FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
MICHAEL E. O’NEILL MICHAEL L. VALENTINE
SCOTT B. COCKRUM WILLIAM S. FAWLEY
Eichhorn & Eichhorn Valentine & Miner
Hammond, Indiana Warsaw, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
GALLANT INSURANCE COMPANY, )
)
Appellant-Garnishee-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 43A04-0104-CV-148
)
JEFFREY OSWALT, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff, )
)
and )
)
DONALD CHADWICK, )
)
Appellee-Defendant. )
APPEAL FROM THE KOSCIUSKO CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable Rex L. Reed, Judge
Cause No. 43C01-9612-CT-964
February 12, 2002
OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
BARNES, Judge
Case Summary
This case arises from the trial court’s grant of summary judgment
against Gallant Insurance Company in a proceedings supplemental action
brought by Jeffrey Oswalt. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
Issues
Gallant raises three issues for our review, which can be consolidated
and restated as the following two issues:
I. whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment
in spite of Gallant’s showing that it had defended Chadwick
under a reservation of rights; and
II. whether the trial court erred by not granting Gallant’s
cross-motion for summary judgment in its declaratory
judgment action.
Facts[1]
Jeffrey Oswalt sued Donald Chadwick on December 13, 1996, claiming
personal injuries resulting from an automobile accident that had occurred
on June 22, 1996. On April 7, 1997, Gallant notified Chadwick in writing
that because he had failed to comply with the terms and conditions of his
insurance policy, it would be proceeding in his defense under a reservation
of rights. Due to difficulty in communicating with Chadwick, Gallant
performed a skip-trace on August 20, 1998, to locate him. When the skip-
trace revealed a new address, Gallant advised him a second time, on October
8, 1998, that it was defending Oswalt’s claim against him under a
reservation of rights due to his failure to cooperate in the defense. On
October 28, 1998, Chadwick assisted the counsel Gallant had retained,
Kenneth Wilk, in completing Oswalt’s “First Set of Interrogatories.”
Despite counsel’s admonishments to Chadwick that it was necessary to
be present for trial, he failed to appear. On October 13, 1999, at the
conclusion of a two-day jury trial, Oswalt obtained a judgment of
approximately $56,000 against Chadwick. On January 26, 2000, Oswalt
initiated proceedings supplemental to execution, naming Gallant Insurance
Company as garnishee-defendant. In its answer filed February 18, 2000,
Gallant asserted Chadwick had “failed to appear for trial or otherwise
cooperate” with Gallant in his defense, in so doing had breached the
insurance policy issued him by Gallant, and thus was not entitled to
coverage. Appendix p. 40.
Gallant next filed a motion for declaratory judgment on March 15,
2000, seeking the trial court’s determination that it did not owe Chadwick
coverage under the policy due to his failure to cooperate in defending
Oswalt’s suit. On January 10, 2001, Oswalt moved for summary judgment,
filing a memorandum in support thereof and designating inter alia the
affidavits of Chadwick and Oswalt’s counsel, Michael Valentine. In
relevant part, Chadwick averred that: he was insured by Gallant at the
time of the accident; he had been “accessible by telephone” and had
participated in “three or four phone discussions” with Kenneth Wilk, the
first attorney Gallant retained to represent him; and he had “two
conversations” with the attorney subsequently retained by Gallant to
replace Wilk. Appendix pp. 68-69. He averred that he told the second
attorney that he “understood the importance of attendance at the trial and
. . . wanted to be there,” and had asked him “to try to have the date of
the trial moved” so he could attend. Appendix p. 69. However, his
affidavit also states that he had been informed that the trial date could
not be changed.
The thrust of Valentine’s affidavit was that Chadwick’s counsel “never
mentioned the defense of ‘failure to cooperate’” to him “before, during or
after the trial in this matter.” Appendix p. 72. He also averred that
Chadwick’s counsel had not tried to change the trial date by informing him
or the court of Chadwick’s inability to attend, and that had he “known that
[Chadwick’s counsel] would attempt to assert the ‘failure to cooperate’
defense after the trial,” he “would have attempted to use the Court’s
subpoena power to secure Mr. Chadwick’s attendance at the trial in an
effort to conserve judicial resources by avoiding this post-trial
litigation.” Appendix p. 73.
The trial court granted Oswalt’s summary judgment motion on March 7,
2001, finding in part “[t]hat neither at the trial of this action, nor
prior thereto, was any claim made or presented to the Court that [Chadwick]
failed to cooperate or in any way breached the cooperation clause of the
underlying policy in this case.” Appendix p. 10. Gallant appeals.
Analysis
Summary Judgment in Proceedings Supplemental
When reviewing a grant or denial of summary judgment, our well-
settled standard of review is the same as it was for the trial court:
whether there is a genuine issue of material fact and whether the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Hibler v. Conseco, Inc.,
744 N.E.2d 1012, 1017 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (citing Ind.Trial Rule 56(C)).
Summary judgment is appropriate only when no genuine issue of material fact
exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Id. A trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment reaches this
court clothed with a presumption of correctness. Id. at 1018. When
reviewing the trial court’s ruling we will affirm on any theory supported
by the material properly designated to the trial court. Id.
