Newcomb v. McPeek
Annotate this Case
Justia Opinion Summary
Want to stay in the know about new opinions from the Supreme Court of Hawaii?
Sign up for free summaries delivered directly to your inbox. Learn More ›
You already receive new opinion summaries from Supreme Court of Hawaii. Did you know we offer summary newsletters for even more practice areas and jurisdictions? Explore them here.
William Newcomb and Stephen McPeek had lived together in a committed relationship for two years when they decided to adopt and raise a child. Only McPeek legally adopted the child, but the parties co-parented the child and shared physical custody of her, even after their separation. Newcomb later filed a petition for joint custody, alleging that he had de facto joint custody of the child. The family court denied Newcomb’s petition for joint custody. The Supreme Court vacated the family court’s decision, holding (1) the court misinterpreted and misapplied Hawaii’s statutory de facto custody provision; and (2) McPeek failed to establish that the application of the de facto custody provision to this case would infringe on his fundamental liberty interests or otherwise violate his constitutional right to privacy. Remanded.
Download PDF
***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** Electronically Filed Supreme Court SCAP-15-0000022 01-NOV-2016 09:32 AM IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI I ---o0o--WILLIAM NEWCOMB, Petitioner/Petitioner-Appellant, vs. STEPHEN MCPEEK, Respondent/Respondent-Appellee. SCAP-15-0000022 APPEAL FROM THE FAMILY COURT OF THE THIRD CIRCUIT (CAAP-15-0000022; FC-M NO. 14-1-0034K) NOVEMBER 1, 2016 RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, McKENNA, POLLACK, AND WILSON, JJ. OPINION OF THE COURT BY POLLACK, J. Petitioner William Newcomb and Respondent Stephen McPeek decided together to bring a child into their home. Although only McPeek legally adopted the child, Newcomb and McPeek co-parented the child and shared physical custody of her, even after their separation as a couple. Newcomb brought a petition for joint custody in the Family Court of the Third Circuit (family court) based solely on the de facto custody ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** provision of Hawai i Revised Statutes (HRS) § 571-46(a)(2), which was denied. Newcomb appealed the family court’s denial of his petition and applied for a transfer to this court, which we granted. The main issue on appeal concerns the interpretation and application of Hawaii’s statutory de facto custody provision and whether it infringes on McPeek’s parental rights. Because we conclude that the family court misinterpreted and misapplied the de facto custody provision, we vacate the family court’s decision and remand the case for further proceedings. I. BACKGROUND A. Factual Background Newcomb and McPeek entered into a committed relationship in March 2009 and lived together continuously until October 2013. Child was born in September 2011, and McPeek is the biological grandfather and legal adoptive father of Child. The decision to adopt and raise Child was a joint decision made by McPeek and Newcomb. Together they determined a first and last name for the baby, giving her the last name Newcomb-McPeek. Newcomb, McPeek, Child, and McPeek’s teenage son lived together as a family unit from October 2011 until October 2013. During this time, Newcomb and McPeek jointly shared all parental care, duties, and responsibilities for Child. From the time she could talk, Child referred to McPeek 2 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** as “Papa” and Newcomb as “Daddy.” Newcomb and McPeek discussed and intended that Newcomb would adopt Child, and they retained an attorney to accomplish the adoption. However, Newcomb’s planned adoption of Child never occurred, and although Newcomb and McPeek discussed entering into a civil union or marriage, that also never occurred. After their separation in October 2013, McPeek and Newcomb entered into a written 50/50 co-parenting agreement for Child. Under the co-parenting agreement, Newcomb and McPeek each had actual care and custody of Child from Sunday to Wednesday and then Sunday to Thursday in alternating weeks. During the period of the co-parenting agreement, Newcomb and McPeek communicated through email to discuss Child. McPeek indicated to Newcomb by email that he wanted Newcomb to have custody of Child should anything ever happen to him. In April 2014, McPeek sent Newcomb a letter declaring that the written 50/50 co-parenting agreement was revoked on the ground that it was McPeek’s “parental right” to do so. B. Newcomb’s Petition for Joint Custody Newcomb filed a petition for joint custody in the family court in May 2014, seeking joint legal and joint 50/50 actual physical custody of Child pursuant to HRS § 571-46(a)(2).1 1 HRS § 571-46(a)(2) (Supp. 2013) provides, (continued . . .) 3 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** Newcomb’s petition alleged that he had de facto joint custody of Child “in a stable and wholesome home” and that he was “a fit and proper person to have care, custody, and control of the minor child.” The family court held an initial hearing on Newcomb’s petition for joint custody in June 2014.2 At the June hearing, the court noted that there were no disputed facts in the case and that the issue was whether McPeek has the absolute right to dictate who can have custody of the minor child. During the evidentiary hearing held in October, McPeek offered Dr. Jennifer L. De Costa as “an expert in the field of family behaviors and in the relationship of children with their families.”3 Newcomb objected to Dr. De Costa’s qualification as (a) . . . . In awarding the custody, the court shall be guided by the following standards, considerations, and procedures: . . . . (2) Custody may be awarded to persons other than the father or mother whenever the award serves the best interest of the child. Any person who has had de facto custody of the child in a stable and wholesome home and is a fit and proper person shall be entitled prima facie to an award of custody . . . . 2 The Honorable Melvin H. Fujino presided. 3 Dr. De Costa testified that she was a behavior health specialist at Innovative Hawai i Community Hospital and possessed a bachelor’s degree in psychology from the University of Hawai i, a master’s degree in science from Western Washington University, a master’s degree in marriage and family therapy from University of Oregon, and a doctorate degree from Oregon State University in family counseling and gerontology. 4 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** an expert, asserting that she should be qualified as a marriage and family counselor; the family court concluded that Dr. De Costa was an expert in the field of family behavior and relationships as it relates to children and families. On direct examination, Dr. De Costa testified extensively about McPeek’s teenage son. Dr. De Costa was permitted to testify over Newcomb’s objection that she saw a correlation between depressive symptoms exhibited by McPeek’s son and interactions with Newcomb; she discussed this correlation in reference to McPeek’s son’s performance on tests used to measure depression and anxiety. Dr. De Costa also testified regarding her counseling and treatment of Child. McPeek’s counsel requested Dr. De Costa to assume that Newcomb had an anger management problem and asked her to offer an opinion as to whether she would have any concerns of Child having a custodial relationship with Newcomb. Newcomb objected to the testimony on the basis that the hypothetical question assumed facts not in evidence.4 Dr. De Costa was permitted to opine that she would have concerns about Child having a relationship with Newcomb. Dr. De Costa was also asked whether Child would be harmed from termination of the relationship with 4 Newcomb later testified that he had an anger management problem that interfered with his relationship with McPeek. 