KIMBERLY ASHBY V PAUL M BYRNES
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
KIMBERLY ASHBY and DOUGLAS ASHBY,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v
FOR PUBLICATION
June 4, 2002
9:00 a.m.
No. 228736
Lenawee Circuit Court
LC No. 00-008481-NH
PAUL M. BYRNES M.D., and PAUL M.
BYRNES, M.D., P.C.,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
Updated Copy
August 30, 2002
EMMA L. BIXBY MEDICAL CENTER, d/b/a
BIXBY MEDICAL CENTER,
Defendant.
Before: Bandstra, P.J., and Smolenski and Meter, JJ.
BANDSTRA, P.J.
In this action alleging medical malpractice, plaintiffs appeal as of right from the trial
court's order granting summary disposition in favor of defendants Paul M. Byrnes, M.D., and
Paul M. Byrnes, M.D., P.C. The trial court granted summary disposition pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(7) and (C)(10), after concluding that plaintiffs filed their claim beyond the time
allowed by the applicable statute of limitation. We affirm.
I. Basic Facts and Procedural History
On October 26, 1995, plaintiff Kimberly Ashby was admitted to Emma L. Bixby Medical
Center,1 where she underwent a hysterectomy performed by Dr. Byrnes. According to plaintiffs,
Dr. Byrnes negligently performed the hysterectomy by suturing Kimberly's ureter during the
1
Although initially a party to this suit, Emma L. Bixby Medical Center, doing business as Bixby
Medical Center, was dismissed from the action by stipulation of the parties and is not involved in
this appeal. Accordingly, "defendants" hereinafter refers solely to defendants-appellees Paul M.
Byrnes, M.D., and Paul M. Byrnes, M.D., P.C.
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procedure. As a result, Kimberly was unable to urinate and was required to undergo an
additional procedure wherein a urologist inserted a stent into her ureter in an effort to alleviate
that condition.
Claiming damage to Kimberly's ureter, bladder, and kidneys as a result of Dr. Byrnes'
negligence in performing the hysterectomy, plaintiffs filed a notice of intent to file a medical
malpractice claim on March 27, 1996, as required by MCL 600.2912b. Before plaintiffs filed a
claim, however, defendants filed for bankruptcy on November 11, 1996. Plaintiffs could not
then file suit for medical malpractice because of the automatic stay imposed by the United States
Bankruptcy Code.2 Some years later, plaintiffs filed a motion to lift the automatic stay, which
was granted by the bankruptcy court on April 9, 1999.3 On April 21, 1999, plaintiffs filed an
amended notice of intent claiming that Dr. Byrnes had also performed the hysterectomy without
medical necessity. On January 11, 2000, plaintiffs filed their medical malpractice claim. The
trial court, however, dismissed plaintiffs' claims after concluding that the claims were timebarred under the applicable statute of limitations. This appeal followed.
II. Legal Analysis
A. 11 USC 362 and Tolling of the Statute of Limitations
On appeal, plaintiffs first argue that the trial court erred in failing to rule that the
automatic stay imposed under 11 USC 362 tolled the period of limitation in this matter. We
disagree. This Court reviews a trial court's decision to grant a motion for summary disposition
de novo to determine if the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.4 Similarly,
absent a disputed issue of fact, the determination whether a cause of action is barred by a statute
of limitations is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo.5 We also review the
interpretation of a statute de novo as a question of law.6
Generally, a plaintiff must bring a cause of action for medical malpractice within either
two years of the accrual of the claim or six months of the date the malpractice was discovered or
should have been discovered, whichever is later.7 A claim for medical malpractice accrues "at
the time of the act or omission which is the basis for the claim . . . ."8 Here, the alleged medical
malpractice occurred on October 26, 1995, and was quickly discovered. Therefore, the statute of
2
See 11 USC 362.
3
The order lifting the stay was affirmed on appeal on September 23, 1999.
4
Nationsbanc Mortgage Corp of Georgia v Luptak, 243 Mich App 560, 563; 625 NW2d 385
(2000).