A trial court is vested with broad discretion in conducting
proceedings supplemental. Hermitage Ins. Co. v. Salts, 698 N.E.2d 856, 858
(Ind. Ct. App. 1998). Proceedings supplemental, as provided for in Indiana
Trial Rule 69, are summary in nature because the claim has already been
determined to be a justly owed debt reduced to judgment. Id. As this
court recognized in Gallant Ins. Co. v. Wilkerson:
The filing of a motion for proceedings supplemental “speaks only
to how the claim is to be satisfied, whereas the complaint in
the original action speaks to whether the claim should be
satisfied.” Proceedings supplemental are merely a continuation
of the underlying claim initiated under the same cause number
for purposes of enforcing a judgment.
720 N.E.2d 1223, 1229 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (citations omitted).
I. Reservation of Rights/
Non-cooperation as a Defense in Proceedings Supplemental
In addition to its discussion of the nature of proceedings
supplemental, Wilkerson also stated the following proposition:
When an insurer questions whether an injured party’s claim falls
within the scope of policy coverage or raises a defense that its
insured has breached a policy condition, the insurer essentially
has two options: (1) file a declaratory judgment action for a
judicial determination of its obligations under the policy; or
(2) hire independent counsel and defend its insured under a
reservation of rights.
Id. at 1227. In Wilkerson, we reviewed and affirmed the trial court’s
determination that Gallant had waived the defense of non-cooperation and
was therefore estopped from raising it during proceedings supplemental.
720 N.E.2d 1223, 1227-28 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). Those facts differed from
this case as follows: at the time of trial the insured, Burton, was
imprisoned at the Indiana Department of Correction and Gallant did not seek
the assistance of the trial court to secure his attendance at trial.
Furthermore, Gallant contacted Burton only twice prior to the trial. We
noted:
“[a]n insurer may not raise a policy defense when it has
defended and lost the underlying claim without reservation of
rights.” . . . Gallant had a full and fair opportunity to raise
Burton’s alleged non-cooperation in the underlying tort action
and could have protected its interests either by defending
Burton under a reservation of rights or by filing a declaratory
judgment action on the issue of his cooperation.
Id. at 1229, (quoting Western States Ins. Co. v. Weller, 299 Ill. App. 3d
317, 233 Ill. Dec. 692, 701 N.E.2d 542, 5445 (1998)) (emphasis added).
Here, Gallant (1) performed a skip-trace to locate Chadwick; (2) attempted
to contact Chadwick numerous times; (3) sent at least two separate letters
indicating its reservation of rights; and (4) stressed to Chadwick the
importance of his appearance at the trial and the potential consequences –
including loss of coverage – if he did not appear. Clearly, the facts of
Wilkerson are not on all fours with the facts of the instant case.
In Illinois Founders Ins. Co. v. Horace Mann, we reiterated the
proposition that proceedings supplemental cannot be used as a collateral
attack on the underlying judgment. 738 N.E.2d 705, 708 (Ind. Ct. App.
2000) (citing Koors v. Great Southwest Fire Ins. Co., 538 N.E.2d 259, 260
(Ind. Ct. App. 1989)). In proceedings supplemental to recover from a
liability insurer, the judgment creditor bears the burden of showing a
judgment, the insurance policy, and facial coverage under the policy.
Gallant Ins. Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 723 N.E.2d 452, 454 (Ind. Ct. App.
2000) (citing Hermitage, 698 N.E.2d at 859). In Horace Mann, we determined
that a garnishee-defendant insurance company could not launch a collateral
attack on the plaintiff’s judgment by way of asserting the insured’s non-
cooperation because it had not so claimed at trial. 738 N.E.2d 705, 707-08
(Ind. Ct. App. 2000). We cited Wilkerson, where we had noted the general
rule that
an automobile liability insurer which learns before the trial of
an action against its insured that the insured has breached the
cooperation clause of the policy, and nevertheless defends him
at trial, thereby waives or is estopped to assert the insured’s
noncooperation in a subsequent action to recover on the policy.
This rule has been applied in a number of cases in which the
insured failed to appear at the trial of the original action
brought against him or her, and where the insurer conducted the
defense of the insured in his or her absence.
Id. at 708 (citing Wilkerson, 720 N.E.2d at 1229). We reasoned that the
holding “comports with the underlying [equitable] purpose of proceedings
supplemental.” Id.
Horace Mann is also factually distinguishable from this case. In that
case, we could “discern no evidence from the Record, nor does [insurer]
provide us with any, to support even an inference that it took affirmative
steps necessary to locate [the insured] and procure his attendance [at
trial].” To the contrary, here, the record on appeal demonstrates that
both counsel and Gallant attempted to locate Chadwick and to procure his
attendance at trial. As we noted in Horace Mann, “when an insurer is
prejudiced by the insured’s noncompliance with the policy’s provisions, the
insurer is relieved of its liability under the policy.” 738 N.E.2d at 707.
