PEOPLE OF MI V DONALD JOSEPH DISIMONE
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
FOR PUBLICATION
June 11, 2002
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 234436
Grand Traverse Circuit Court
LC No. 1-008419-FH
DONALD JOSEPH DISIMONE,
Defendant-Appellee.
Updated Copy
August 30, 2002
Before: Wilder, P.J., and Griffin and Smolenski, JJ.
WILDER, P.J.
The prosecution appeals by leave granted1 from the April 27, 2001, circuit court holding
that a conviction under MCL 168.932a(e) requires the prosecutor to prove that defendant had a
specific criminal intent rather than a general intent. We reverse in part and remand for further
proceedings.
I. Facts and Proceedings
This case involves defendant's voting activity in the November 7, 2000, general election.
On that date, defendant went to a voting precinct in Grant Township and presented to the
election workers what appeared to be a valid voter registration card that listed him as a Grant
Township resident entitled to vote at that location. Defendant's name, however, did not appear
on the Grant Township voter registration ledger. Consistent with procedure, one of the election
workers, Sue Svec, attempted to contact the township clerk but was unable to immediately reach
her after several calls. Accordingly, because his voter registration card showed him to be a Grant
Township resident, the Grant Township election workers permitted defendant to vote.2 Before
he was permitted to vote, defendant made a comment to the effect that he could vote at his other
voting place. Ms. Svec heard this comment and told him that he "better not." Later, the Grant
Township Clerk called the voting precinct and informed Ms. Svec that defendant was not then
1
People v Disimone, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered June 20, 2001 (Docket
No. 234436).
2
Grant Township records establish that defendant actually voted at that location.
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registered to vote in Grant Township. Ms Svec then contacted Colfax Township to advise
election officials there that defendant had voted in Grant Township and that he should not be
permitted to vote in Colfax Township.
At another time during the day of November 7, 2000, defendant also voted at the voting
precinct in Colfax Township.3 According to the testimony of Cynthia Clark, elections
chairperson for Colfax Township, sometime after defendant arrived at the Colfax Township
voting precinct he expressed confusion about where he was supposed to vote. Ms. Clark
checked the voter registration file box for information on defendant. The box contained several
records in defendant's name, including the usual card generated and maintained by Colfax
Township elections officials to record when a registered voter actually votes in an election, as
well as a new registration card that had been sent to the Colfax Township Clerk.4 In addition,
defendant was listed in the Qualified Voter File5 as a Colfax Township resident. On the basis of
this information, Ms. Clark told defendant that he was eligible to vote in Colfax Township and
defendant proceeded to vote at the Colfax Township voting precinct. After he had voted,
defendant asked Ms. Clark whether he was permitted to go to Grant Township to vote and she
told him he was not.
Defendant was charged with violating MCL 168.932a(e), which provides in relevant part:
"A person shall not offer to vote or attempt to vote more than once at the same election either in
the same or in another voting precinct. A person shall not give 2 or more votes folded together."
Following a preliminary examination, the district court found there was probable cause to
believe that defendant had violated MCL 168.932a(e), and bound defendant over for trial. In the
circuit court, defendant asserted that MCL 168.932a(e) should be construed to require the
prosecutor to prove that defendant had a specific criminal intent, and filed a motion to have the
jury instructed accordingly. The prosecution conceded that an "attempt to vote" under the statute
would constitute a specific intent crime, but challenged the defendant's assertion that an "offer to
vote" within the meaning of the act was a specific intent crime. Following a hearing, the circuit
court granted defendant's motion. The circuit court first found that defendant could not be
convicted under the act unless the evidence established that defendant intended to have two votes
counted, and then ruled that the jury would be instructed that they must find defendant had a
specific criminal intent in order to convict the defendant.
The prosecution filed this interlocutory appeal, and we granted leave to consider the
question whether MCL 168.932a(e) requires proof of specific or general intent.
3
The record suggests, but is not clear, that defendant cast his vote in Colfax Township after he
had voted in Grant Township. It is also not clear from the record whether defendant had already
voted in Colfax Township before Ms. Svec contacted election officials in Colfax Township to
advise them that defendant had voted in Grant Township.