5
Colbert v Conybeare Law Office, 239 Mich App 608, 613-614; 609 NW2d 208 (2000).
6
Id. at 614.
7
MCL 600.5805(5), 600.5838a(2).
8
MCL 600.5838a(1); Solowy v Oakwood Hosp Corp, 454 Mich 214, 220; 561 NW2d 843
(1997).
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limitations applicable to plaintiffs' cause of action barred the filing of a claim after October 26,
1997.
Before filing a medical malpractice action, however, a notice of intent must be provided
to the defendant. MCL 600.2912b states, in pertinent part:
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person shall not
commence an action alleging medical malpractice against a health professional or
health facility unless the person has given the health professional or health facility
written notice under this section not less than 182 days before the action is
commenced.
* * *
(9) If at any time during the applicable notice period under this section a
health professional or health facility receiving notice under this section informs
the claimant in writing that the health professional or health facility does not
intend to settle the claim within the applicable notice period, the claimant may
commence an action alleging medical malpractice against the health professional
or health facility, so long as the claim is not barred by the statute of limitations.
In this case, plaintiffs filed the required notice of intent to file a claim on March 27, 1996.
Defendants' insurance carrier denied plaintiffs' claim on May 23, 1996. Thus, under MCL
600.2912b(9), plaintiffs could have commenced an action at that time, the claim not being barred
by the statute of limitations from that date until October 26, 1997. However, on November 11,
1996, defendants filed a petition for bankruptcy, triggering the automatic stay provision of 11
USC 362. Plaintiffs argue that, from that date until the bankruptcy stay was lifted, the running of
the period of limitation was tolled. We do not agree.
The Bankruptcy Code states, under 11 USC 108(c):
Except as provided in section 524 of this title, if applicable nonbankruptcy
law, an order entered in a nonbankruptcy proceeding, or an agreement fixes a
period for commencing or continuing a civil action in a court other than a
bankruptcy court on a claim against the debtor, or against an individual with
respect to which such individual is protected under section 1201 or 1301 of this
title, and such period has not expired before the date of the filing of the petition,
then such period does not expire until the later of—
(1) the end of such period, including any suspension of such period
occurring on or after the commencement of the case; or
(2) 30 days after notice of the termination or expiration of the stay under
section 362, 922, 1201, or 1301 of this title, as the case may be, with respect to
such claim.
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If statutory language is clear and unambiguous, "judicial construction is neither required nor
permitted and courts must apply the statute as written."9 Here, the language of the statute is clear
and unambiguous. Plaintiffs had two years under the "applicable nonbankruptcy law," i.e., the
Michigan statute of limitations, to file their medical malpractice claim. That period ended "on or
after the commencement of the [bankruptcy] case," during the pendency of that case, on October
26, 1997. Thus, under subsection 108(c)(2), plaintiffs were provided a thirty-day grace period to
file their medical malpractice claim after the lifting of the automatic stay of bankruptcy.10
We find plaintiffs' argument that the bankruptcy stay itself tolls the Michigan period of
limitation to be inconsistent with the language of 11 USC 108(c).11 The main clause of that
section clearly indicates that "applicable nonbankruptcy law" must be the source of a "period for
commencing . . . a civil action" in order for the section to apply. We conclude that, consistent
with that directive, questions regarding whether "any suspension of such period" has occurred
under 11 USC 108(c)(1) must similarly be determined using applicable nonbankruptcy law. As
an example, the period of limitation for malpractice actions may be tolled as a result of the
prefiling notice provisions.12 In such instances, 11 USC 108(c)(1) allows an action to be filed
after a bankruptcy stay is lifted, if, as a result of the suspension of the running of the statutory
period of limitation pursuant to state law, the period of limitation has not expired when the stay
is lifted. Alternatively, 11 USC 108(c)(2) provides that, regardless of the expiration during the
bankruptcy stay of a limitation period fixed by any statute of limitation or similar nonbankruptcy
law, order or agreement, claimants have thirty days from the termination of that stay to bring an
action.
This statutory scheme would be seriously disrupted if plaintiffs' arguments were adopted.