Gallant was arguably prejudiced by Chadwick’s noncompliance and failure to
cooperate; whether the prejudice is sufficient to foreclose coverage under
the terms of the insurance contract between Gallant and Chadwick can and
should be determined by the declaratory judgment action, and is at least a
question of fact precluding summary judgment in Oswalt’s favor at this
juncture. Thus, we hold that because Gallant proceeded under a reservation
of rights, it was entitled to raise the defense of Chadwick’s non-
cooperation, and that as such, the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment to Oswalt.
The dissent correctly notes that there was “a duty on the part of
Gallant to defend.” Slip op. at __. Indeed, it is axiomatic that “an
insurer’s duty to defend is broader than its coverage for liability or its
duty to indemnify.” Indiana Farmers Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ellison, 679 N.E.2d
1378, 1381-82 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997), trans. denied. “The duty to defend is
determined from the allegations of the complaint and from the facts known
or ascertainable by the insurer after an investigation has been made.” Id.
at 1382 (emphasis added). If the pleadings fail to disclose a claim
within the coverage limits, or one that is clearly excluded under the
policy, and investigation reveals that the claim is outside the coverage of
the policy, no defense is required. Id. As a matter of law, however, the
insurer has a duty to conduct a reasonable investigation into the facts
underlying the complaint before it may refuse to defend the complaint.
Monroe Guar. Ins. Co. v. Monroe, 677 N.E.2d 620, 624 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997),
trans. dismissed. See also Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Metzler, 586 N.E.2d
897, 902 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992) (stating, “[An insurer] can refuse to defend
or clarify its obligation by means of a declaratory judgment action. If it
refuses to defend it does so at its peril . . . .”) (emphasis added).
Based on our prior decisions such as Wilkerson and Horace Mann,
insurers may fulfill that broad duty while at the same time reserving their
right to disavow coverage after investigation. The dissent even
acknowledges that “until Chadwick failed to appear and assist in the
defense, . . . Gallant was under a prospective obligation to pay any
judgment up to the $25,000 policy limits.” Slip op. at ___ (emphasis
added). However, Chadwick did fail to appear and assist in the defense,
and at that point the right to dispute coverage – the right Gallant had
reserved as explicitly as possible – arose.
Furthermore, in Horace Mann, unlike in the instant case, the insurer
never asserted it had made a proper reservation of rights. Here, it is
significant that Gallant did proceed under a reservation of rights, one of
the options dictated by Wilkerson. The problem addressed by Horace Mann is
a different one. Gallant’s asserting the defense of non-cooperation, once
it had reserved its right to do so as between itself and Chadwick, is not
necessarily the sort of “collateral attack” contemplated by Horace Mann.
We posit that as long as an insurer asserts a liability defense as soon as
the insurer becomes aware of the applicability of the defense – as did
Gallant here, by proceeding under a reservation of rights and by filing a
declaratory judgment action – then raising that same defense at the
proceedings supplemental stage is not tantamount to a “collateral attack.”
In Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v. Johnson, cited by the dissent, we stated
that “[w]ords or conduct of an insurer inconsistent with an intention to
rely on the requirements of the policy, if they lead the insured into
belief that those requirements will not be insisted upon, suffice to
constitute waiver.” 139 Ind. App. 622, 633, 218 N.E.2d 712, 718 (1966).
We also noted that the concept of “cooperation” with an insurer in
litigation “implies not an abstract conformity to ideal conduct but a
pragmatic question to determined in each case in the light of the
particular facts and circumstances.” 139 Ind. App. at 631, 218 N.E.2d at
717. The Johnson court further stated, “A technical or inconsequential
lack of cooperation has often been held insufficient to void the policy and
the lack of cooperation to be sufficient must be in some substantial and
material respect. Non-cooperation must be material. Prejudice must be
shown by insurer.” 139 Ind. App. at 628, 218 N.E.2d at 715 (citations
omitted).
Similarly, in Miller v. Dilts, also cited by the dissent, our supreme
court considered three cases specifically involving the insureds’ failures
to notify their insurance carriers of the accidents arguably invoking
coverage, and stated the common issue as “whether there is a difference
between a duty to give prompt notice and a duty to cooperate in an
automobile insurance policy.” 463 N.E.2d 257, 260 (Ind. 1984). The court
answered the question in the negative and held that “each violation
requires a showing of prejudice to the insurer in order to avoid coverage
under the policy.” Id.
Citing these cases, the dissent questions whether Gallant proceeded
under a valid reservation of rights and evaluates Gallant’s attempts at
such a reservation, finding them inadequate. However, we believe it is
inconsistent to say that insurers must proceed under a reservation of
rights while also holding that a letter that says, “this notice is given to
you to reserve the rights of the Company” does not effect that end.
Appendix p. 116 (emphasis added).
We conclude that the language the dissent cites from the April 7,
1997, letter from Gallant to Chadwick must be considered in the context of
the entire letter. Specifically, the first sentence of the letter reads,
“You are hereby notified that Gallant Insurance Company takes position
[sic] that you have breached your contract of insurance.” It also states
that Chadwick had breached the contract by not forwarding the summons and
complaint. The letter does not end there, however, but further states
that, “Gallant Insurance does not waive any of the terms or conditions of
your insurance policy and it does not waive any rights of the Company[,]”
and concludes:
This notice is given to you to reserve the rights of the Company
and to permit the Company to investigate and defend this matter
without the Company assuming any liability under the policy. Be
advised that you have the right to retain additional counsel on
your behalf and at your own expense.
