McKee et al v. General Motors Company, No. 3:2021cv05815 - Document 24 (W.D. Wash. 2022)

Court Description: ORDER granting Defendant's 19 Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint. Plaintiffs' 18 First Amended Complaint is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. Plaintiffs shall have 14 days from the date of this order to file a second amended complaint. Signed by U.S. District Judge David G. Estudillo. (ZMG)

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McKee et al v. General Motors Company Doc. 24 Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 1 of 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 MICHAEL MCKEE and EVGENIY GOUSSEV, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs, v. CASE NO. 3:21-cv-05815-DGE ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY, a Delaware corporation, Defendant. I. INTRODUCTION In their First Amended Complaint (“FAC”), Plaintiffs allege Defendant General Motors Company (“GM”) manufactures and sells vehicles with infotainment systems designed to allow drivers (or other passengers in a vehicle) to use their personal cellphones hands free while a vehicle is being operated. As part of their design, however, the infotainment systems also independently download, copy, and store indefinitely the call logs and text messages of any 23 24 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 1 Dockets.Justia.com Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 2 of 13 1 cellphone connected to the systems without the knowledge or consent of the cellphone owner. 2 This stored information is extractable by third parties. 3 Plaintiffs assert the infotainment systems unlawfully intercept and record call logs and 4 text messages by downloading, copying, and indefinitely storing them. There is no assertion that 5 the infotainment systems are acting in any capacity on behalf of GM after a vehicle is purchased 6 by an end user, such as Plaintiff Michael McKee. This is because there is no assertion GM— 7 other than having designed or installed the infotainment system—reviews, utilizes, benefits from, 8 or even has the ability to retrieve the cellphone data collected and stored by an infotainment 9 system. 10 The Washington State Privacy Act prohibits “any individual, partnership, corporation, 11 association, or the State of Washington, its agencies and political subdivisions” from intercepting 12 or recording any private communication transmitted by telephone. It also requires an injury to 13 one’s business, person, or reputation. Because an infotainment system installed in a vehicle sold 14 by GM is not an individual, partnership, corporation, association, or the State of Washington, its 15 agencies and political subdivisions, and is not alleged to be acting in any agency capacity on 16 behalf of GM when the infotainment system downloads, copies and stores indefinitely call logs 17 and text messages, and because Plaintiffs have not alleged sufficient injury, Plaintiffs fail to state 18 a claim upon which relief can be granted. 19 20 21 As there is no justiciable controversy absent the Washington Privacy Act claim, Plaintiffs’ requests for declaratory and injunctive relief are not actionable. Accordingly, GM’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED. 22 23 24 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 2 Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 3 of 13 II. 1 BACKGROUND Plaintiffs Michael McKee (“McKee”) and Evgeniy Goussev (“Goussev,” and collectively 2 3 “Plaintiffs”) bring this proposed class action alleging GM made unlawful recordings of text 4 messages and call logs1 stored on Plaintiffs’ cellphones in violation of the Washington Privacy 5 Act, Wash. Rev. Code § 9.73.060 (“WPA”). Plaintiffs also seek declaratory and injunctive relief 6 that Defendant has violated the WPA (Dkt. No. 18 at 21), and seek to bring a class action of 7 similarly situated individuals in Washington. (Id. at 18-19.) 8 9 Plaintiffs filed their Complaint in Thurston County Superior Court before Defendant removed the action to federal court. (Dkt. No. 1.) After GM filed its initial Motion to Dismiss 10 (Dkt. No. 9), Plaintiffs filed the FAC. (Dkt. No. 18.) GM now brings the present Motion to 11 Dismiss Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of 12 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (Dkt. No. 19.) 13 A. GM Vehicles Are Manufactured and Sold with Infotainment Systems 14 As alleged in the FAC, modern GM vehicles contain “infotainment systems” that allow 15 one to connect a smartphone to the vehicle and use apps and other smartphone functionality 16 through the controls in the vehicle. (Dkt. No. 18 at 3.) Common uses of the infotainment system 17 include playing music stored on a smartphone through the speakers of the vehicle or talking on 18 the phone using vehicle microphones and speakers. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege that from at least 2014, infotainment systems in GM vehicles 19 20 automatically record, download, store, and are capable of transmitting a copy of all text 21 messages and call logs existing on a smartphone when it is connected to the vehicle. (Id. at 3-4.) 22 23 24 As described by Plaintiffs, “call logs” are records generated by a cellphone of every call made or received by the cellphone. (Dkt. No. 20 at 6.) 1 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 3 Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 4 of 13 1 The infotainment systems also automatically record, download, store, and are capable of creating 2 a copy of all text messages and call logs made while connected to a smartphone. (Id.) This 3 includes all call logs and text messages, including both those sent and received by a connected 4 smartphone. (Id.) 5 According to Plaintiffs, once the information is copied and downloaded to the vehicle, it 6 is stored in the vehicle’s onboard memory and the owner of the vehicle is unable to access or 7 delete it. (Id. at 4.) Although Plaintiffs do not allege that the data was transmitted to or accessed 8 by anyone outside of the vehicle, equipment exists that would allow third parties to connect and 9 access the stored information from the infotainment systems. (Id. at 4-5.) 10 B. Plaintiffs’ Alleged Injuries 11 McKee owns a GM vehicle manufactured in 2020 and has connected his smartphone to 12 its infotainment system on multiple occasions. (Id. at 15.) Goussev has sent McKee at least one 13 text where McKee subsequently connected his smartphone to his GM’s infotainment system. 14 (Id. at 16.) Both Plaintiffs allege that their information was downloaded and stored onto 15 McKee’s GM vehicle, in violation of the WPA. (Id. at 15-16.) 16 17 1. Plaintiff McKee’s Alleged Injuries Plaintiff McKee alleges he was injured in his person: (1) because “Plaintiff McKee’s 18 private and confidential text messages and call logs now reside on his GM vehicle, can be 19 accessed without his authorization by Berla systems, and cannot be deleted by Plaintiff McKee. 20 Each of Plaintiff McKee’s private and confidential text messages and call logs is accessible at 21 any time by law enforcement, by Berla, and by similar private actors without his authorization”; 22 and (2) because McKee has been deprived “of the right and ability to engage in private phone 23 calls and text communications without GM intercepting and recording a call log or text message 24 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 4 Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 5 of 13 1 copy for access by third parties such as Berla and law enforcement, without his authorization.” 2 (Id. at 17.) 3 4 2. Plaintiff Goussev’s Alleged Injuries Plaintiff Goussev alleges he was injured in his person: (1) because “Plaintiff Goussev’s 5 private and confidential text messages now reside on Plaintiff McKee’s GM vehicle, and can be 6 accessed without his authorization by Berla systems, and cannot be deleted by either Plaintiff 7 McKee or Goussev. Each of Plaintiff Goussev’[s] private and confidential text messages to 8 Plaintiff McKee is accessible at any time by law enforcement, by Berla, and by similar private 9 actors without his authorization”; and (2) because Goussev has been deprived “of the right and 10 ability to engage in private text communications without GM intercepting and recording a copy 11 for access by third parties such as Berla and law enforcement without authorization.” (Id. at 18.) III. 12 DISCUSSION 13 A. Standard of Review 14 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss may be based on either the 15 lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable 16 legal theory. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). Material 17 allegations are taken as admitted and the complaint is construed in the plaintiff’s favor. Keniston 18 v. Roberts, 717 F.2d 1295, 1300 (9th Cir. 1983). “While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) 19 motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff’s obligation to provide 20 the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a 21 formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. 22 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 554-55 (2007) (internal citations omitted). “Factual allegations must be 23 enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the 24 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 5 Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 6 of 13 1 allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).” Id. at 555. The complaint must 2 allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 547. 3 B. The FAC Does Not Support a WPA Claim 4 5 1. Infotainment Systems Are Not Alleged to be Acting in Any Agency Capacity The WPA makes it unlawful “for any individual, partnership, corporation, association” to 6 intercept or record any private communications or conversations. Wash. Rev. Code § 9.73.030. 