4
While the testimony does not specify who sent this card to the township clerk, presumably, this
registration card was generated by the Secretary of State.
5
See MCL 168.509r.
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II. Standard of Review
To resolve the dispute in this case, we are called on to interpret statutory language.
Statutory interpretation is a question of law that we review de novo. Etefia v Credit
Technologies, Inc, 245 Mich App 466, 469; 628 NW2d 577 (2001), citing Oakland Co Bd of Co
Rd Comm'rs v Michigan Property & Casualty Guaranty Ass'n, 456 Mich 590, 610; 575 NW2d
751 (1998); In re S R, 229 Mich App 310, 314; 581 NW2d 291 (1998). As People v Schultz, 246
Mich App 695, 702-703; 635 NW2d 491 (2001), quoting People v Borchard-Ruhland, 460 Mich
278, 284; 597 NW2d 1 (1999), observed:
"The rules of statutory construction are well established. The fundamental
task of statutory construction is to discover and give effect to the intent of the
Legislature. The task of discerning our Legislature's intent begins by examining
the language of the statute itself. Where the language of the statute is
unambiguous, the plain meaning reflects the Legislature's intent and this Court
applies the statute as written. Judicial construction under such circumstances is
not permitted." [Citations omitted.]
"Where ambiguity exists, however, this Court seeks to effectuate the Legislature's intent through
a reasonable construction, considering the purpose of the statute and the object sought to be
accomplished." Macomb Co Prosecutor v Murphy, 464 Mich 149, 158; 627 NW2d 247 (2001),
citing Frankenmuth Mut Ins Co v Marlette Homes, Inc, 456 Mich 511, 515; 573 NW2d 611
(1998).
Unless defined in the statute, every word or phrase of the statute should be accorded its
plain and ordinary meaning, taking into account the context in which the words are used, Phillips
v Jordan, 241 Mich App 17, 22, n 1; 614 NW2d 183 (2000), citing Western Michigan Univ Bd of
Control v Michigan, 455 Mich 531, 539; 565 NW2d 828 (1997). This Court may consult
dictionaries in order to discern the plain and ordinary meaning of terms not defined in the statute.
Schultz, supra at 703, citing People v Stone, 463 Mich 558, 563; 621 NW2d 702 (2001).
Further, the language must be applied as written, Camden v Kaufman, 240 Mich App 389, 394;
613 NW2d 335 (2000), giving meaning to every word and ensuring, if at all possible, that no
word be treated as surplusage or rendered nugatory, People v Fosnaugh, 248 Mich App 444,
451; 639 NW2d 587 (2001), and nothing should be read into a statute that is not within the
manifest intent of the Legislature as evidenced from the act itself. In re S R, supra at 314.
III. Analysis
In People v Davenport, 230 Mich App 577, 578; 583 NW2d 919 (1998), this Court
interpreted the language in MCL 750.529a(1) and found that the crime of carjacking was not a
specific intent crime. In so holding, we observed the following:
Specific intent is defined as a particular criminal intent beyond the act
done, whereas general intent is merely the intent to perform the physical act itself.
People v Lardie, 452 Mich 231, 240; 551 NW2d 656 (1996). To determine if a
criminal statute requires specific intent, this Court looks to the mental state set
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forth in the statute. People v American Medical Centers of Michigan, Ltd, 118
Mich App 135, 153; 324 NW2d 782 (1982). . . . Words typically found in specific
intent statutes include "knowingly," "willfully," "purposely," and "intentionally."
Id., People v Norman, 176 Mich App 271, 275; 438 NW2d 895 (1989). These
words are absent from the carjacking statute. [Davenport, supra at 579-580
(emphasis added).]