Appendix p. 116 (emphases added).
We take no issue with the notion, advanced by the dissent, that
prejudice resulting from material non-cooperation must be shown by the
insurer to avoid coverage. However, we submit that the dissent strays from
the mark in stating that such prejudice must be irrefutably proven before
the insurer can assert or attempt to assert a reservation of rights.
Certainly, the resolution of a subsequent declaratory judgment action turns
on whether the insurer can demonstrate prejudice resulting from material
non-cooperation. But because the duty to defend is broader than the duty
to indemnify, the insurer must first reserve the right to deny coverage
later, via, for example, a declaratory judgment action, while at the same
time it appears and defends the insured. Otherwise, it risks a bad-faith
action for breach of the duty to defend. Such is the purpose of a
reservation of rights: to allow the insurer to fulfill the broad duty to
defend while at the same time investigating and pursuing the narrower issue
of whether indemnification will result. We cannot decide the question
whether the breach was material and whether the insurer was prejudiced
thereby where, as here, the context is a summary judgment occurring only
after the insurer has fulfilled its duty to defend. We do have to decide
whether there is a question of fact about the validity of the reservation,
and decline to hold that here, the reservation was not valid because the
insurer had indicia that the insured might not cooperate well before he
failed to appear for trial, and took all the steps it knew to take in order
to effect a valid reservation of rights. As we noted in Wilkerson, “had
there been any indicia of non-cooperation other than Burton’s failure to
attend the trial in this case, we may have reached a different result.”
720 N.E.2d at 1229, n.6. Here, there were indicia of non-cooperation,
which properly led to a reservation of rights.
Additionally, in Horace Mann we acknowledged that “a liability insurer
may stay proceedings supplemental while pursuing a separate declaratory
action to determine the insurer’s liability under the policy.” 738 N.E.2d
at 708 (citing Wilkerson, 720 N.E.2d at 1227). Here, the proceedings
supplemental were initiated on January 26, 2000. In its answer filed
February 18, 2000, Gallant availed itself of its first true opportunity to
claim Chadwick’s non-cooperation (i.e., his failure to appear at the trial
in late 1999) as a defense to liability.[2] Then, almost ten months before
Oswalt filed the summary judgment action from which Gallant now appeals,
Gallant initiated its declaratory judgment action, on March 15, 2000. It
would have been appropriate for the trial court to stay the proceedings
supplemental during the pendency of the declaratory judgment action.
We further wish to address a practical aspect we did not speak to in
Horace Mann, Wilkerson, Johnson, or Miller: namely, the ethical
prohibition upon insurance counsel to “volunteer” the fact of a client’s
non-cooperation to the trial court or to the plaintiff. In his memorandum
in support of summary judgment, Oswalt stated, “shortly before the original
trial date in this cause Gallant replaced Mr. Wilk with the law office of
Conover & Foos. Duke [Eskew] became counsel for Chadwick.” Appendix p.
60. “The ‘failure to cooperate’ defense was raised by Gallant for the
first time on March 15, 2000, more than five months after the jury trial.”
Id. It seems to us inappropriate to place the onus of disclosure of the
insured’s putative non-cooperation upon counsel obtained by the insurance
company to represent the insured. Such a rule would likely run afoul of
Professional Conduct Rule 1.6, which provides in relevant part, “(a) A
lawyer shall not reveal information relating to representation of a client
unless the client consents after consultation, except for disclosures that
are impliedly authorized in order to carry out the representation . . . .”
In Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Wills, our supreme court found “no inherent
conflict” in the practice of defense of claims litigation by insurance
company house or captive counsel. 717 N.E.2d 151, 152 (Ind. 1999). In
that case, the defendant-insured, like Chadwick, was advised that although
insurance counsel was employed and paid by the insurer, counsel’s “ethical
obligations” were owed to the defendant-insured alone. Id. If a plaintiff
such as Oswalt wishes to inquire during discovery as to whether an
insured’s non-cooperation has been or threatens to become an issue as
litigation continues – and/or to inquire whether the insurance carrier is
proceeding under a reservation of rights – it may do so. At that point,
the insured’s counsel – who may or may not be retained by the insurance
company, but in either case may or may not be aware of the extent to which
the insured is “cooperating” under the terms of the insurance contract –
can inquire of the insurance company and give the appropriate response.
The ethical difference is between volunteering the information and
responding truthfully when asked. We find nothing in the record on appeal
to indicate here that Oswalt asked the question. We therefore depart from
Horace Mann to the extent that it stands for the proposition that it is
incumbent upon an insured’s defense counsel to volunteer information
potentially adverse to his client. Put another way, counsel should not be
called upon suddenly to “change hats” and speak in and for the insurer’s
interests when his role has previously been and should remain that of a
zealous advocate for his client, the insured.
