Jackson v. The Boeing Company, No. 2:2021cv00654 - Document 38 (W.D. Wash. 2022)
Court Description: ORDER granting Defendant's 29 Motion to Dismiss. The Court GRANTS Jackson leave to file an amended complaint that addresses the deficiencies noted in this Order. Any amendment must be filed within 30 days of entry of this Order. Signed by Judge Marsha J. Pechman. (SB)
Download PDF
<![CDATA[
Jackson v. The Boeing Company Doc. 38 Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 1 of 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 8 9 10 LYNDON JACKSON, Plaintiff, 11 12 13 14 CASE NO. C21-654 MJP ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS v. THE BOEING COMPANY, Defendant. 15 16 This matter comes before the Court on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. (Dkt. No. 29.) 17 Having considered the Motion, Plaintiff’s Opposition (Dkt. No. 36), the Reply (Dkt. No. 37), and 18 all supporting materials, the Court GRANTS the Motion and DISMISSES this action. 19 20 BACKGROUND Plaintiff Lyndon Jackson has filed a pro se lawsuit against The Boeing Company for what 21 he alleges to be racial discrimination and retaliation. (Complaint at 9 (Dkt. No. 10).) Jackson is 22 Black and alleges that on account of his “race” and “color” (see id.) Boeing engaged in a variety 23 of discriminatory conduct, including: (1) failure to hire; (2) failure to promote; (3) termination; 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 1 Dockets.Justia.com Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 2 of 13 1 (4) unequal terms and conditions of employment; and (5) retaliation. (Id.) Prior to filing suit, 2 Jackson filed a charge with the EEOC in January 27, 2021, and received a notice of right to sue 3 letter on February 16, 2021 that is attached to the Complaint. (Dkt. No. 10 at 11; Dkt. No. 10-1 4 (EEOC Letter and Complaint).) In the EEOC Charge, Jackson alleges that he was discriminating 5 and retaliated against on account of his race. (Dkt. No. 10-1.) 6 Jackson’s EEOC Charge alleges that he was hired on March 1, 2019 as a Structural 7 Analysis Engineer, despite having applied for a Structural Design Engineer position. (Dkt. No. 8 10-1 at 3.) He began working on the 767 Fuselage Group and reported to David Morgan, who is 9 White. (Id.) Jackson did not like this work. (Id.) In July 2019, Morgan moved Jackson to a 10 different group and told Jackson that he was assigned to the 767 Group to “see how [he] was 11 progressing.” (Id.) Jackson alleges that he never received an initial performance management 12 discussion, meaning he received no “coaching, feedback, development, or assessment that [he] 13 needed to be successful.” (Id.) In July 2019, Jackson began working in the 777 Fuselage Group, 14 under the management of Thomas Stevenson who is White. (Id.) He “received a performance 15 review that indicate [he] was performing well.” But in November 2019, he was assigned a new 16 manager, Matthew Peterson (who is White), who apparently ignored Jackson’s request to be 17 reassigned. (Id. at 3-4.) In the meantime, he had applied for and was not hired for other jobs in 18 the company. (Id. at 4.) Jackson alleges he received a mediocre performance review in December 19 2019 and was told on May 31, 2020 that he was being laid off because “the company was going 20 through financial issues.” (Id.) He states that many other employees were laid off at the same 21 time, but he was unsure how many other Structural Analysis Engineers were in the lay-off. Prior 22 to his termination, Jackson states that in June 2020, “someone found a racial slur on a 23 managers[’] desk and reported it” and that he was aware of “serious race related issues” at 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 2 Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 3 of 13 1 Boeing, including a negative social media post about the “George Floyd incident” that led to 60 2 Boeing employees being reprimanded or terminated. (Id.) Jackson alleges that he had been 3 “subjected to retaliation and discrimination (harassment) in violation of Title VII of the Civil 4 Rights Act of 1964, as amended.” (Id.) The EEOC issued a Right to Sue letter on February 16, 5 2021, and Plaintiff filed this lawsuit on May 14, 2021—within the 90 day window. (Id.; 6 Complaint (Dkt. No. 1).) 7 Jackson’s Complaint adds further details to the allegations in the EEOC Charge. Jackson 8 alleges that he was “misled about career opportunities within the company,” and misled to 9 believe that he would receive training on structural engineering, about which he had little prior 10 experience. (Compl. at 4.) He says that he was duped into taking a lower paying job and that he 11 would not have taken it if he knew he would have received no training. (Id. at 4-5.) He then 12 alleges that his managers failed to meet their duties under the “Boeing-SPEEA collective 13 bargaining agreement as well as their duties as outlined in the job profile.” (Id. at 5.) Jackson 14 alleges that his performance “was never assessed fairly against Level 1 peers.” (Id. at 6.) He 15 alleges that his managers improperly relied on the opinions