Similarly, in People v Henry, 239 Mich App 140, 144-145; 607 NW2d 767 (1999), this
Court, in holding that the crime of discharging a firearm in an occupied building is a general
intent crime, observed:
"'[T]he most common usage of "specific intent" is to designate a special
mental element which is required above and beyond any mental state required
with respect to the actus reus of the crime.'" People v Lagworthy, 416 Mich 630,
639, n 9; 331 NW2d 171 (1982), quoting LaFave & Scott, Criminal Law, ยง 28, p
202. . . .
* * *
Here, because the statute does not require proof of the intent to cause a
particular result or the intent that a specific consequence occur as a result of the
performance of the prohibited act, but only requires proof that defendant
intentionally discharged the firearm, the trial court correctly concluded that the
crime of discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure is a general intent crime.
This distinction between general intent crimes and specific intent crimes is also succinctly
described in People v Herndon, 246 Mich App 371, 385; 633 NW2d 376 (2001), as follows: "A
statute that requires a prosecutor to prove that the defendant intended to perform the criminal act
creates a general intent crime. A statute that requires proof that the defendant had a 'particular
criminal intent beyond the act done' creates a specific intent crime." Applying these rules of
construction to the statute at issue in this case, we conclude that the trial court erred in finding
that the prosecutor was required to prove defendant had a specific criminal intent in order to
convict defendant of making an "offer to vote . . . more than once at the same election either in
the same or in another voting precinct" in violation of subsection 932a(e).6 We first note that the
Legislature refrained from using the words "knowingly," "wilfully," "purposefully" or
"intentionally" in reference to the phrase "offer to vote," words typically found in specific intent
statutes. Davenport, supra. In addition, the phrase "offer to vote" does not suggest a legislative
design to require the prosecutor to prove defendant had an intent to cause a particular result or a
desire that a specific consequence occur as the result of the performance of the prohibited act,
6
As noted above, the prosecutor concedes that in order to prove an "attempt to vote" under the
statute, the evidence must establish a specific criminal intent, and the circuit court correctly so
held. See People v Thousand, 465 Mich 149, 164, n 15; 631 NW2d 694 (2001); People v Strand,
213 Mich App 100, 103; 539 NW2d 739 (1995).
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Henry, supra, or that defendant had a particular criminal intent beyond the act done. Herndon,
supra.
We reject defendant's contention that the phrases "offer to vote" and "attempt to vote"
should be construed as synonymous terms, requiring the conclusion that an "offer to vote" under
the statute is a specific intent crime because an "attempt to vote" is a specific intent crime. The
rules of statutory construction require that every word in the statute be given its plain and
ordinary meaning, ensuring if at all possible that no word be treated as surplusage or rendered
nugatory. Fosnaugh, supra. Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1995), p 88 defines
"attempt" as "1. to make an effort at; try; undertake," and "4. an effort made to accomplish
something." See also People v Thousand, 465 Mich 149, 164, n 15; 631 NW2d 694 (2001),
citing Perkins & Boyce, Criminal Law (3d ed), p 637 ("[t]he word 'attempt' means to try; it
implies an effort to bring about a desired result"). In contrast, "offer" is primarily defined as "1.
to present for acceptance or rejection. . . .2. to propose or put forward for consideration. . . . 3.
to show willingness (to do something). . . . 4. to give, make, or promise." Likewise, Random
House Roget's College Thesaurus (2000) does not define "attempt" or "offer" as synonyms of
each other. Id. at 51, 498. Thus, giving the words "attempt" and "offer" their plain and ordinary
meanings, defendant's assertion that the phrases "attempt to vote" and "offer to vote" are
synonymous fails for lack of any support. See also Fosnaugh, supra at 455 (when words with
similar meanings are used in the same statute, it is presumed that the Legislature intended to
distinguish between the terms).
IV. Conclusion
In proving that defendant made an "offer to vote" within the meaning of MCL
168.932a(e), the prosecutor is not required to establish that defendant had a specific criminal
intent. Because the circuit court construed this provision of subsection 932a(e) as requiring
proof of a specific criminal intent, we reverse the circuit court in part and remand for trial. We
do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Kurtis T. Wilder
/s/ Richard Allen Griffin
/s/ Michael R. Smolenski
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