The dissent offers that “the injured plaintiff is entitled to be put
on notice that collection of any judgment which might be rendered in his
favor has been jeopardized . . . . At a minimum, the injured plaintiff
should be apprised if and when the insurer notifies the insured that the
defense is proceeding under a reservation of rights.” Slip op. at ___. We
agree that such a scheme would alleviate or minimize the problem of going
through trial and obtaining judgment only to be faced later with the
inability to collect that judgment because of a coverage dispute between
the insurer and the insured. But the requirement of such a disclosure is
not currently the law in Indiana.
II. Gallant’s Summary Judgment Motion
Gallant also argues that the trial court erred in not granting its
cross-motion for summary judgment on its declaratory judgment action. In
the declaratory judgment context:
The interpretation of an insurance policy is primarily a
question of law for the court. The provisions of an insurance
contract are subject to the same rules of interpretation and
construction as are other contract terms.
In construing a written insurance contract, we may not extend
insurance coverage beyond that provided in the contract, nor may
we rewrite the clear and unambiguous language of an insurance
contract. A contract will be found to be ambiguous only when it
is susceptible to more than one interpretation and reasonable
persons would honestly differ as to its meaning. An ambiguity
is not established simply because a controversy exists, and one
party asserts an interpretation contrary to that asserted by the
opposing party.
American States Ins. Co. v. Adair Indus. Inc., 576 N.E.2d 1272, 1273-74
(Ind. Ct. App. 1991).
Gallant argues that it was clearly prejudiced by Chadwick’s failure
to cooperate: “the possibility of finding witnesses [to support]
Chadwick’s version of events or identifying the drivers in front of
Oswalt’s vehicle was hampered because he did not provide his version of
events until two years and four months after the accident, ignoring
requests to fill out forms in the process.” Appellant’s Brief p. 20. In
addition, Gallant claims prejudice due to Chadwick’s failure to keep it
apprised of his address changes, failure to respond to various attorney
communications, and failure to appear for trial. Chadwick’s affidavit, on
the other hand, states in relevant part:
5. Gallant Insurance Company did not inform me about any
mediation conferences or settlement negotiations.
6. I was accessible by telephone and had three or four phone
discussions with Attorney Kenneth Wilk about the accident.
7. Although I did discuss this case with Attorney Kenneth
Wilk, we did not discuss any defenses to Mr. Oswalt’s claim
against me.
8. I was accessible by telephone after my insurer changed
attorneys and had two conversations with Attorney Duke Escue
[sic] about the accident and upcoming trial.
9. Although I did discuss this case with Attorney Duke Escue
[sic], we did not discuss any defenses to Mr. Oswalt’s claim
against me. . . .
Appendix pp. 158-59. Gallant urges us that this affidavit is “self-
serving” and is “insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact on
this issue.” Appellant’s Brief p. 21. Gallant cites Chadwick’s
interrogatory answers, submitted on October 28, 1998, to attorney Wilk, in
which he stated in part that he believed he saw the driver of Oswalt’s car
(his wife, Kimberly Oswalt) “getting into her purse or s[o]mething while
driving.” Appendix p. 156.
When reviewing a summary judgment ruling, we construe the pleadings
and designated materials in a light most favorable to the non-movant,
giving careful scrutiny to ensure that the losing party is not improperly
denied its day in court. Becker v. Four Points Inv. Corp., 708 N.E.2d 29,
30 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied. When viewed in the light most
favorable to Chadwick as non-movant in the declaratory summary judgment
claim, we find this dispute over whether there existed a defense to
coverage to be a genuine issue of material fact. We note that one of the
grounds on which Gallant claims prejudice – the hampering of the
development of a defense by Chadwick’s foreclosing “the possibility of
finding witnesses . . . or identifying the drivers in front of Oswalt’s
vehicle” – is tenuously supported at best. For instance, in the same
interrogatories Gallant cites, Chadwick was asked to “[s]tate the full name
and address of each person who witnesses or claimed to have witnessed the
happening of the casualty complained of in this action[,]” to which
Chadwick answered, “None of which I am aware.” Appendix p. 139. It would
seem that Gallant could have pursued other methods, such as police reports
or the depositions of other drivers, to begin to develop any defense it
believed existed. At the very least, however, just as we concluded that
the trial court should not decide this same issue in Oswalt’s favor when
presented with a summary judgment motion in the proceedings supplemental,
we also conclude that reasonable persons could honestly differ as to
whether Chadwick’s alleged failure to cooperate so greatly prejudiced
Gallant as to relieve it completely of liability.
Conclusion
Because Gallant successfully preserved the defense of Chadwick’s non-
cooperation via its reservation of rights, the trial court erred in
granting Oswalt summary judgment in his proceedings supplemental against
Gallant as garnishee-defendant, and we reverse that summary judgment.
However, because a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether that
non-cooperation so prejudiced Gallant as to relieve it completely of
liability in Oswalt’s cause against Chadwick, we affirm the trial court’s
denial of summary judgment in Gallant’s declaratory judgment action.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
MATTINGLY-MAY, J., concurs.
SULLIVAN, J., dissents with opinion.