7 Moreover, § 9.73.060 provides that “[a]ny person who, directly or by means of a detective 8 agency or any other agent,” violates the provisions of this chapter shall be subject to legal action 9 for damages. Reading these two provisions together, the Supreme Court of Washington has held 10 that liability under the WPA “encompass persons acting as ‘agents’ on behalf of someone in 11 Washington.” State v. Fowler, 139 P.3d 342, 347 (Wash. 2006). The law makes clear that 12 “[l]iability rests with the party recording or intercepting the conversation.” Kearney v. Kearney, 13 974 P.2d 872, 876 (Wash. Ct. App. 1999). 14 Although Washington Courts have had little opportunity to determine who may be liable 15 under the WPA, the Washington Court of Appeals addressed alleged WPA violations when 16 computer software recorded communications between law enforcement and a suspect. State v. 17 Bilgi, 496 P.3d 1230, 1233 (Wash. Ct. App. 2021), review denied, 504 P.3d 827 (Wash. 2022). 18 In Bilgi, law enforcement, posing as a minor, communicated with the appellant using a 19 software program called Callyo. Id. at 1233. Callyo automatically recorded all communications 20 with the appellant, which law enforcement later retrieved, sorted, and analyzed. Id. Among the 21 various arguments appellant advanced to suppress the recorded communications, appellant 22 argued Callyo itself unlawfully intercepted the communications. Id. at 1237. This argument was 23 rejected. 24 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 6 Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 7 of 13 1 [T]his argument fails on the merits because Callyo is incapable of intercepting a communication in violation of the privacy act. [Revised Code of Washington §] 9.73.030(1) states, ‘[I]t shall be unlawful for any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or the state of Washington, its agencies, and political subdivisions to intercept, or record’ private communications. (Emphasis added.) Callyo is a computer software, not an actor with agency. 2 3 4 Id. 5 6 7 8 Similarly, although Plaintiffs broadly allege GM intercepts or records Plaintiffs’ messages, Plaintiffs specifically note such interception and recording is done “by his GM vehicle’s infotainment system” and that “McKee’s GM vehicle infotainment system wrongfully retains the recorded copy.” (Dkt. No. 18) (emphasis added). In other words, the infotainment 9 system, not GM is intercepting and recording the communications. There are no allegations that 10 GM, a car manufacturing company, in any way controls the infotainment system in McKee’s 11 vehicle, that the infotainment system is acting on behalf of GM, that GM utilizes or even has 12 access to the information stored in the infotainment system, or that GM forces an owner to use 13 the infotainment system to operate the vehicle. Indeed, Plaintiffs make no allegations of any 14 conduct by GM itself after a vehicle is purchased by an owner. Because it is only the 15 infotainment system without agency that intercepts, records, and stores the communications, the 16 FAC fails to assert sufficient facts to establish GM is engaging or has engaged in a WPA 17 violation. See Bilgi, 496 P.3d at 1237. 18 Plaintiffs also allege that GM designs, manufactures, and sells vehicles containing an 19 infotainment system. (Dkt. No. 20 at 5-6.) However, the WPA does not hold liable 20 manufacturers, designers, or sellers of devices that intercept communications. Instead, 21 “[l]iability rests with the party recording or intercepting the conversation.” Kearney, 974 P.2d at 22 876. Once more, Plaintiffs do not allege the infotainment systems are acting with agency when 23 24 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 7 Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 8 of 13 1 they download or record a copy of the texts and call logs. Absent facts supporting agency, the 2 FAC does not establish a WPA violation. 3 2. The FAC Does Not Allege an Injury Under the WPA 4 The WPA allows damages for persons injured by a violation of the WPA: 5 Any person who, directly or by means of a detective agency or any other agent, violates the provisions of this chapter shall be subject to legal action for damages, to be brought by any other person claiming that a violation of this statute has injured his or her business, his or her person, or his or her reputation. A person so injured shall be entitled to actual damages[.] 6 7 8 Wash. Rev. Code § 9.73.060 (emphasis added). “That a plaintiff bringing a claim under 9 [Washington Revised Code §] 9.73.060 requires an injury in addition to a violation of the Act is 10 reinforced by the fact that [Washington Revised Code §] 9.73.060 conditions the entitlement to 11 damages, actual or liquidated, on the plaintiff being a ‘person so injured.’” Streamline Bus. 12 Grp., LLC v. Vidible, Inc., 2016 WL 3523033, at *8 (E.D. Pa. June 27, 2016) (emphasis in 13 original); see Brinkley v. Monterey Fin. Servs., LLC, 340 F. Supp. 3d 1036, 1044-45 (S.D. Cal. 14 2018); see also Russo v. Microsoft Corp., 2021 WL 2688850, at *3 n.3 (N.D. Cal. June 30, 15 2021). Accordingly, a violation of the WPA without injury is insufficient to maintain a civil 16 action. 