of lead engineers to measure 16 performance, and failed to account for his background in aircraft maintenance. (Id.) As a result 17 of the lack of coaching and feedback, Jackson alleges that his ability to flourish at work was 18 hampered. (Id. at 7.) Jackson also faults the various lead engineers under whom he worked, as 19 having failed to provide instruction and for assigning work beyond his responsibilities. (Id. at 7- 20 8.) Jackson alleges that the lead engineers would “berate [him] in front of [his] coworkers for 21 [his] team and claim [he] was stupid rather than blame the lack of fundamental training and 22 coordination across the organization.” (Id. at 8.) Jackson also claims that he attempted to find 23 permanent reassignment within Boeing from July 2019 to July 2020 without success. (Id.) 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 3 Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 4 of 13 1 Jackson has asked the Court three times to appoint counsel. In his third motion, Jackson 2 ties his allegations of mistreatment by his managers and lead engineers to being “Black/African- 3 American.” (Third Motion to Appoint at 5, 9-13 (Dkt. No. 23 at 5, 9-13).) He also alleges he was 4 hired by Boeing on the “false pretenses” due to “the Boeing Company’s desperate attempt to 5 increase diversity.” (Id. at 9.) And he suggests he endured a “hostile or offensive work 6 environment,” a theory he then addresses in more detail in his Opposition to the Motion to 7 Dismiss. (Id. at 11; Pl. Opp. at 3-4 (Dkt. No. 36).) 8 9 10 ANALYSIS A. Legal Standard There are certain minimum standards that apply to any complaint filed in federal district 11 court. Plaintiff’s complaint must satisfy the standards set out in Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of 12 Civil Procedure. To satisfy Rule 8, a complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted 13 as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 14 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial 15 plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable 16 inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “But 17 where the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of 18 misconduct,” the allegations are inadequate to satisfy Rule 8. Id. at 679. And “[w]here a 19 complaint pleads facts that are merely consistent with a defendant’s liability, it stops short of the 20 line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.” Twombly, 559 U.S. at 557 21 (quotation omitted); see Adams v. Johnson, 355 F.3d 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2004) (“[C]onclusory 22 allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss.”) 23 But the Ninth Circuit “continues to construe pro se filings liberally when evaluating them under 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 4 Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 5 of 13 1 [the] Iqbal” standard. Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010). This “obligation 2 remains, where the petitioner is pro se, particularly in civil rights cases, to construe the pleadings 3 liberally and to afford the petitioner the benefit of any doubt.” Id. (citation and quotation 4 omitted). The Court notes at the outset that it will limit its review of the claims to Jackson’s 5 6 Complaint and the EEOC Charge. Jackson has made other factual allegations in his motions to 7 appoint counsel. While the Court has considered those in the context of Jackson’s request for 8 counsel, the Court finds that it should limit its review to the Complaint and EEOC charge. See 9 Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1076 (9th Cir. 2005) (“[C]ourts, when ruling on a motion to 10 dismiss, must disregard facts that are not alleged on the face of the complaint.”) (citations 11 omitted). But the statements in the motions for appointment of counsel do suggest that Jackson 12 has the capacity and interest in amending his initial complaint. 13 B. 14 Disparate Treatment Discrimination Claim Boeing asks the Court to dismiss Jackson’s discrimination claim on the theory that it: (1) 15 is untimely and barred by the statute of limitations; and (2) relies on implausible allegations of 16 discrimination. The Court agrees in part that some of the claims Jackson pursues are barred by 17 the statute of limitations and that the complaint fails to state a claim for discrimination. 18 1. 19 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act requires a plaintiff challenging a discrete adverse Untimely Claims 20 employment action to file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC within 300 days of the 21 employment action. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1). If the EEOC tells the plaintiff that it will not 22 pursue the charge and gives the plaintiff a right to sue notice, the plaintiff must then file their 23 lawsuit within 90 days of receiving notice. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1). Jackson timely filed his 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 5 Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 6 of 13 1 lawsuit within 90 days of the Right to Sue letter, but Boeing challenges the timeliness of his 2 underlying claims. 