5 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** Newcomb; she testified, “This is a hard one. But I don’t--right now, where she’s at, I don’t think so.” Newcomb offered Dr. Jamuna Wyss, a clinical psychologist, as an expert on parent-child psychological relationships and parenting styles. Dr. Wyss indicated that Newcomb and McPeek attended couples therapy with him beginning in October 2013 and that Newcomb continued to be his client in individual therapy. Dr. Wyss gave a favorable opinion regarding Newcomb as a parent and the home he provided for Child. Dr. Wyss also testified regarding the consequences when parent-child relationships are terminated, opining that there was a likelihood that termination of the relationship between Newcomb and Child would result in “immediate-term and long-term damaging psychological consequences” to Child. Newcomb’s counsel also attempted to enter into evidence a clinical note of Dr. Wyss’s related to sex-abuse allegations involving Newcomb. The court did not accept the note into evidence and did not allow Dr. Wyss to testify regarding the allegation because it was outside the scope of Dr. Wyss’s report. However, Dr. Wyss was permitted to testify that he was aware of sex-abuse allegations involving Newcomb and that he did not believe that Newcomb posed a threat of abuse to Child, “be it sexual, physical, or emotional abuse or neglect.” 6 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** On December 11, 2014, the family court entered its “Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law; Order/Final Judgment” denying Newcomb’s petition for joint custody. The family court characterized the main issue as follows: “[I]n a State where the parties can get married or can become a civil union partnership, if they choose not to, . . . should [Newcomb] be afforded standing to claim what is known as a ‘psychological father.’” The court concluded that Newcomb did not have standing as Child’s “psychological father” because the parties were not married. Although the family court determined that HRS § 571-46 applied, which allows a custody award to a person who demonstrates de facto custody of a child, the court concluded that Newcomb failed to demonstrate “by strict scrutiny a compelling state interest as to why this ‘de facto’ section should apply to him when in fact the parties were not married, and when the options of civil union or marriage were available.”5 II. DISCUSSION Newcomb’s petition requested joint custody of Child pursuant to HRS § 571-46(a)(2), asserting that Newcomb “is a person who has had de facto joint custody of the child in a 5 compelling sense that harmed and supervised The family court also found, “In this case the Court will find the testimony of the child’s therapist, Jennifer De Costa, in the she testified that in her opinion that the child would not be in fact that she did see some regression once the Court allowed visitation between [Child and Newcomb].” 7 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** stable and wholesome home” and that joint custody was in the best interests of Child.6 Although the family court determined that HRS § 571-46(a)(2) was applicable, the court declined to apply this statutory provision, reasoning that Newcomb failed to demonstrate “by strict scrutiny a compelling state interest” to support the application of the statute under the circumstances of this case. Thus, the primary issues on appeal are whether the family court properly interpreted and applied HRS § 57146(a)(2) and whether its application in this case would infringe on McPeek’s constitutionally protected parental rights. Newcomb also challenges several evidentiary rulings regarding the expert testimony presented at the hearing. 6 Newcomb sought custody of Child based solely on the de facto provision of HRS § 571-46(a)(2). Additionally, in his opening brief, Newcomb cites only to HRS § 571-46(a)(2)--and not HRS § 571-46(a)(1)--as a basis for his claim for custody of Child. Although Newcomb references the “parent by estoppel” doctrine of other jurisdictions in his opening brief, he does so in support of his argument that the trial court erred in its determination that Newcomb was required to show by strict scrutiny a compelling state interest as to why HRS § 571-46(a)(2) should apply to him. Thus, it appears that to the extent that Newcomb argues that he satisfies the doctrine adopted by the Wisconsin Supreme Court, it is to support his argument that the application of this statute is constitutional. Accordingly, we do not consider whether Newcomb is a “parent” eligible to seek custody pursuant to HRS § 571-46(a)(1) or on any other basis. It is noted that at least one jurisdiction has expanded the definition of “parent” in a similar statute to include a partner of a domestic partnership that agrees to conceive a child and to raise the child together. See Brooke S.B. v. Elizabeth A. C.C., No. 91, 2016 WL 4507780 (N.Y. Aug. 30, 2016). 8 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** A. Interpretation and Application of HRS § 571-46(a)(2) In cases involving child custody, it is well established that the guiding consideration is the best interests of the child. E.g., Doe v. Doe, 98 Hawai i 144, 155, 44 P.3d 1085, 1096 (2002); Fujikane v. Fujikane, 61 Haw. 352, 354, 604 P.2d 43, 45 (1979) (per curiam). The trial court possesses broad discretion in making custody decisions and in its determination of what is in the best interests of the child. Fujikane, 61 Haw. at 354, 604 P.2d at 45 (“It is clear that the court below possesses wide discretion in making custody decisions . . . .”). HRS § 571-46(a) provides standards that apply to a court’s custody decision in proceedings involving a dispute as to the custody of a minor child: In awarding the custody, the court shall be guided by the following standards, considerations, and procedures: (1) Custody should be awarded to either parent or to both parents according to the best interests of the child, and the court also may consider frequent, continuing, and meaningful contact of each parent with the child unless the court finds that a parent is unable to act in the best interest of the child; (2) Custody may be awarded to persons other than the father or mother whenever the award serves the best interest of the child. Any person who has had de facto custody of the child in a stable and wholesome home and is a fit and proper person shall be entitled prima facie to an award of custody; (3) If a child is of sufficient age and capacity to reason, so as to form an intelligent preference, the child’s wishes as to custody shall be considered and be given due weight by the court . . . . HRS § 571-46(a)(1)-(3) (Supp. 2013). 9 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** Subsection (a)(1) of this statute concerns the awarding of custody to the child’s parents and provides that custody “should be awarded” to either or both parents according to the best interests of the child. Additionally, the court may consider continuing and meaningful contact of each parent with the child unless the parent is unable to act in the best interests of the child.7 In his petition for custody, Newcomb does not seek custody based on alleged parental status under subsection (a)(1). Subsection (a)(2), upon which Newcomb relies, provides that custody “may be awarded to persons other than the father or mother whenever the award serves the best interest of the child.” Subsection (a)(2) also creates a presumption in favor of a person under certain circumstances: “Any person who has had de facto custody of the child in a stable and wholesome home and is a fit and proper person shall be entitled prima facie to an award of custody.” Although “de facto custody” is not defined, we interpret it to mean sole or shared physical custody in combination with an assumption of incidents of legal custody enumerated in HRS § 571-2, which include “the duty to protect, 7 “‘Meaningful contact’ means parent and child interactions, activities, and experiences, performed together, which nurture the parentchild attachment and relationship, while contributing to the child’s development in a positive and effective manner.” HRS § 571-2 (2006 & Supp. 2011). 