17 Plaintiffs argue that they have adequately alleged an injury to their person under the 18 WPA because data maintained by an infotainment system might be accessed at some point in the 19 future by third parties. (Dkt. No. 20 at 10-14.) This, however, is not an injury that has occurred, 20 only a potential injury that may or may not occur at some unknown point in the future. The 21 Court is unaware of any authority allowing damages for potential injury under the WPA. 22 Potential injury, therefore, is not actual injury and is insufficient to meet the injury requirement 23 of the WPA. 24 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 8 Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 9 of 13 1 Plaintiffs also allege they have been deprived of “the right and ability to engage in private 2 phone calls and text communications without GM intercepting and recording a call log or text 3 message copy for access by third parties such as Berla and law enforcement, without [their] 4 authorization.” (Dkt. No. 18 at 17-18.) However, these again are forward looking statements 5 that rely on future acts that may or may not occur, not an injury that has occurred—and, as 6 already identified, it is the infotainment system without agency, not GM, intercepting and 7 recording the communications. Supra III.B.1. 8 In addition, although at this stage the Court accepts the allegations in the FAC as true, the 9 Court need not accept the conclusion that Plaintiffs have lost the right to engage in private 10 communications based on the allegations in the FAC. See, e.g., Wright & Miller, Federal 11 Practice and Procedure § 1357 (3d ed.) (“[T]he court will not accept conclusory allegations 12 concerning the legal effect of the events the plaintiff has set out if these allegations do not 13 reasonably follow from the pleader’s description of what happened”). Taking Plaintiffs’ 14 allegations as true, they have not lost the right to private communications. It is not alleged that 15 any third party has retrieved or reviewed their private conversations. Moreover, it is only when 16 Plaintiffs themselves connect their smart phones to the infotainment system that the infotainment 17 system, acting without agency, intercepts and records their call logs and text messages. If their 18 phone is not connected to the infotainment system, they are not deprived of “the right and ability 19 to engage in private phone calls and text communications.” (Dkt. No. 18 at 17-18.) 20 Alternatively, Plaintiffs argue that GM’s acts are violations of the personal torts of 21 invasion of privacy and copyright infringement and therefore meet the injury requirement of the 22 WPA. (Dkt. No. 20 at 13-14.) However, these are different causes of action that were not 23 pleaded in the FAC and will not be considered. Even if the Court were to consider the argument, 24 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 9 Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 10 of 13 1 Plaintiffs have not cited to any cases interpreting the WPA’s injury provision in such a way. 2 (Id.) 3 Accepting Plaintiffs’ allegations as true, Plaintiffs only allege that their texts and call logs 4 have been recorded and stored on McKee’s own vehicle. They do not allege that GM, or any 5 third party, have actually seen the data or have attempted to access such data. In this respect, 6 Plaintiffs are in no different position than an individual driving a vehicle without an infotainment 7 system. Plaintiffs’ concerns that their data could be accessed in the future by a third party may 8 or may not be justified. Simply put, however, the unknown future is insufficient to adequately 9 plead injury under the WPA. As such, Plaintiffs have failed to meet the injury requirement under 10 the WPA. 11 Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ WPA claim is DISMISSED.2 12 C. Plaintiffs Cannot Seek Declaratory Relief 13 Plaintiffs seek declaratory relief finding that GM violated the WPA under the Uniform 14 Declaratory Judgments Act, 7.24 of the Washington Revised Code. (Dkt. No. 18 at 21.) “When presented with a claim for declaratory judgment, . . . federal courts must take care 15 16 to ensure the presence of an actual case or controversy[.]” Rhoades v. Avon Prods., Inc., 504 17 F.3d 1151, 1157 (9th Cir. 2007). This is because the “Declaratory Judgment Act creates only a 18 remedy, not a cause of action.” Bisson v. Bank of Am., N.A., 919 F. Supp. 2d 1130, 1139 (W.D. 19 Wash. 2013) (citations omitted). Without an underlying cause of action, “there is no claim for 20 declaratory relief.” Id. at 1140. Similarly, to seek declaratory relief under Chapter 7.24, 21 22 The Court recognizes that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss contained additional arguments. However, for the purposes of this Order the Court finds it need not address those arguments at this time. 2 23 24 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 10 Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 11 of 13 1 a plaintiff must show that there is a justiciable controversy with the defendant. Under Washington law, a justiciable controversy has been defined as ‘(1) . . . an actual, present and existing dispute, or the mature seeds of one, as distinguished from a possible, dormant, hypothetical, speculative, or moot disagreement, (2) between parties having genuine and opposing interests, (3) which involves interests that must be direct and substantial, rather than potential, theoretical, abstract or academic, and (4) a judicial determination of which will be final and conclusive.’ 