3 To be timely, Jackson’s claims premised on discrete acts of discrimination must have 4 occurred no earlier than April 2, 2020, which is 300 days before January 27, 2021 (the date he 5 filed his EEOC complaint). Considering the allegations in the Complaint, the Court notes that the 6 claims of disparate treatment arising out of the following events are untimely: (1) Jackson’s 7 hiring in March 2019; (2) Jackson’s reassignment to the 777 Fuselage Group in July 2019; (3) 8 Boeing’s apparent refusal to hire Jackson for another job that he applied for in November 2019; 9 (4) Boeing’s denial of Jackson’s request for temporary rotation assignment; and (5) an adverse 10 performance review from December 2019. Jackson’s Complaint also suggests he suffered 11 discrete discrimination in the form of a failure to train, provide feedback, and coaching, and that 12 he was asked to perform tasks outside his job duties. It is unclear when these acts occurred. To 13 the extent that they occurred before April 2, 2020, they cannot serve as the basis for Jackson’s 14 claims. But, Jackson has timely challenged his termination as an act of discrimination. 15 In opposition, Jackson suggests that he was subjected to a hostile work environment and 16 that his claim is timely because the events constituting the hostile work environment span his 17 entire employment. (Pl. Opp. at 3 (Dkt. No. 36).) The problem with this argument is that Jackson 18 has not adequately alleged a hostile work environment claim in the first instance. To plead a 19 hostile work environment claim, Jackson “must show: (1) that he was subjected to verbal or 20 physical conduct of a racial or sexual nature; (2) that the conduct was unwelcome; and (3) that 21 the conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the plaintiff’s 22 employment and create an abusive work environment. Vasquez v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 349 23 F.3d 634, 642 (9th Cir. 2003), as amended (Jan. 2, 2004). Jackson’s Complaint and EEOC 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 6 Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 7 of 13 1 Charge make no mention of a hostile work environment. And Jackson fails to allege any facts 2 that he was subjected to racially-motivated verbal or physical conduct that was sufficiently 3 severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of his employment. He identifies a lead engineer who 4 berated him in front of others and called him stupid. (Compl. at 8.) But Jackson fails to identify 5 his race as being the basis for this activity. Similarly, Jackson fails to explain how Boeing’s 6 failure to promote, hire, train, or coach him created a hostile work environment or that these 7 omissions were racially motivated. And Jackson fails to allege that the working environment was 8 “both subjectively and objectively” abusive. See Vasquez, 349 F.3d at 642. As such any claim of 9 a hostile work environment has not been adequately pleaded and cannot serve to make the 10 11 alleged actions pre-dating April 2, 2020 to be timely. The Court GRANTS in part Boeing’s Motion and Court DISMISSES Jackson’s claims 12 that involve adverse employment actions occurring before April 2, 2020. The dismissal is WITH 13 PREJUDICE because those claims cannot be saved via amendment. The Court also DISMISSES 14 Jackson’s claims premised on the failure to train, provide feedback and coaching, and 15 requirement to work beyond his scope of employment as untimely given the lack of adequate 16 pleading as to the date the events occurred. But the dismissal is WITHOUT PREJUDICE, 17 because these claims could be saved by amendment if they occurred after April 2, 2020. Should 18 Jackson seek to add facts showing these claims are timely, he must also correct the deficiencies 19 noted in the subsection below regarding those same claims. 20 2. 21 Boeing argues that Jackson’s Complaint fails to adequately plead claims of disparate 22 Adequacy of Alleged Discrimination treatment even if they are timely. The Court agrees. 23 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 7 Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 8 of 13 1 To assert a claim of discrimination, Jackson must satisfy four elements by alleging that: 2 “(1) [he] belongs to a protected class; (2) [he] was qualified for [his] position; (3) [he] was 3 subject to an adverse employment action; and (4) similarly situated individuals outside [his] 4 protected class were treated more favorably.” Davis v. Team Elec. Co., 520 F.3d 1080, 1089 (9th 5 Cir. 2008). As to the third element, an adverse employment action means an action that 6 “materially affect[s] the compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of . . . employment.” Id. 7 1089 (quotation and citation omitted). And as to the fourth element, Jackson “must identify 8 employees outside [his] race . . . who were similarly situated to [him] in all material respects but 9 who were given preferential treatment; they must have similar jobs and display similar conduct.” 