10 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** train, and discipline the minor and to provide the minor with food, shelter, education, and ordinary medical care.” In other words, de facto custody is consistent with a parental role. Accordingly, a person may establish a prima facie case of de facto custody, by showing that the person (1) is a fit and proper person (2) who has had de facto custody of the child (3) in a stable and wholesome home. HRS § 571-46(a)(2). If a person is able to establish these three elements, then the person has adduced prima facie evidence that awarding custody to that person is in the best interests of the child. Nonetheless, the family court ultimately has the discretion to determine the custody award that would serve the best interests of the child based on the entirety of the evidence presented. Although the family court determined that HRS § 57146(a)(2) applies to this case, the court did not determine whether or not Newcomb established a prima facie case to an award of custody based on de facto custody.8 However, the family 8 Although we express no opinion as to whether Newcomb established prima facie that he had de facto custody of child pursuant to HRS § 57146(a)(2), it is noted that the record was sufficient to support a finding that Newcomb had de facto custody of Child because McPeek shared all parental care, duties, and responsibilities with respect to Child with Newcomb from October 2011 to October 2013 and then continued to have actual joint custody of Child until April 2014, pursuant to the written co-parenting agreement. The family court’s findings would also support a determination that Newcomb provided a stable and loving home for Child, based on, inter alia, the court’s findings regarding the period of joint custody and Dr. Wyss’s testimony that termination of the attachment bond between Newcomb and Child would be psychologically harmful to Child. The findings that would support the first two elements may also support a finding that Newcomb was a fit and (continued . . .) 11 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** court did not make any particular findings that would contradict Newcomb’s claim of de facto custody pursuant to subsection (a)(2), and Newcomb provided evidence to support all three elements of subsection (a)(2) in addition to evidence from Dr. Wyss that it would be beneficial to Child to have contact with him. On the other hand, McPeek produced evidence, including through Dr. De Costa’s testimony, that could be construed to support a finding that Newcomb is not a fit and proper person and that it would not be in Child’s best interests for custody to be jointly awarded to Newcomb. In declining to apply subsection (a)(2), the family court reasoned that Newcomb did not adequately demonstrate by strict scrutiny a compelling state interest that the statute was constitutional as applied to him.9 The burden, however, is not on Newcomb to demonstrate the constitutionality of HRS § 57146(a)(2). Indeed, “every enactment of the legislature is presumptively constitutional,” and the “party challenging the statute has the burden of showing unconstitutionality.” State v. Mueller, 66 Haw. 616, 627, 671 P.2d 1351, 1358 (1983) proper person to have custody of Child given that he was involved in coparenting Child for the majority of Child’s life. 9 We review the family court’s conclusions of law, including constitutional questions of law, de novo under the right/wrong standard. See Doe v. Doe, 116 Hawai i 323, 326, 172 P.3d 1067, 1070 (2007); In re Doe, 95 Hawai i 183, 190, 20 P.3d 616, 623 (2001). 12 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** (quoting Schwab v. Ariyoshi, 58 Haw. 25, 31, 564 P.2d 135, 139 (1977)). Thus, in this case, if joint custody were awarded to Newcomb, then McPeek would be considered the challenger to HRS § 571-46(a)(2), and McPeek would have the burden of establishing the statute’s infringement on his constitutionally protected parental rights. Id. The family court’s analysis was directly contrary to this widely accepted presumption that statutes are valid. Accordingly, the family court erred in requiring that Newcomb establish the constitutionality of HRS § 571-46(a)(2) before its application. The family court should have made findings and conclusions with regard to whether Newcomb satisfied the de facto custody test of subsection (a)(2) and whether granting of joint custody was in the best interests of Child. McPeek argues that HRS § 571-46 prefers that custody be awarded to the parents of a child and that a non-parent may only be considered for custody if the court finds that the parent is unable to act in the best interests of the child. We do not agree with this rigid interpretation of HRS § 571-46, which is contrary to the well-settled principle that “the paramount consideration” in child custody cases is the best interests of the child. 1096. Doe, 98 Hawai i at 155, 44 P.3d 1085 at While a preference inheres in HRS § 571-46(a)(1) that custody “should” be awarded to the parents, nevertheless custody 13 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** may be awarded to persons other than a parent and the court “shall” consider the child’s wishes if the child is of sufficient age and capacity to reason. HRS § 571-46(a)(1)-(3). Implicit in McPeek’s proffered interpretation is the concept that custody will be given either to a parent or nonparent. However, in reality, there may be instances where the child’s best interests are served by joint custody where a fit parent and nonparent share responsibilities for the child. The court must always determine what would serve the best interests of the child. HRS § 571-46 provides guidance to the courts by way of standards, considerations, and procedures, and ultimately, the court has the flexibility to fashion a custody award that is in the best interests of the child. In this case, the family court erred in concluding that Newcomb was required to establish, as a threshold matter, that the application of HRS § 571-46(a)(2) to his claim for custody would be constitutional. Because the court did not make a determination as to whether Newcomb established a prima facie case of de facto custody under HRS § 571-46(a)(2) and did not make findings of fact and conclusions on this ultimate issue, the record is insufficient for appellate review of the custody decision. Accordingly, the case must be remanded to the family court for further proceedings. 14 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** B. McPeek’s Constitutionally Protected Parental Rights In his answering brief, McPeek argues that HRS § 57146(a)(2) “is being utilized by [Newcomb] to attempt to interfere with [McPeek’s] right to raise his child and protect his child from the conduct, belief, opinions, language, personality, and demeanor of [Newcomb].”10 In light of the remand of this case to the family court, we address McPeek’s constitutional challenge to HRS § 571-46(a)(2).11 McPeek’s constitutional argument raises questions regarding whether HRS § 571-46(a)(2) unreasonably interferes with McPeek’s decision as a parent to no longer share custody with Newcomb. Accordingly, we consider whether Hawaii’s de facto custody provision--which uses a “best interests of the child standard”--unconstitutionally infringes on a person’s parental rights where the nonparent has had actual custody of the child in a stable and wholesome home, is a fit and proper person, the parent has voluntarily incorporated the nonparent into the family unit sharing parental responsibilities and 10 The record does not indicate whether McPeek notified the Attorney General of the State of Hawai i of his challenge to the constitutionality of HRS § 571-46(a)(2) pursuant to his duty under Hawai i Rules of Appellate Procedure Rule 44. 11 For purposes of considering the constitutional issue raised by McPeek, we assume that Newcomb satisfies the de facto custody provision. However, as mentioned, we express no opinion as to whether Newcomb satisfied the three elements necessary to raise the de facto presumption. 15 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** duties, and the parties subsequently shared custody pursuant to a written co-parenting agreement. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 5 of the Hawai i Constitution provide that no person shall be deprived of “life, liberty, or property without due process of law.” 1; Haw. Const. art. I, § 5. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § Under the Hawai i Constitution, we conduct a two-step inquiry in analyzing procedural due process claims. We first consider whether a liberty or property interest has been interfered with by the State, and second, we determine what specific procedures are required to satisfy due process. (2004). State v. Guidry, 105 Hawai i 222, 227, 96 P.3d 242, 247 Similarly, when the Due Process Clause “is invoked in a novel context,” the Supreme Court of the United States “begin[s] the inquiry with a determination of the precise nature of the private interest that is threatened by the State.” Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 256 (1983); see Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720 (1997) (noting that the court has required “‘a careful description’ of the asserted fundamental liberty interest” (quoting Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 301 (1993))). It is only after that interest has been identified that the court can “properly evaluate the adequacy of the State’s process.” Lehr, 463 U.S. at 256. 16 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** Whether a parent has a constitutionally protected liberty interest in deciding that a person who has “de facto custody” of the child should no longer have custody is a matter of first impression in this jurisdiction. It has long been recognized that the due process clause protects certain liberty interests that parents have in maintaining relationships with their children and in directing their upbringing. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000). See, e.g., Independent of the United States Constitution, parents have a substantive liberty interest in the care, custody, and control of their children protected by the due process clause of article I, section 5 of the Hawai i Constitution and the right to privacy of article I, section 6 of the Hawai i Constitution. See Doe v. Doe, 116 Hawai i 323, 334, 172 P.3d 1067, 1078 (2007) (“Parents’ right to raise their children is protected under article I, section 6 of the Hawai i Constitution . . . .”); In re Doe, 99 Hawai i 522, 533, 57 P.3d 447, 458 (2002) (“We affirm, independent of the federal constitution, that parents have a substantive liberty interest in the care, custody, and control of their children protected by the due process clause of article 1, section 5 of the Hawai i Constitution.”). Although due process jurisprudence recognizes a substantive liberty interest in directing the upbringing of one’s child without state interference, the right is largely 17 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** undefined. In Troxel v. Granville, the United States Supreme Court reviewed the Washington Supreme Court’s determination that a Washington visitation statute violated the United States Constitution. A majority of the Court agreed to affirm the Washington Supreme Court’s decision. The plurality opinion, written by Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, found that the Washington visitation statute was “breathtakingly broad” because its language effectively permitted “any third party seeking visitation to subject any decision by a parent concerning visitation of the parent’s children to state-court review.” U.S. at 67-68. 530 The plurality opinion did not define the scope of the parental right at issue in that case, and one common thread that runs through nearly all of the six opinions written in the Troxel case is that the parental right with respect to visitation decisions remained undefined. See id. at 73 (“We do not, and need not, define today the precise scope of the parental due process right in the visitation context.”); id. at 78 (Souter, J., concurring) (“Our cases, it is true, have not set out exact metes and bounds to the protected interest of a parent in the relationship with his child . . . .”); id. at 88 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (“While this Court has not yet had occasion to elucidate the nature of a child’s liberty interests in preserving established familial or family-like bonds, it seems to me extremely likely that, to the extent parents and 18 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** families have fundamental liberty interests in preserving such intimate relationships, so, too, do children have these interests, and so, too, must their interests be balanced in the equation.” (citation omitted)); id. at 91-93 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (arguing that the constitution does not recognize the right of a parent to direct the upbringing of their children and indicating that he would not extend the theory of the cases recognizing any such right “to this new context”); id. at at 100-01 (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (“In short, a fit parent’s right vis-à-vis a complete stranger is one thing; another parent or a de facto parent may be another. The protection the Constitution requires, then, must be elaborated with care, using discipline and instruction of the case law system.”). But see id. at (Thomas, J., dissenting) (arguing that “parents have a fundamental constitutional right to rear their children, including the right to determine who shall educate and socialize them”). Similarly, the scope of the parental right in the context of custody proceedings between a parent and a nonparent who has “de facto custody” of the child has not been defined by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court’s cases regarding the interests of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children may be grouped into two categories: (1) cases involving a natural parent’s right to parent a child and maintain the parent-child 19 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** relationship12 and (2) cases involving state interference with a parent’s decision regarding the child.13 This case does not call into question the potential termination of McPeek’s parental rights, but rather, it involves McPeek’s right to determine who has custody and access to Child. Because the Court did not define the parental right in Troxel, there are no Supreme Court opinions discussing circumstances analogous to this case. See supra notes 12-13.14 12 See Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 768 (1982) (holding that a state’s use of a “fair preponderance of the evidence” standard at a parental rights termination proceeding violated the Due Process Clause); Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246, 255 (1978) (holding that the natural father’s substantive due process rights were not violated by application of the “best interests of the child” standard where natural father had not previously sought actual or legal custody of child); Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, (1972) (holding that natural father “was entitled to a hearing on his fitness as a parent before his children were taken from him and that, by denying him a hearing and extending it to all other parents whose custody of their children is challenged, the State denied [father] the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment”). 13 See Troxel, 530 U.S. at 67-68 (holding as facially unconstitutional a statute allowing any third party seeking visitation to subject any decision by a parent concerning visitation of the parent’s children to state-court review); Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 234 (1972) (holding that the First and Fourteenth Amendments prevented the State of Wisconsin from compelling Amish parents to “cause their children to attend formal high school at age 16”); Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158, 443-44 (1944) (holding that a state statute prohibiting children from distributing magazines on the street did not violate child’s First Amendment rights or child’s custodian’s First and Fourteenth Amendment rights to give child religious training); Pierce v. Soc’y of the Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 535 (1925) (holding that a state statute requiring children to attend public school “unreasonably interfere[d] with the liberty of parents and guardians to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control”); see also Parham v. J. R., 442 U.S. 584, 603 (1979) (holding that a state statute, which allowed voluntary admission of minor children to mental hospitals by parents or guardians, did not per se violate the children’s substantive due process rights). 