2 3 4 5 Monroy v. Real Time Resols., Inc., 2022 WL 874773, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 24, 2022) (quoting 6 Diversified Indus. Dev. Corp. v. Ripley, 514 P.2d 137, 139 (Wash. 1973)). “Inherent in these four 7 requirements are the traditional limiting doctrines of standing, mootness, and ripeness, as well as 8 9 the federal case-or-controversy requirement.” To-Ro Trade Shows v. Collins, 27 P.3d 1149, 1153 (Wash. 2001). It must be ensured that the “court will be rendering final judgment on an actual 10 dispute between opposing parties with a genuine stake in the resolution.” Id. 11 Having dismissed the WPA claim, there is no underlying cause of action to support a 12 claim under the Declaratory Judgment Act. Also, absent the WPA claim there is no actual 13 dispute between opposing parties before the Court. As such, there is no basis for declaratory 14 relief under either the Declaratory Judgment Act or Chapter 7.24 of the Washington Revised 15 Code. 16 Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ claim for Declaratory Relief is DIMISSED. 17 D. Plaintiffs Cannot Seek Injunctive Relief 18 Plaintiffs seek an injunction preventing GM from committing future violations of the 19 WPA. (Dkt. No. 18 at 21.) As with declaratory relief, injunctive relief is a remedy, not an 20 independent cause of action. Kwai Ling Chan v. Chase Home Loans Inc., 2012 WL 1252649, at 21 *3 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 13, 2012). Therefore, dismissal of Plaintiffs’ WPA claim requires 22 dismissal of the request for injunctive relief. Plaintiffs’ claim for injunctive relief is 23 DISMISSED. 24 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 11 Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 12 of 13 1 E. Leave to Amend 2 As a general rule, when a court grants a motion to dismiss, the court should dismiss the 3 complaint with leave to amend. See Eminence Capital, LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 4 1051-52 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)). The policy favoring amendment is to be 5 applied with “extreme liberality.” Id. at 1051. In making its determination, a court should 6 consider five factors: bad faith, undue delay, prejudice to the opposing party, futility of 7 amendment, and whether the plaintiff has previously amended the complaint. Nunes v. Ashcroft, 8 375 F.3d 805, 808 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted); see also Mir v. Fosburg, 646 F.2d 342, 347 9 (9th Cir. 1980) (“[A] district court has broad discretion to grant or deny leave to amend, 10 particularly where the court has already given a plaintiff one or more opportunities to amend his 11 complaint”). 12 Here, Plaintiffs have already amended their complaint once. The Court also 13 acknowledges that it may prove difficult, if not impossible, for Plaintiffs to allege facts sufficient 14 to assert a WPA violation absent facts that the infotainment systems are acting with agency on 15 behalf of GM and that Plaintiffs have suffered an injury. Notwithstanding, the Court at this 16 juncture cannot determine whether any potential amendment may be futile without first 17 reviewing the proposed amendment. Thus, Plaintiffs will be provided an opportunity to file a 18 new amended complaint to comply with the general rule that courts should normally grant an 19 opportunity for leave to amend prior to dismissal with prejudice. IV. 20 21 CONCLUSION Having considered Defendant’s motion, the briefing of the parties, and the remainder of 22 the record, the Court finds and ORDERS that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED 23 (Dkt. No. 19). 24 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 12 Case 3:21-cv-05815-DGE Document 24 Filed 05/05/22 Page 13 of 13 1 2 3 1. Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint (Dkt. No. 18) is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. 2. Plaintiffs shall have 14 days from the date of this order to file a second amended 4 complaint. If a second amended complaint is not filed by this deadline, the Court will 5 enter an order dismissing the First Amended Complaint with prejudice. 6 7 8 9 Dated this 5th day of May 2022. A David G. Estudillo United States District Judge 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT - 13

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