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
GALLANT INSURANCE COMPANY, )
)
Appellant-Garnishee-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 43A04-0104-CV-148
)
JEFFREY OSWALT, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff, )
)
and )
)
DONALD CHADWICK, )
)
Appellee-Defendant. )
SULLIVAN, Judge, dissenting
Because I dissent from the majority’s holding reversing the summary
judgment in favor of Oswalt in the proceedings supplemental, I do not reach
the matter of Gallant’s summary judgment motion in the declaratory judgment
suit. If, however, I were to join the majority with regard to the
proceedings supplemental, I would likewise agree that denial of Gallant’s
summary judgment motion was correct.
The nature of my dissent has multiple aspects. For this reason, I
deem it appropriate to make somewhat extensive reference to the various
communications and occurrences between Gallant and Chadwick.
The letter of April 7, 1997, from Gallant to Chadwick advised him he
had breached Condition 3 of the policy by failing to “immediately forward .
. . the Summons and Complaint served upon you . . . .” Appellant’s App. at
116. The letter proceeded to state that, “[i]f a judgment was entered
against you due to your breach of this condition” certain adverse
consequences might occur including Gallant not defending Chadwick and not
paying any such judgment. Id. (emphasis supplied). This eventuality did
not occur in that no judgment was entered as a result of the alleged
breach. Therefore, the alleged breach of Condition 3 had no impact upon
the preparation of a defense, nor did it otherwise prejudice the insurer.
As a matter of fact, this letter advised that Gallant would “investigate .
. . and retain attorneys to defend you.” Id.
The letter of April 28, 1998, from Gallant’s attorney Wilk, was sent
to the same address (Maple Grove Road, Marion, Ohio) and advised that Wilk
had been retained by Gallant “to defend you.” Appellant’s App. at 117.
The letter advised that it was necessary to meet with Chadwick for an
interview concerning the accident. It stated that the policy required
Chadwick to cooperate and that, “If you don’t, you may end up losing your
coverage and/or defeating my efforts to properly defend your interests.”
Id. It advised of a trial date setting for January 18-21, 1999. This
letter was a warning advising of what might happen absent contact and
cooperation. It demonstrates that nothing prior to that time could or
would constitute such a breach as to cause no defense or no coverage.[3]
To the extent that the letter of October 8, 1998, from Gallant to
Chadwick constituted notice that Gallant was proceeding under a reservation
of rights, it references Condition 5 of the policy and says that Gallant
considers that condition as having been breached. However, none of the
enumerated duties under Condition 5 could have been breached as of that
time, with the possible exception of the duty to secure evidence upon
Gallant’s request.[4] Yet, there is no indication of record that as of
that time Gallant had requested Chadwick to secure evidence. Be that as it
may, as of October l998, there was still a full year before the actual
trial date. Therefore, the presentation of the defense was not then
jeopardized.[5]
As a matter of fact, on October 28, l998, Chadwick did cooperate and
help attorney Wilk complete interrogatories submitted by the plaintiff,
Oswalt. Therefore, as of October 28, 1998, Chadwick was cooperating and no
basis existed for Gallant to claim any breach of the cooperation clause
sufficient to jeopardize Chadwick’s defense or Gallant’s liability under
the policy.
The crucial letter is that of September 16, 1999, in which new
defense attorney Conover advised Chadwick of the trial date for October 12,
1999, and that Chadwick’s appearance was required. It also noted that
failure to cooperate by “failure to attend this trial could jeopardize any
insurance you may have for this incident and result in a judgment being
entered against you and for which you would be personally responsible.”
Appellant’s App. at 124. It is again a warning of what might happen if
Chadwick failed to appear at trial. It also told Chadwick to advise “any
witnesses you may have” of the trial date and told him to visit the scene
of the accident and to note location and operation of any traffic control
devices and all other important details, such as lanes of traffic and
approximate distances. Id. Again, it was an instruction of something
Chadwick had to do before trial, not that he had done something in the past
to jeopardize his coverage.
It is my view that the only breach of the terms and conditions of the
policy, even arguably sufficient to warrant a denial of coverage, was
Chadwick’s failure to appear at trial and assist in his defense.[6]
Nothing which had occurred or had failed to occur prior to that time would
justify a contention that settlement discussions or presentation of a
defense had been compromised. Notwithstanding Gallant’s letters to
Chadwick containing language indicating a reservation of rights, there was
from the outset, through to the date the trial began, a duty on the part of
Gallant to defend and, until Chadwick failed to appear and assist in the
defense, I believe Gallant was under a prospective obligation to pay any
judgment up to the $25,000 policy limits. In this respect, I believe that
the majority misreads the underlying rationale for this dissent. It is not
that an insurer may not assert a reservation of rights without first
proving prejudice. Rather, it is that there must have been an instance or
instances of meaningful non-cooperation before the reservation of rights
may be effectively asserted. An insurer may not seek to protect itself
against liability by asserting a reservation of rights due to some
prospective or fancied act of non-cooperation which has not yet occurred.