14 The Massachusetts Supreme Court observed that the following principles clearly emerged from the Troxel plurality decision: (continued . . .) 20 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** In Doe, this court considered the constitutionality of a statute allowing for any grandparent residing in the same state of their grandchild to petition for visitation and allowing the court to grant the petition so long as it was in the best interests of the child.15 at 1069. 116 Hawai i at 325, 172 P.3d Applying strict scrutiny, the court concluded that “proper recognition of parental autonomy in child-rearing decisions requires that the party petitioning for visitation demonstrate that the child will suffer significant harm in the absence of visitation before the family court may consider what degree of visitation is in the child’s best interests.” 335-36, 172 P.3d at 1079-80. Id. at Accordingly, the court held that (i) reaffirmation that a parent’s liberty interest in child rearing is indeed fundamental, and is certainly fundamental in this context; (ii) “any third party” should not be permitted to seek visitation; (iii) in determining whether grandparent visitation should occur, there exists a “presumption that a fit parent will act in the best interest of his or her child,” and the decision of a fit parent concerning grandparent visitation is entitled to considerable deference; and (iv) in determining whether grandparent visitation should occur, the potential impact to the parent-child relationship should be considered. Blixt v. Blixt, 774 N.E.2d 1052, 1058-59 (Mass. 2002) (citations omitted) (quoting Troxel, 530 U.S. at 67, 69). 15 The court also suggested that the statute was not facially unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Doe, 116 Hawai i at 333, 172 P.3d at 1077 (concluding that the grandparent visitation statute “comport[ed] with the limited requirements expressed in Troxel”). 21 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** the statute was facially unconstitutional because it did not include the “harm to the child” standard required by the right to privacy under the Hawai i Constitution.16 at 1080. Id. at 336; 172 P.3d Thus, a parent’s fundamental right to direct the upbringing of his or her child was implicated “where a nonparent third party petitione[d] for visitation,” and the State could not interfere with the parent’s decision absent a finding that the parent’s decision to deny access to the child would result in harm to the child. Id. Subsequently, the ICA considered whether the application of the doctrine of equitable estoppel in a custody proceeding infringed on a mother’s parental rights. See Inoue v. Inoue, 118 Hawai i 86, 101, 185 P.3d 834, 849 (App.), cert. denied, 118 Hawai i 194, 186 P.3d 629 (2008). In Inoue, the family court equitably estopped the biological mother of a child from denying that her husband was the father of her child for the purposes of determining custody. 836. Id. at 88, 185 P.3d at The mother and her husband in Inoue met when she was pregnant with the child. Id. at 88-89, 185 P.3d at 836-37. The mother did not identify any father on the child’s original birth certificate, but at some point after the birth of the child, the 16 Doe ruled that the statute was unconstitutional under article I, section 6 of the Hawai i Constitution only. See 116 Hawai i at 335-36, 172 P.3d at 1079-80. 22 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** child’s birth certificate was changed to reflect the husband as the child’s father. Id. at 89, 185 P.3d at 837. The mother and husband were subsequently married, had two additional children, and lived together as a family until their separation seven years later. Id. The family court in Inoue awarded husband sole legal and physical custody of all three children, while granting mother visitation rights. Id. at 91, 185 P.3d at 839. The mother appealed the family court’s decision to the ICA arguing that the family court could not award husband custody of the oldest child because he was not the child’s legal father and she was not unfit. Id. at 92, 185 P.3d at 840. The ICA concluded that the family court did not err in holding that the husband was the legal father of the child under Hawaii’s presumption of paternity statute and that the mother was estopped from challenging her husband’s parentage of the child. Id. at 94, 185 P.3d at 842. The ICA also considered whether the application of the doctrine of equitable estoppel infringed on the mother’s parental rights under a plain error standard of review. Id. at 99-101, 185 P.3d at 847-49. The ICA concluded that the application of the doctrine of equitable estoppel did not infringe on the mother’s liberty interests because she voluntarily rendered her parental rights with respect to the child “less exclusive and less exclusory” with regard to her husband. Id. at 101, 185 P.3d at 849 (quoting 23 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** Rubano v. DiCenzo, 759 A.2d 959, 976 (R.I. 2000)). The ICA reasoned, By marrying Egan and then adding his name to Child One’s birth certificate, Gina created the circumstances under which Egan became Child One’s “legal father.” By representing to him that he had adopted Child One when he allowed his name to be added to the certificate, Gina led Egan to take no action to further investigate or establish his status as Child One’s father. Finally, Gina allowed Egan to assume the role of Child One’s father and to become Child One’s psychological parent. Id. at 100-01, 185 P.3d at 848-49 (footnote omitted). Inoue relied on the Rhode Island Supreme Court’s decision in Rubano, which concerned two women who agreed to become the parents of a child. 759 A.2d at 961. They arranged for one of them to conceive via artificial insemination, and they raised the child together for four years while living together as a family in Massachusetts. Id. They gave the child both of their last names separated by a hyphen on the child’s birth certificate and sent out printed birth announcements identifying both of them as the child’s parents, although the parental status was never legally settled by adoption. Id. When the couple separated, the biological mother took the child with her to Rhode Island, and, initially, the biological mother agreed to a visitation schedule for her former partner to see the child. Id. at 961. Later, when the biological mother was resistant to the visitation arrangements, the former partner initiated legal proceedings seeking to establish her de facto parental status and obtain court-ordered visitation. 24 Id. at ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** 961-62. The parties negotiated a compromise that was embodied in a consent order, specifying that the former partner would have permanent visitation with the child on a periodic basis in exchange for waiving any claim to parent the child. Id. at 962. In later proceedings, the biological mother asserted that the court lacked jurisdiction to enter the consent order. Id. The Supreme Court of Rhode Island considered whether the biological mother had a protected liberty interest under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to terminate the relationship between her former partner and child. The Rhode Island court concluded that the biological mother rendered her own parental rights with respect to her child “less exclusive and less exclusory” than they otherwise would have been had she not “by word and deed” allowed her former partner to establish a parental bond with the child and also agreed to allow visitation. Id. at 976. The court reasoned that “the mere fact of biological parenthood, even when coupled with the biological parent’s ongoing care and nurture of the child and that parent’s fundamental right . . . , does not always endow the biological parent with the absolute right to prevent all third parties from ever acquiring any parental rights vis-à-vis the child.” Id. The Inoue and Rubano decisions are consistent with the United States Supreme Court’s cases defining the parental liberty interest. Constitutionally protected parental rights 25 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** are not based solely on legal or biological ties, and the Supreme Court has recognized “that the rights of the parents are a counterpart of the responsibilities they have assumed.” 