissociative identity disorder was not "a recognized
diagnosis," as the trial court put it, in 1988. Although dissociative identity disorder did not exist
by that name in 1988, the symptoms that comprise it were then known as multiple personality
disorder, which was a well-established diagnosis at that time. Failure to recognize a reasonably
30
MCR 6.508(D)(3).
31
MCR 6.508(D)(3).
-18-
discoverable mental illness is not enough to require a grant of postjudgment relief,32especially a
number of years later.33
It is not necessary for us, however, to determine whether the trial court's factual findings
on the good cause requirement were clearly erroneous. While it is certainly possible to reach a
firm and definite conclusion that the trial court made a mistake in the way in which it dealt with
the good cause requirement, because we determine that McSwain did not meet her burden of
demonstrating actual prejudice, we need not reach such a conclusion.
C. Actual Prejudice
1. MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(i)
To establish actual prejudice under MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(i) McSwain must show that,
"but for the alleged error," she "would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal . . . ."
We conclude that this requires McSwain to show, first, that she had dissociative identity disorder
in 1988 and, second, that the jury would have been reasonably likely to acquit her on that basis.
2. MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(iii)
Alternatively, McSwain could also establish actual prejudice under MCR
6.508(D)(3)(b)(iii), which states that "actual prejudice" may be established by showing that "the
irregularity was so offensive to the maintenance of a sound judicial process that the conviction
should not be allowed to stand regardless of its effect on the outcome of the case . . . ." We
conclude that, to meet her burden of showing actual prejudice under this definition, McSwain
had to demonstrate two things. First, as with the previous definition, she had to demonstrate that
she had dissociative identity disorder at the time of her trial in 1988. Second, she had to
demonstrate that this condition rendered her incompetent to stand trial. Only if she met both
requirements could the trial court appropriately find that her conviction should not be allowed to
stand because to do so would be "offensive to the maintenance of a sound judicial process . . .
."34
3. McSwain's Mental Condition In 1988
a. Direct Evidence
There was precious little direct evidence before the trial court with respect to McSwain's
mental condition at the time of her trial in 1988. Thomas Parker, McSwain's trial attorney, was
the only person who gave any testimony based on observation of McSwain at that time;
interestingly, although McSwain testified, none of her testimony related in any way to her mental
32
See Sellers v State, 973 P2d 894, 895 (Okla Crim App, 1999).
33
See People v Jackson, 465 Mich 390, 399 n 8; 633 NW2d 825 (2001) (noting that "long
delayed motions seeking relief from convictions are disfavored").
34
MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(iii).
-19-
condition in 1988. While Parker did state that he got nothing from McSwain to help him fashion
his defense strategy and that she simply sat there during the trial, he also admitted that McSwain
did not do anything that manifested, or that he believed might be, mental illness. There is,
therefore, nothing in the testimony of either Parker or McSwain that the trial court could have
relied on to make a factual finding that McSwain had any form of mental illness at the time of
her trial.
b. Expert Testimony
We are left, then, with the testimony of experts who interviewed McSwain years after she
committed the crime for which she was convicted. Much of this testimony concerned McSwain's
current mental condition, not her mental condition at the time of the trial. With respect to
McSwain's mental condition at the time of trial, Dr. Miklashek testified he "would be
flabbergasted if this had not been going on since the abuse began, because that's when it always
starts. It's a fragmentation of consciousness that occurs at the time of the abuse experience."
However, he also stated that he did not ask McSwain in detail about "how far back she
remembered being like this." Dr. Miller "extrapolated" back to 1988 and reasoned that because
McSwain likely suffered from dissociative identity disorder from childhood, she likely suffered
from it at the time of trial. Leslie Pielack testified that if she had correctly diagnosed McSwain
with dissociative identity disorder in 1997, the "likelihood is very good" that she had the disease
in 1988.