10 Campbell v. Hawaii Dep’t of Educ., 892 F.3d 1005, 1015 (9th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation 11 marks and citation omitted). 12 Boeing argues that Jackson has failed to allege an adverse employment action to support 13 his disparate treatment claims. The Court here focuses on those claims that are not time barred, 14 but for which additional facts must be pleaded. Theose are Jackson’s claims regarding the failure 15 to train, failure to provide feedback and coaching, and the requirement to work on tasks outside 16 his job duties. The Court finds that Jackson has not sufficiently alleged these to be adverse 17 employment actions. Jackson has not articulated how these omissions or job demands materially 18 affected his compensation, the terms or conditions of his employment, or any privileges of his 19 job. Jackson has alleged that the lack of training was one reason that lead engineers “would 20 berate [him] in front of [his] coworkers.” (Compl. at 8.) But Jackson has not sufficiently detailed 21 how this materially impacted the terms or conditions of his employment. On this basis, the Court 22 DISMISSES the claims related to these acts, which do not meet the pleading standard. The 23 DISMISSAL is WITHOUT PREJUDICE because Jackson could save these claims by 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 8 Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 9 of 13 1 amendment. The Court also notes that Jackson’s termination can constitute an adverse 2 employment action and that Boeing has not challenged it on those grounds. 3 Boeing also argues that Jackson has failed to satisfy the fourth element of his disparate 4 treatment claims—that similarly situated persons outside his protected class were treated more 5 favorably. The Court agrees. First, Jackson has failed to identify other similarly situated people 6 outside his class who received adequate training or coaching or who were not asked to do work 7 outside of their job duties. His claims that he was subjected to inadequate training and coaching 8 and asked to do work outside of his duties therefore fails to satisfy this element. Second, Jackson 9 has not identified similarly-situated individuals outside of his class were treated more favorable 10 with regard to his termination. Jackson’s Complaint provides scant details about the termination. 11 But his EEOC Charge states that “the reason given for the lay-off is that the company was going 12 through financial issues” and that “[m]any other eployees within the company were laid off.” 13 (Dkt. No. 10-1 at 4.) These allegations do not satisfy Jackson’s burden to show that other 14 similarly-situated individuals outside of his protected group were treated better. Because Jackson 15 has not met his burden as to this element of his disparate treatment claim, the Court GRANTS 16 the Motion and DISMISSES them WITHOUT PREJUDICE because they could be saved 17 through amendment. 18 C. 19 Retaliation Claims Boeing attacks Jackson’s retaliation on two grounds: (1) Jackson failed to exhaust his 20 administrative remedies; and (2) Jackson fails to allege sufficient facts to satisfy the elements of 21 a retaliation claim. The Court agrees as to only the second argument. 22 1. 23 Boeing argues that Jackson failed to exhaust his retaliation claim. The Court disagrees. Exhaustion 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 9 Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 10 of 13 1 “Under Title VII, a plaintiff must exhaust her administrative remedies by filing a timely 2 charge with the EEOC, or the appropriate state agency, thereby affording the agency an 3 opportunity to investigate the charge.” B.K.B. v. Maui Police Dep’t, 276 F.3d 1091, 1099 (9th 4 Cir. 2002), as amended (Feb. 20, 2002) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–5(b)). “Subject matter 5 jurisdiction extends over all allegations of discrimination that either fell within the scope of the 6 EEOC’s actual investigation or an EEOC investigation which can reasonably be expected to 7 grow out of the charge of discrimination.” Id. at 1100 (citation and quotation omitted). The 8 “crucial” element is whether the plaintiff’s claim was contained in the factual statement, rather 9 than whether the correct box was ticked. Id. (citation and quotation omitted). “Incidents of 10 discrimination not included in an EEOC charge may not be considered by a federal court unless 11 the new claims are like or reasonably related to the allegations contained in the EEOC charge.” 12 Green v. Los Angeles Cnty. Superintendent of Sch., 883 F.2d 1472, 1475–76 (9th Cir. 1989) 13 (citation and quotation omitted). But courts construe the language of the administrative charge 14 “with utmost liberality since they are made by those unschooled in the technicalities of formal 15 pleading.” B.K.B., 276 F.3d at 1100 (quoting Kaplan v. Int’l Alliance of Theatrical & Stage 16 Employees, 525 F.2d 1354, 1359 (9th Cir. 1975)). 