463 U.S. at 257. Lehr, Stated another way, “A parent’s rights with respect to her child have thus never been regarded as absolute, but rather are limited by the existence of an actual, developed relationship with a child, and are tied to the presence or absence of some embodiment of family.” (Stevens, J., dissenting). Troxel, 530 U.S. at 88 The Supreme Court has recognized that “[t]he importance of the familial relationship, to the individuals involved and to the society, stems from the emotional attachments that derive from the intimacy of daily association, and from the role it plays in ‘promot[ing] a way of life’ through the instruction of children as well as from the fact of blood relationship.’” Lehr, 463 U.S. at 261 (second alteration in original) (quoting Smith v. Org. of Foster Families for Equality & Reform, 431 U.S. 816, 844 (1977)); see also Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246, 255 (1978) (holding that “best interests of the child standard” did not violate a natural father’s parental rights in adoption proceedings that terminated his parental rights where natural father did not marry the mother and had not at any time sought actual or legal custody of his child). 26 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** The scope of parental rights is also defined in reference to the State’s authority and duty to protect children in addition to the rights of children. See Troxel, 530 U.S. at 88 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (observing that limitations on parental rights “have arisen, not simply out of the definition of parenthood itself, but because of [the Supreme Court’s] assumption that a parent’s interests in a child must be balanced against the State’s long-recognized interests as parens patriae and, critically, the child’s own complementary interest in preserving relationships that serve her welfare and protection” (citations omitted)). Indeed, with regard to the Troxel decision, a majority of the court contemplated that even where the parent has a developed, legal parent-child relationship with the child, there may be special factors that justify state interference. See Troxel, 530 U.S. at 68, 73 (plurality) (declining to define the precise scope of the parental due process right, relying instead on the “sweeping breadth” of the statute and application of “broad, unlimited power,” and noting the absence of “special factors that might justify the State’s interference”); id. at 89 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (“The constitutional protection against arbitrary state interference with parental rights should not be extended to prevent the States from protecting children against the arbitrary exercise of parental authority that is not in fact motivated by an 27 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** interest in the welfare of the child.”); id. at 99 (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (“In the design and elaboration of their visitation laws, States may be entitled to consider that certain relationships are such that to avoid the risk of harm, a best interests standard can be employed by their domestic relations courts in some circumstances.”); cf. id. at 92 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (stating that he would not extend the theory of parental rights to extend to visitation decisions). Relying on the plurality in Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U.S. 110 (1989), the Rhode Island Supreme Court noted that “under certain circumstances, even the existence of a developed biological parent-child relationship . . . will not prevent others from acquiring parental rights vis-à-vis the child.” Rubano, 759 A.2d at 974; see also Troxel, 530 U.S. at 87-88 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (discussing Michael H.). Indeed, as Justice Kennedy stated in his dissenting opinion in Troxel, “Cases are sure to arise--perhaps a substantial number of cases-in which a third party, by acting in a caregiving role over a significant period of time, has developed a relationship with a child which is not necessarily subject to absolute parental veto.” 530 U.S. at 98 (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (citing Michael H., Quillon, and Lehr); see also id. at 64 (plurality) (“[P]ersons outside the nuclear family are called upon with increasing frequency to assist in the everyday tasks of child 28 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** rearing.”). Accordingly, “a fit parent’s right vis-à-vis a complete stranger is one thing; her right vis-à-vis another parent or a de facto parent may be another.” Id. at 100-101 (Kennedy, J., dissenting). In this case, the parties made a joint decision to adopt and raise Child. Together, the parties named Child, giving her the last name Newcomb-McPeek, and they lived together with McPeek’s teenage son as a family unit for a two-year period. From the time she could talk, Child referred to McPeek as “Papa” and Newcomb as “Daddy,” and they jointly shared all parental care, duties, and responsibilities for Child from the time she was one month old. Although Newcomb and McPeek intended that Newcomb would adopt Child and retained an attorney to accomplish the adoption, the adoption never occurred. Additionally, following their separation, the parties continued to attend counseling together and entered into a 50/50 written co-parenting agreement. Accordingly, it appears from the family court’s findings that McPeek voluntarily incorporated Newcomb into the family unit and encouraged him to share parental responsibilities and custody of Child. As the mother in Inoue facilitated the “circumstances under which [her husband] became [her oldest child’s] ‘legal father,’” McPeek voluntarily shared custody of Child with Newcomb and, thus, made his own parental rights less exclusive 29 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** vis-à-vis Newcomb. See Inoue, 118 Hawai i at 101, 185 P.3d at 849; see also 530 U.S. at 98 (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (“[A] fit parent’s right vis-à-vis a complete stranger is one thing; her right vis-à-vis another parent or a de facto parent may be another.”).17 The circumstances of this case are entirely distinguishable from those governed by the grandparent visitation statute considered in Doe. 172 P.3d at 1069. See 116 Hawai i at 325, In this case, McPeek voluntarily allowed Newcomb to share physical custody of Child in addition to 17 Cf. Smith v. Guest, 16 A.3d 920, 931 (Del. 2011) (holding that de facto parent statute did not violate the due process rights of child’s other legal parent because a de facto parent would also be a “legal ‘parent’” that would share a “co-equal ‘fundamental parental interest’” in raising the child with the other parent); C.E.W. v. D.E.W., 845 A.2d 1146, 1152 (Me. 2004) (holding that person’s status as the de facto parent of a child authorized the court to consider an award of parental rights and responsibilities to the person as a parent based on its determination of the best interest of the child); Rubano, 759 A.2d at 974 (“[U]nder certain circumstances, even the existence of a developed biological parent-child relationship . . . will not prevent others from acquiring parental rights vis-à-vis the child.”); Brooke S.B. v. Elizabeth A. C.C., No. 91, 2016 WL 4507780 (N.Y. Aug. 30, 2016) (expanding the definition of “parent” to include a partner of a domestic partnership that agrees to conceive a child