We recognize the difficulty that these experts faced in reaching conclusions about
McSwain's mental condition in 1988. We understand that the diagnosis of mental illness is not
an exact science and that there is always a certain amount of speculation and, indeed,
extrapolation involved in making such diagnoses. Nevertheless, we are constrained to observe
that, while the trial court was in the best position to make determinations regarding the
credibility of these witnesses, the substance of their testimony about McSwain's mental condition
in 1988 is less than compelling. Further, while the trial court did reach the conclusion that there
was a substantial likelihood that McSwain would have been declared incompetent at the time of
trial, it never explicitly and conclusively made a finding that McSwain suffered from dissociative
identity disorder in 1988. Finally, the trial court appears to have, at least partially, improperly
based its decision on the number of the expert witnesses that McSwain presented rather than on
the substance of the testimony of those witnesses.35
For these reasons, we are left with the firm and definite impression that, to the extent that
the trial court actually made a decision that McSwain suffered from dissociative identity disorder
at the time of her trial, that decision was a mistake. Simply put, there was no direct evidence on
which the trial court could have based such a decision, and the opinion testimony of McSwain's
experts was at best speculative and at worst after-the-fact extrapolation. Without more, this
35
See Horetski v American Sandblast Co, 340 Mich 323, 329; 65 NW2d 702 (1954) ("The fact
that one side presented more witnesses than the other side is not determinative of the weight of
the evidence.").
-20-
determination alone compels us to conclude that McSwain failed to establish actual prejudice
under either definition.
4. McSwain's Competency To Stand Trial In 1988
a. The Statutory Standard
Even if McSwain had established that she suffered from dissociative identity disorder in
1988, she nonetheless could not have established actual prejudice under MCR
6.508(D)(3)(b)(iii). As noted, to establish actual prejudice under MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(iii),
McSwain was required to show that dissociative identity disorder made her incompetent to stand
trial. In 1988, the standard for competency to stand trial was set forth in MCL 330.2020, which
provided:
(1) A defendant to a criminal charge shall be presumed competent to
stand trial. He shall be determined incompetent to stand trial only if he is
incapable because of his mental condition of understanding the nature and object
of the proceedings against him or of assisting in his defense in a rational manner.
The court shall determine the capacity of a defendant to assist in his defense by
his ability to perform the tasks reasonably necessary for him to perform in the
preparation of his defense and during his trial.
(2) A defendant shall not be determined incompetent to stand trial
because psychotropic drugs or other medication have been or are being
administered under proper medical direction, and even though without such
medication the defendant might be incompetent to stand trial. However, when the
defendant is receiving such medication, the court may, prior to making its
determination on the issue of incompetence to stand trial, require the filing of a
statement by the treating physician that such medication will not adversely affect
the defendant's understanding of the proceedings or his ability to assist in his
defense.
As stated by the Supreme Court in interpreting this language, a criminal defendant's
mental condition at the time of trial must be such as to assure that he understands the charges
against him and can knowingly assist in his defense.36
b. Direct Evidence
Again, there was little direct evidence concerning whether, in 1988, McSwain understood
the charges against her and could knowingly assist in her defense. The direct evidence that
36
See People v Wright, 431 Mich 282, 285-286; 430 NW2d 133 (1988) ("When a defendant's
competency to stand trial is questioned, a competency examination is given to determine his
mental state at the time of trial to assure that he understands the charges against him and can
knowingly assist in his defense."), citing MCL 330.2020.
-21-
exists does not favor McSwain. Thomas Parker testified that McSwain gave no indication that
she did not understand that she was on trial for first-degree murder. With respect to McSwain's
decision not to testify, he recalled nothing in the colloquy with the trial court on this subject that
would have indicated she did not understand that she had the right to testify. Although Parker
testified that McSwain "was of no help" and he "got nothing from her," this was contradicted by
Dr. Marroquin's recollection that McSwain told him she had given Parker names of witnesses to
call.
c. Expert Testimony
Dr. Miklashek testified that people with dissociative identity disorder can function and
finish a class in school, operate in a profession, and make rational decisions. Dr. Miklashek
reacted with disdain when asked whether he would need to know the Michigan definition of
insanity before making a statement about the clinical functioning of a patient, apparently
believing such a definition to be irrelevant. Regarding McSwain's statements at the trial that she
understood she had a right to testify on her own behalf, Dr. Miklashek stated that it "[was] an
adult person that's sitting there," but opined that "child alters" were occupying McSwain's body
at the time of trial, and that "she had very little capacity for social judgment or to understand
what was happening to her at that time." However, Dr. Miklashek gave no inkling of how he had
reached these rather extraordinary conclusions.