Plaintiffs would have us conclude that the bankruptcy stay itself suspends the running of a period
of limitation fixed by a statute of limitation or a similar nonbankruptcy law, order or agreement
establishing a period for bringing suit that would otherwise expire during the bankruptcy stay.
That approach would render subsection 108(c)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code meaningless except in
cases where the period of limitations established by nonbankruptcy law was set to expire within
9
Kent v Alpine Valley Ski Area, Inc, 240 Mich App 731, 736; 613 NW2d 383 (2000).
10
See Easley v Pettibone Michigan Corp, 990 F2d 905, 912 (CA 6, 1993) (holding that a
products liability claim subject to a period of limitation that expired during a bankruptcy stay
must be filed within thirty days of the lifting of the stay; the stay did not toll the period of
limitation); see also Bowers v Bowers, 216 Mich App 491, 495-499; 549 NW2d 592 (1996)
(where, although this issue was not raised, our Court did not construe 11 USC 108[c] as tolling a
Michigan period of limitation during the period of the automatic bankruptcy stay).
We note that plaintiffs did not file their medical malpractice claim within thirty days of
the decision affirming the order lifting the stay of bankruptcy and, thus, we need not determine
whether the thirty-day grace period begins with the initial order lifting the bankruptcy stay or a
decision affirming that order.
11
Plaintiffs rely on precedents from federal courts in other circuits and foreign state courts. To
the extent that these nonbinding decisions may properly be construed to support plaintiffs'
argument, we reject their analysis.
12
MCL 600.5856(d).
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thirty days of the filing of the petition of bankruptcy. In cases where more time is still available
at the filing of the petition, if the bankruptcy itself acts as a tolling provision, that longer time
would still be available upon the lifting of the bankruptcy stay. We do not conclude that this
approach and its diminishment of the import of subsection 108(c)(2) is consistent with the
overall legislative intent indicated by the full Bankruptcy Code.
B. Plaintiffs' Amended Notice of Intent
Plaintiffs' second argument on appeal is that it was sufficient that they filed an amended
notice of intent to file a malpractice claim during the thirty-day grace period. In effect, plaintiffs
argue that they should have been allowed an additional 182-day period following the filing of
that amended notice in which to file their complaint. We disagree.
MCL 600.2912b(6) states:
After the initial notice is given to a health professional or health facility
under this section, the tacking or addition of successive 182-day periods is not
allowed, irrespective of how many additional notices are subsequently filed for
that claim and irrespective of the number of health professionals or health
facilities notified.
We find plaintiffs' arguments against applying this clear statutory language here to be
unpersuasive.
First, plaintiffs argue that the statute does not apply because, under the facts of this case,
their initial filing of a notice of intent did not effectively result in any tolling of the period of
limitation. Plaintiffs note that the period had not expired before defendants, through their
insurance carrier, denied plaintiffs' claim. Thus, plaintiffs argue, they received no benefit from
the statute granting them a tolling of the running of the limitation period following the filing of
their initial notice of intent.13 However, although we recognize that subsection 2912b(6)
specifically proscribes only the tacking or addition of "successive" periods, the overall intent of
the language of the statute is clearly that only "the initial notice" results in a tolling of the
limitation period "irrespective of how many additional notices are subsequently filed."14 The
statute nowhere suggests that this limiting language applies only when the first notice filing
tolled the period of limitations.
Second, plaintiffs argue that their amended notice of intent did not pertain to the same
claim referenced in their initial notice because they added an additional theory of liability against
defendants. Thus, plaintiffs argue that the language of the statute regarding "notices . . .
subsequently filed for that claim" is not applicable. Again, we disagree with this constricted
reading of the statute. By its terms, the statute would clearly apply to an additional notice that
added other "health professionals or health facilities" to a claim originally noticed against an
individual "health professional or health facility." If that is the case, which it clearly is, we
13
See MCL 600.5856(d).
14
MCL 600.2912b(6).
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cannot construe the statute to be inapplicable when a notice merely alleges additional theories of
liability against an already named defendant.
We affirm.
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
/s/ Michael R. Smolenski
/s/ Patrick M. Meter
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