and to raise the child together); In re Parentage of L.B., 122 P.3d 161, 177 (Wash. 2005) (“We thus hold that henceforth in Washington, a de facto parent stands in legal parity with an otherwise legal parent, whether biological, adoptive, or otherwise.”); In re Custody of B.M.H., 315 P.3d 470, 478 (Wash. 2013) (en banc) (“The de facto parentage doctrine incorporates constitutionally required deference to parents by requiring that the biological or legal parent consent to and foster the parentlike relationship. Once a petitioner has made the threshold showing that the natural or legal parent consented to and fostered the parent-like relationship, the State is no longer ‘interfering on behalf of a third party in an insular family unit but is enforcing the rights and obligations of parenthood that attach to de facto parents.’” (quoting In re Parentage of L.B., 122 P.3d 161 (Wash. 2005) (en banc))); Randy A.J. v. Norma I.J., 655 N.W.2d 195, 201 (Wis. 2002) (noting that under Wisconsin’s equitable parent doctrine, “[o]nce a court determines that a party is an equitable parent, there is no distinction between the equitable parent and any other parent; each is endowed with the same rights and responsibilities of parenthood”), aff’d, 677 N.W.2d 630. 30 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** sharing the duties and responsibilities for parenting child, and thus the circumstances do not implicate the Hawai i Constitution’s right to privacy as the grandparent statute in Doe did.18 Additionally, we cannot conclude that McPeek has established the statute is facially unconstitutional. See United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 (1987) (“A facial challenge to a legislative Act is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the Act would be valid.”). The de facto custody provision of HRS § 571-46(a)(2) simply does not have the broad sweep that the grandparent visitation statute in Doe had. Indeed, HRS § 571- 46(a)(2) is one of several “standards, considerations, and procedures” that HRS § 571-46 provides for family courts tasked with handling custody and visitation disputes; it is but one tool in a court’s toolbox for navigating the varying and complex circumstances that may arise when custody to a child is in dispute. Additionally, HRS § 571-46 includes subsection (a)(1), 18 Our decision is based on the circumstances presented by this case. We note that a parent does not relinquish his or her parental rights by merely relying on childcare assistance from others. As stated, de facto custody is not established by mere physical custody of a child. Nonetheless, we decline to adopt a bright line rule regarding the extent of a parent’s protected liberty interest as “the constitutional protections in this area are best ‘elaborated with care’” on a case-by-case basis. See Troxel, 530 U.S. at 73 (plurality) (quoting id. at 101 (Kennedy, J., dissenting)). 31 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** which provides custody should be awarded to either parent or to both parents according to the best interests of the child, and importantly, HRS § 571-46(a)(2) may also apply under circumstances where no parent or no fit parent seeks custody of the child. HRS § 571-46 is therefore notably distinguishable from the grandparent visitation statute in Doe. Indeed, the apparent purpose of the statute in Doe was to provide grandparents a means to circumvent the decisions of parents based on the legislature’s finding that “grandparents play a significant role in the lives of minor children and should be allowed reasonable visitation rights so long as it is in the best interests of the child.” Doe, 116 Hawai i at 332 n.6, 172 P.3d at 1076 n.6 (quoting Sen. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 1053, in 1993 Senate Journal, at 1154). The grandparent visitation statute was facially invalid as it undermined a parent’s judgment to not allow grandparents access to one’s child based merely on a finding that grandparent visitation was in the child’s best interests. Id. (“Indeed, there can be no doubt that the legislature intended that visitation, if found by a court to be in the best interests of the child, may be ordered over a parent’s objection”); see Troxel, 530 U.S. 57, 67, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 2061, 147 L. Ed. 2d 49 (2000) (“[I]n practical effect, in the State of Washington a court can disregard and overturn any decision by a fit custodial parent concerning visitation 32 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** whenever a third party affected by the decision files a visitation petition, based solely on the judge’s determination of the child’s best interests.”). While there certainly may be situations where a family court’s application of HRS § 57146(a)(2) may violate a parent’s constitutionally protected liberty interests, we do not conclude that the statute is facially invalid as the grandparent visitation statute in Doe was. In distinguishing Inoue, the family court placed great emphasis on the fact that the parties never married or entered into a civil union. While it is true that the Inoue opinion discusses the fact that the parties were married in its analysis, it was important only because marriage was relevant to the paternity statute that was specifically challenged by the mother in Inoue.19 See Inoue, 118 Hawai i at 94, 185 P.3d at 842. In that case, the biological mother’s husband and the child had 19 HRS § 584-4(a)(3)(B) (2006) provides, A man is presumed to be the natural father of a child if: . . . After the child’s birth, he and the child’s natural mother have married, or attempted to marry, each other by a marriage solemnized in apparent compliance with law, although the attempted marriage is or could be declared invalid, and: . . . With his consent, he is named as the child’s father on the child’s birth certificate . . . . 33 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** a presumptive “parent child relationship” pursuant to HRS § 5844(a)(3)(B) because of the subsequent marriage of the parties and inclusion of husband on the birth certificate. Id. Thus, marriage was an essential element of the statute challenged by the mother in Inoue, and her voluntary creation of the circumstances giving rise to the presumptive parent-child relationship was important to the ICA, not the existence of a marriage itself. See id. at 100, 185 P.3d at 848. Indeed, Inoue found the reasoning of the Rubano case persuasive, see id., although the parties were not married and the relationship of the parties was not discussed as an essential fact. Rubano, 759 A.2d at 976. See The heart of the Rubano decision concerned the relationship of the parties with the child--not the relationship between the parties. See id. at 974. In any event, marriage is not an element of the de facto presumption of HRS § 571-46(a)(2), the provision on which Newcomb bases his claim for joint custody of Child.20 20 Application of the family court’s marriage requirement would mean that a grandparent or other family member, such as a h nai parent, would never be able to establish a de facto custodial relationship with a child so long as the biological parent remains in the child’s life, even where the child views the third party as his or her only parental figure. By extension, we do not agree with McPeek’s contention that application of the de facto custody provision would create significant burdens that would apply to all domestic relationships where a single parent is involved as this is not a case where the parties simply lived together with a child. See State v. Sturch, 82 Hawai i 269, 274, 921 P.2d 1170, 1175 (App. 1996) (“A person to whom a statute may be constitutionally applied cannot challenge the statute on the ground that it may conceivably be applied (continued . . .) 