17 Jackson sufficiently exhausted his retaliation claim through his EEOC complaint. First, 18 Jackson has checked the “retaliation” box on the EEOC form. (See Dkt. No. 10-1 at 3.) Second, 19 Jackson set out the alleged a handful of facts that support his claim that “[he] ha[d] been 20 subjected to retaliation and discrimination (harassment) in violation of Title VII of the Civil 21 Rights Act of 1964, as amended.” (Id.) While Boeing challenges the sufficiency of those factual 22 allegations, the Court is not convinced that the facts supporting the claim were not sufficiently 23 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 10 Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 11 of 13 1 raised in the EEOC Charge. Applying the proper, liberal standard, the Court is satisfied that 2 Jackson exhausted this claim. See B.K.B., 276 F.3d at 1100. 3 2. 4 Boeing also argues that Jackson has failed to provide sufficient allegations to support his 5 6 Elements of Claim retaliation claim. The Court agrees. To state a claim for retaliation under Title VII, Jackson must allege that: (1) he engaged 7 in activity protected under federal law; (2) Boeing took an adverse employment action against 8 him; and (3) but-for his protected activity, he would not have suffered an adverse action. 42 9 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a); Univ. of Texas Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 362 (2013) (“[A] 10 plaintiff making a retaliation claim under § 2000e–3(a) must establish that his or her protected 11 activity was a but-for cause of the alleged adverse action by the employer.”); see Ninth Cir. Jury 12 Instr. No. 10.8. Boeing argues that Jackson has failed to plausibly alleged he engaged in 13 protected activity or that he was terminated for engaging in protected activity. The Court reviews 14 both arguments. 15 The Court agrees that Jackson has failed to allege his involvement in any protected 16 activity. Jackson alleges that he was “assigned an R3 retention rating in May 2020 and laid off in 17 July 2020 in retaliation after bringing the issue with my K level manager to his supervisor, my L 18 level manager, in March 2020.” (Compl. at 8.) But Jackson has not provided adequate detail as to 19 what specific issues he was raising to his manager and the supervisor and how that might qualify 20 as protected activity. Without more detail, the Court cannot determine whether this is protected 21 activity. 22 23 The Court also agrees that Jackson has not provided sufficient allegations that but-for his engagement in protected activity, he suffered an adverse employment action. Jackson identifies 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 11 Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 12 of 13 1 two adverse employment actions—an R3 retention rating and termination. Particularly given the 2 absence of clear allegations as to the protected activity, the Court cannot identify what the causal 3 connection is between Jackson’s alleged protected activity and these two employment actions. 4 Based on the allegations in the Complaint, the Court finds that Jackson has not alleged sufficient 5 causation to satisfy his burden as to this element of his claim. 6 The Court therefore DISMISSES Jackson’s retaliation claim for failure to adequately 7 allege the engagement in a protected activity and causation. The Court’s dismissal is WITHOUT 8 PREJUDICE because the claims may be saved through amendment. 9 10 CONCLUSION Boeing has identified several defects in Jackson’s Title VII claims that require dismissal. 11 First, Jackson’s disparate treatment claims that invoke adverse employment actions that predate 12 April 2, 2020 are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE because they are time barred and cannot be 13 saved by amendment. Second, Jackson’s disparate treatment claims premised on the failure to 14 train, coach, and provide feedback or on being required to perform work outside of his jobs 15 duties are DISMISSED as time-barred and for being inadequately pleaded. These claims are 16 dismissed WITHOUT PREJUDICE, because they could be saved through amendment. Third, 17 Jackson’s disparate treatment claim stemming from his termination is DISMISSED WITHOUT 18 PREJUDICE for failure to satisfy the elements of the claim. Fourth, although Jackson has 19 exhausted his retaliation claim, his Complaint fails to contain sufficient allegations to satisfy the 20 elements of such a claim. The Court DISMISSES the claim WITHOUT PREJUDICE. On these 21 grounds, the Court GRANTS Boeing’s Motion. 22 23 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 12 Case 2:21-cv-00654-MJP Document 38 Filed 06/09/22 Page 13 of 13 1 The Court GRANTS Jackson leave to file an amended complaint that addresses the 2 deficiencies noted in this Order. Any amendment must be filed within 30 days of entry of this 3 Order. 4 The clerk is ordered to provide copies of this order to Plaintiff and all counsel. 5 Dated June 9, 2022. 6 A 7 Marsha J. Pechman United States Senior District Judge 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS - 13
]]>
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You
should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google
Privacy Policy and
Terms of Service apply.