Dr. Miller testified that a person with dissociative identity disorder could be competent to
stand trial; indeed, he believed that McSwain was currently competent to stand trial.
Nevertheless, Dr. Miller testified that it was "very unlikely" that McSwain was competent to
stand trial and not legally responsible for the crime she committed, but again, there is little in the
record to indicate the basis for this opinion. Leslie Pielack did not testify directly about
McSwain's competency to stand trial in 1988; rather, her testimony related only to her belief that
if she had diagnosed McSwain correctly in 1997, then the likelihood was very good that she had
dissociative identity disorder in 1988.
Again, we recognize the difficulty these experts faced in rendering an opinion about
McSwain's competency to stand trial years after that trial took place. However, we find nothing
in this testimony, whether it is considered individually or cumulatively, on which the trial court
could have rationally made a determination that McSwain's mental condition at the time of the
1988 trial was such that she did not understand the charges against her and could not knowingly
assist in her defense. The trial court found that there was a substantial likelihood that McSwain
would have been declared incompetent at the time of trial. We are left with the firm and definite
conclusion that this finding was a mistake. Simply put, the direct evidence from McSwain's trial
counsel indicated otherwise and the opinion testimony of McSwain's experts was purely
speculative.
D. Conclusion
To avoid the bar against granting postjudgment relief, a criminal defendant must
demonstrate good cause for failure to raise the grounds for such relief on appeal or in the prior
motion and demonstrate actual prejudice from the alleged irregularities that support the claim for
relief. Here, reviewing the trial court's findings of good cause and actual prejudice for clear
-22-
error, we conclude that we need not reverse trial court's finding of good cause because we
conclude that the trial court was mistaken in its findings with regard to actual prejudice.
Specifically, we conclude that there was no direct evidence on which the trial court could have
based its implicit decision that McSwain suffered from dissociative identity disorder in 1988 and
that the opinion testimony of McSwain's experts was at best speculative and at worst after-the
fact extrapolation. Further, we find nothing in the record on which the trial court could have
rationally made a determination that McSwain's mental condition in the 1988 trial was such that
she did not understand the charges against her and could not knowingly assist in her defense.
Overall, we find nothing in the record that is so offensive to the maintenance of a sound judicial
process that McSwain's conviction should not be allowed to stand.
V. Abuse Of Discretion
We have concluded that the trial court's findings with regard to actual prejudice were
clearly in error. We must next determine whether, in light of this conclusion, the trial court's
ultimate decision to grant a new trial was an abuse of discretion. We are cognizant of the fact
that a mere difference in judicial opinion does not establish an abuse of discretion.37
Nevertheless, we conclude that an unprejudiced person considering the facts on which the trial
court relied would find no justification or excuse for the ruling made. By this we do not mean to
suggest that the trial court's approach was unprincipled or that the trial court was less than
conscientious; indeed, the record reflects careful, serious, and sincere deliberation by the trial
court.
In this regard, we note that the trial court ultimately decided that there was a substantial
likelihood that McSwain would have been declared incompetent to stand trial in 1988. The trial
court based this decision on the testimony of McSwain's experts, who in turn based their
determinations not on direct evidence but, rather, on speculation. These factual findings are at
the core of the abuse of discretion formulation that we have used in our analysis and they are so
clearly erroneous that they cannot provide a justification or excuse for the trial court's ruling.
On the basis of our analysis of the record before us and the factual findings underpinning
the trial court's determination, we find nothing that is so offensive to the maintenance of a sound
judicial process that McSwain's conviction should not be allowed to stand.
Reversed.
Smolenski, J., concurred.
/s/ William C. Whitbeck
/s/ Michael R. Smolenski
37
Alken-Ziegler, Inc v Waterbury Headers Corp, 461 Mich 219, 227; 600 NW2d 638 (1999).
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