34 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** Therefore, because McPeek permitted Newcomb to share physical custody of Child in addition to the parenting responsibilities and duties with regard to Child, McPeek does not have a protected privacy interest in excluding Newcomb from Child’s life under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment or the Hawai i Constitution’s due process and privacy protections. As such, McPeek has not demonstrated that the application of HRS § 571-46(a)(2) under the circumstances of this case would implicate his parental rights protected under the federal or Hawai i constitutions. Given McPeek has not established that HRS § 57146(a)(2) impacted a protected liberty interest nor a privacy interest under the Hawai i Constitution, the statute’s prima facie de facto provision, which includes the best interests of the child standard, satisfies due process. 46(a)(2). See HRS § 571- Indeed, HRS § 571-46(a)(2) provides McPeek with ample protections as he has not demonstrated the implication of a protected liberty interest. HRS § 571-46(a)(1) favors the unconstitutionally to others.” (quoting State v. Kaneakua, 61 Haw. 136, 143, 597 P.2d 590, 594 (1979)). Indeed, we do not believe a person would be considered a “proper” person to have custody of the child under HRS § 57146(a)(2) where the person’s sole connection to the child is a relationship with the parent. Additionally, we note that living in a household with a child is not equivalent to having custody of a child although it may be relevant to the issue. Additionally, McPeek’s contention that the absence of a legal financial responsibility upon Newcomb to support Child renders him ineligible to be awarded custody is unsupported by HRS § 571-46(a)(2). 35 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** awarding of custody to the child’s parents, providing that custody “should be awarded to either or both parents,” and it also provides for the maintenance of meaningful contact between the parent and child unless the parent “is unable to act in the best interest of the child.” HRS § 571-46(a)(2) states that custody “may” be awarded to a person who is not a parent “whenever the award serves the best interest of the child,” and it also creates a presumption in favor of awarding custody under limited circumstances to a person who has de facto custody. Accordingly, the de facto presumption, which is also subject to the best interests of the child standard, would only apply when the nonparent custodian is able to demonstrate that he or she (1) has had “de facto custody” of the child (2) in a stable and wholesome home and that (3) the custodian is a fit and proper person. Given that no protected liberty interest is demonstrated by McPeek, the statute satisfies due process as applied in this case.21 McPeek has therefore not established that an award of custody to Newcomb under HRS § 571-46(a)(2) 21 The adequacy of the statute is evaluated in reference to whether a significant liberty interest is implicated. See Guidry, 105 Hawai i at 227, 96 P.3d at 247; see also Lehr, 463 U.S. at 256. The Due Process Clause “provides heightened protection against government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests.” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 65 (plurality). As we conclude that McPeek’s fundamental parental rights are not implicated under the circumstances of this case, we need not apply a heightened scrutiny in evaluating whether HRS § 571-46(a)(2) satisfies due process. Cf. Doe, 116 Hawai i at 335, 172 P.3d at 1079 (applying strict scrutiny in determining that grandparent visitation statute was facially unconstitutional under the Hawai i Constitution’s right to privacy). 36 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** would impair his parental rights under the federal or Hawai i constitutions.22 III. CONCLUSION For the reasons discussed, the family court misapprehended the law when it required Newcomb to establish that the application of HRS § 571-46(a)(2) would be constitutional if applied to his request for joint custody of Child. The plain language of HRS § 571-46(a)(2) contemplates standing to seek custody when a person has had “de facto custody” of a child and meets the other requirements of HRS § 571-46(a)(2). Further, we hold that McPeek failed to establish that the application of HRS § 571-46(a)(2) to this case would infringe on his fundamental liberty interests or otherwise violate his right to privacy under the Hawai i Constitution.23 22 Although it is not necessary to address in this case, it is noted that the State has a compelling state interest in maintaining the presence of a child in a stable and wholesome home with fit and proper persons. The State’s compelling interest and duty with regard to the welfare of children has long been recognized in this jurisdiction. See In re Guardianship of Thompson, 32 Haw. 479, 486 (1932). In addition, HRS § 571-46(a)(2) protects the interests and rights of children. See Troxel, 530 U.S. at 89 n.9 (collecting cases demonstrating that children have constitutionally protected rights). 23 We reject Newcomb’s evidentiary challenges to the expert testimony presented at the hearing. Given her education and experience, Dr. De Costa was qualified to testify as an expert in the field of family behaviors and in the relationship of children with their families. See HRS § 571-46(a)(5) (providing that the court may decide that qualified “expert’s testimony is relevant to a just and reasonable determination of what is for the best physical, mental, moral, and spiritual well-being of the child whose custody is at issue”). The hypothetical opinion elicited from Dr. De Costa was admissible under Hawai i Rule of Evidence (HRE) Rule 703. See HRE Rule 703 cmt (1993). Dr. De Costa’s opinions regarding the potential harm to (continued . . .) 37 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER*** Accordingly, we remand the case for proper application of HRS § 571-46(a)(2), including a determination as to whether Newcomb satisfies the three elements of HRS § 571-46(a)(2) and, if so, for a custody award in Child’s best interests. Accordingly, the family court’s December 11, 2014 “Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law; Order/Final Judgment” is vacated, and the case is remanded to the family court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Michael S. Zola for petitioner /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald Brian J. De Lima, Francis R. Alcain and Justin P. Haspe for respondent /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna /s/ Paula A. Nakayama /s/ Richard W. Pollack /s/ Michael D. Wilson Child as a result of the termination of the relationship between Newcomb and McPeek and the doctor’s concerns about Child having a continued relationship with Newcomb were relevant, within the doctor’s expertise, and would assist the court in determining Child’s best interests. See HRS § 571-46(a)(5). Dr. De Costa’s testimony regarding the mental health of McPeek’s son, including her diagnosis, was admissible as a proper foundation was laid, and it was relevant to the court’s consideration of the best interests of Child and whether Newcomb was a fit and proper person for purposes of applying the de facto custody presumption of HRS § 571-46(a)(2). Dr. De Costa’s testimony regarding McPeek’s son’s test scores was admissible under HRE Rule 703 without their introduction into evidence. And, the family court’s finding of fact regarding Dr. De Costa’s testimony did not misstate her testimony and was supported by the record. With regard to Dr. Wyss’s testimony, it appears that the court considered the testimony of Dr. Wyss, but it found Dr. De Costa’s testimony more compelling, which is within the province of the trial court. See Exotics Hawaii-Kona, Inc. v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co., 116 Hawai i. 277, 299, 172 P.3d 1021, 1043 (2007). Lastly, any error by the family court in restricting Dr. Wyss’s testimony to the contents of his report, or in not admitting his progress notes, was harmless because Dr. Wyss was permitted to testify that he was aware of the sex-abuse allegations against Newcomb and that he did not believe that Newcomb posed a threat of abuse to Child. However, if further evidentiary proceedings are held on remand, the family court may revisit its ruling regarding the proffered evidence. 38
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