Although there was some justification, at least before October 28,
1998, for Gallant’s concern that Chadwick might not fully cooperate,
nothing Chadwick did or did not do prejudiced Gallant’s ability or duty to
defend; nor was there anything done which caused Gallant to advise Chadwick
that coverage was being denied. To the contrary, all the communication to
Chadwick was phrased in terms of “if” you do not cooperate, certain
consequences might occur.
The phrasing of Gallant’s communications to Chadwick and the conduct
of defendant’s counsel prior to the date of trial unmistakably indicate
that, despite knowledge of arguable but technical non-cooperation on the
part of Chadwick, Gallant was “‘continuing to act for the insured before
the trial. . . .’” Gallant Ins. Co. v. Wilkerson, 720 N.E.2d 1223, 1227
(Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (quoting 7A Am.Jur.2d Automobile Insurance § 402, at
190-91). Such action constitutes a waiver of any non-cooperation defense
which may have existed prior to trial. Id.[7]
Accordingly, I question whether the majority is correct in its
conclusion that here, unlike in Illinois Founders Ins. Co. v. Horace Mann
Ins. Co., 738 N.E.2d 705 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000), Gallant proceeded under a
valid reservation of rights. In this case, as contemplated by the general
rule set forth in Wilkerson, “‘the insured failed to appear at the trial of
the original action . . . and . . . the insurer conducted the defense of
the insured in his or her absence.’” 720 N.E.2d at 1228-1229 (quoting 7A
Am.Jur.2d supra, § 403, at 191).
The only relevant breach of the cooperation clause of the policy was
Chadwick’s failure to appear for trial. It was not until that occurrence
that Gallant became aware of the arguable applicability of the non-
cooperation defense.
The majority takes what appear to me to be inconsistent positions.
On the one hand, it is said that Gallant became aware of the defense of non-
cooperation “by proceeding under a reservation of rights.” Slip op. at 7.
Yet, on the other hand, the majority has concluded that not until filing
of its answer to the proceedings supplemental on February 18, 2000, did
Gallant have “its first true opportunity to claim Chadwick’s non-
cooperation (i.e., his failure to appear at the trial in late 1999) as a
defense to liability.” Slip op. at 7.
I agree with the latter stated position of the majority precisely
because it was the failure of Chadwick to appear on the trial date which
triggered Gallant’s non-cooperation assertion. In short, any so-called
“reservation of rights” asserted in various correspondence between Gallant
or the attorneys retained by Gallant and Chadwick is irrelevant to the
matter before us.
I must further take issue with the majority opinion insofar as it
appears to place a burden upon the plaintiff to make inquiry whether or not
the insured is cooperating with his insurer. See slip op. at 9. The
majority seems to place this duty upon the plaintiff “during discovery.”
Id. Yet, as earlier observed, the non-cooperation in question did not
occur during discovery. It occurred at the commencement of the trial when
Chadwick did not appear.
Furthermore, in this regard, the majority somehow transfers to the
plaintiff the ability of the “insured’s counsel” to inquire of the
insurance company to determine cooperation or the lack thereof by the
insured. The majority is concerned that counsel for the insured should not
“change hats” in, on the one hand, vigorously defending the client, the
insured, but then on the other hand, volunteering information potentially
adverse to the client. Slip op. at 9. Yet, the majority contemplates
precisely that scenario in noting that if, during discovery, a plaintiff,
such as Oswalt, wishes to inquire as to cooperation or non-cooperation he
may do so, and then counsel for the insured will ask that question of the
insurance company and in turn, relay the information to plaintiff’s
attorney. I wholly fail to understand why volunteering information and
responding to an inquiry from the plaintiff with the identical information
solves concerns as to “ethical obligations.” Slip op. at 9. In my view,
the majority places a wholly unrealistic and unnecessary burden upon
plaintiffs. Plaintiff should not be required to contact the insurer on a
daily basis to ask: “Is your insured still cooperating?”
As to pre-trial non-cooperation, it has been noted that ordinarily an
insurer is not obligated to file a reservation of rights letter in the
injury action. This approach is premised upon the idea that the
reservation is a matter between the insurer and the insured arising out of
the contract of insurance between the two. 14 Lee E. Russ and Thomas F.
Segalla, Couch on Insurance, § 202.44 (3d ed. 1997). However, Couch also
notes that some jurisdictions require the insurer to provide the injured
party plaintiff with a copy of the reservation of rights letter.
In this state, at least one case, Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v. Johnson,
139 Ind. App. 622, 218 N.E.2d 712 (1966), leads me to the conclusion that
a plaintiff is entitled to notice of assertion by the insurer of a
reservation of rights. In that case, the court noted that after receiving
a judgment against the insured person, the plaintiff, in proceedings
against the insurer to collect the judgment, “is in the legal shoes of the
insured. If the insured has violated the policy requirements, the injured
person would be precluded from recovery against the insurance company.”
Johnson, 218 N.E.2d at 715.
This proposition clearly reflects that a prospective claim by the
insurer of no liability upon the policy will have an adverse effect upon
the injured party plaintiff.[8] Accordingly, it stands to reason that the
injured plaintiff is entitled to be put on notice that collection of any
judgment which might be rendered in his favor has been jeopardized, at
least to the extent of the policy limits. At a minimum, the injured
plaintiff should be apprised if and when the insurer notifies the insured
that the defense is proceeding under a reservation of rights.[9]
Even if there is opportunity during discovery for plaintiff to
inquire as to cooperation or non-cooperation, I would certainly think it
inappropriate to impose such a duty of inquiry after discovery has closed
just on the chance that some unforeseen non-cooperation has occurred.
Here, there was no non-cooperation problem during discovery. As earlier
noted, Chadwick assisted in answering Oswalt’s pre-trial interrogatories.
Here, we need not decide whether counsel for the insured was required to
raise the non-cooperation claim at or prior to trial, as was held in Horace
Mann, supra, at least as such relates to incidents of non-cooperation
occurring during investigation and discovery of plaintiff’s claim.[10] In
the case before us, neither of the parties nor the trial court anticipated
Chadwick’s failure to appear at trial. In this set of circumstances, I
would submit that there was no duty for insurance counsel to advise Oswalt
of the then obvious non-cooperation, nor of Oswalt to make inquiry of
Gallant as to the same obvious fact.
To the extent that Horace Mann and Wilkerson require the insurance
company to assert the non-cooperation defense at the first reasonable
opportunity, I would apply those decisions to the case before us. Having
waited from October 12, 1999, the first day of trial, until February 18,
2000, to present the issue, Gallant should now be estopped to assert that
defense.
I would affirm the judgment of the trial court.
-----------------------
[1] We heard oral argument in Indianapolis on October 2, 2001. We
appreciate the parties’ enlightening and informative presentations.
[2] The dissent criticizes our characterization of this as Gallant’s
“first true opportunity” to claim non-cooperation. To characterize it as
such is not, in our view, inconsistent with our conclusion that the earlier
communications from Gallant to Chadwick were valid reservations of
Gallant’s right to disavow coverage. It was Gallant’s “first true
opportunity” to claim anything in the same forum as the underlying suit, to
which it was not a party.
[3] The majority seems to place great emphasis upon a skip-trace conducted
August 20, 1998, and concludes that the additional address shown, i.e. 9462
N. St. [Road] 3, Etna Green, Indiana was a “new” address. Slip op. at 2.
I would note, however, that the Etna Green address is shown as of February
1997, one month earlier than the time shown for the Maple Grove Road
address in Marion, Ohio. Furthermore, the skip-trace report shows the
“current address” as Maple Grove Road, Marion, Ohio. Contrary to the
conclusion reached by the majority, therefore, I must deduce that the Etna
Green address was not a “new” address as of the date of the report.
[4] The pertinent portion of Condition 5 reads as follows:
“Assistance and Cooperation of the Insured. The insured shall
cooperate with the company and, upon the company’s request, attend
hearings and trials and assist in making settlements, securing and
giving evidence, obtaining the attendance of witnesses in the conduct
of any legal proceedings in connection with the subject matter of this
insurance.” Appellant’s App. at 107.
[5] Under Indiana law, an insurer is not permitted to refuse to provide a
defense or deny liability under the policy unless the non-cooperation of
the insured has prejudiced the insurer. Miller v. Dilts, 463 N.E.2d 257
(Ind. 1984); Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 139 Ind.App. 622, 218
N.E.2d 712 (1966), trans. denied.
[6] Not every failure to appear at trial will be prejudicial to the
insurer, e.g., where the insured’s presence would only lead to testimony
demonstrating his, and therefore insurer’s liability. 8 Appleman,
Insurance Law and Practice § 4773.
[7] Clearly, and as observed by the majority here, “an insurer’s duty to
defend is broader than its coverage for liability. . . .” Slip op. at 8.
Nevertheless, this legal truism does not alter the principle drawn from
Wilkerson and from Hermitage Ins. Co. v. Salts, 698 N.E.2d 856 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1998) (and cases cited therein), that an insurer who proceeds to
defend with full knowledge of the facts may be estopped from subsequently
raising the defense of non-coverage.
[8] A rationale for notification to the plaintiff is found in Kitchen v.
McCullough, 428 S.W.2d 907, 910 (Mo. Ct. App. 1968), in which the
plaintiff obtained a $4000 judgment in an automobile collision suit and
then, as here, initiated garnishment against the insurer, when for the
first time, the insurer asserted a policy defense. Although in that case
the insurer had not defended under a reservation of rights, the court
observed that the plaintiff might have chosen to not go to “the expense of
producing witnesses and attending the taking of depositions that might not
have been necessary if garnishee had disclaimed liability.” Id. Of course,
this presupposes that had the insurer done so before trial, plaintiff would
have been notified of the reservation of rights.
[9] Perhaps, in order to avoid transmission of prejudicial information
concerning the nature and extent of the non-cooperation giving rise to the
reservation of rights, that information need not be conveyed to the
plaintiff. It might be deemed sufficient if the plaintiff is merely
notified of the fact of the reservation of rights letter to the insured.
[10] In Horace Mann, the defendant had failed to cooperate in several
respects prior to the trial at which defendant failed to appear. Thus, the
reservation of rights available to Horace Mann prior to the date of trial,
was not available with respect to the non-cooperation in question before
the trial date.
