Jackson et al v. The Aliera Companies Inc et al, No. 2:2019cv01281 - Document 47 (W.D. Wash. 2020)
Court Description: ORDER denying Defendants' Motions to Dismiss (Dkt. Nos. 21 , 23 ). Signed by Judge Barbara J. Rothstein. (TH)
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Jackson et al v. The Aliera Companies Inc et al Doc. 47 Case 2:19-cv-01281-BJR Document 47 Filed 05/26/20 Page 1 of 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE GERALD JACKSON, ROSLYN JACKSON and DEAN MELLOM, Individually and on behalf of all others Similarly situated, ) ) ) ) ) Plaintiffs, ) v. ) ) THE ALIERA COMPANIES, INC., a ) Delaware corporation; ALIERA ) HEALTHCARE, INC., a Delaware ) Corporation; TRINITY HEALTHSHARE, ) INC., a Delaware corporation, ) ) Defendants, ) ____________________________________) CASE NO. 2:19-cv-01281-BJR ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS TO DISMISS 14 I. 15 16 INTRODUCTION Plaintiffs Gerald Jackson, Roslyn Jackson, and Dean Mellom (“Plaintiffs”) brought this 17 putative class action suit against Defendants Aliera Companies, Inc., including its now-defunct 18 subsidiary Aliera Healthcare, Inc. (collectively “Aliera”), and Trinity HealthShare, Inc. (“Trinity”) 19 on August 14, 2019. See First Am. Compl. (“FAC”), Dkt. No. 16. Plaintiffs, who are enrolled in 20 Trinity’s healthcare cost sharing plan (“AlieraCare”), allege that Defendants: (1) sold them 21 unauthorized health insurance plans in violation of Washington law; and (2) engaged in unfair and 22 deceptive practices in violation of the Washington Consumer Protection Act, RCW 19.86.010 et 23 seq. FAC at ¶¶ 17–19; 103; 105. 24 25 1 26 Dockets.Justia.com Case 2:19-cv-01281-BJR Document 47 Filed 05/26/20 Page 2 of 12 1 This matter comes before the Court on two motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim, 2 filed respectively by Defendants Trinity and Aliera. See Defs.’ Mots. to Dismiss (collectively 3 “Defs.’ MTD”), Dkt. Nos. 21; 23. Defendants seek dismissal of this case in its entirety on the 4 grounds that Trinity is not an insurance company and, instead, qualifies as a Health Care Sharing 5 Ministry (“HCSM”) under the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”), and 6 is therefore exempt from federal and state health insurance law. Id. In the alternative, Defendants 7 argue that Plaintiffs prematurely filed this suit because they have failed to exhaust the dispute 8 resolution procedures outlined in their AlieraCare contracts with Trinity. Id. Plaintiffs oppose 9 Defendants’ motions to dismiss, contending that Trinity is a health insurance company under the 10 ACA and Washington law; and that Plaintiffs are not required to exhaust the dispute resolution 11 procedures in their contracts with Trinity because those requirements are in violation of 12 Washington law. See Pls.’ Consolidated Resp. to Defs.’ MTD (“Pls.’ Resp.”), Dkt. No. 27. Having 13 reviewed the motion, the opposition thereto, the record of the case, and the relevant legal authority, 14 the Court denies Defendants’ motions. 15 16 II. BACKGROUND A. Statutory Background of HCSMs under the ACA 17 Plaintiffs claim that Defendants sold Plaintiffs health insurance plans in violation of both 18 federal and state health insurance laws. Defendants’ motions rely on their position that Defendant 19 Trinity is an HCSM, not an insurance company, and therefore is exempt from complying with 20 federal and state insurance laws. Because this case turns on whether Trinity is a legitimate HCSM, 21 a brief overview of the legal status of HCSMs is warranted. 22 23 In 2010, Congress passed the ACA, which required all individuals to have health insurance coverage or pay a penalty for failing to comply with this requirement. 24 25 26 2 See 26 U.S.C. § Case 2:19-cv-01281-BJR Document 47 Filed 05/26/20 Page 3 of 12 Congress carved out limited exceptions to the ACA’s individual mandate 1 5000A(b)(1). 2 requirement, one of which was reserved for members of existing HCSMs. 3 5000A(d)(2)(B). 26 U.S.C. § 4 To qualify as an “HCSM” under the ACA, an organization must be one: 5 11 (I) which is described in section 501(c)(3) and is exempt from taxation under section 501(a), (II) members of which share a common set of ethical or religious beliefs and share medical expenses among members in accordance with those beliefs and without regard to the State in which a member resides or is employed, (III) members of which retain membership even after they develop a medical condition, (IV) which (or a predecessor of which) has been in existence at all times since December 31, 1999, and medical expenses of its members have been shared continuously and without interruption since at least December 31, 1999, and (V) which conducts an annual audit which is performed by an independent certified public accounting firm in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and which is made available to the public upon request. Id. 12 If an entity meets the federal requirements of an HCSM, it then qualifies as an HCSM 13 under Washington law, and is exempt from obtaining a certificate of authority from the 14 Washington Insurance Commissioner. See RCW 48.43.009 (“Health care sharing ministries are 15 not health carriers as defined in RCW 48.43.005 or insurers as defined in RCW 48.01.050. For 16 purposes of this section, ‘health care sharing ministry’ has the same meaning as in 26 U.S.C. Sec. 17 5000A.”). 6 7 8 9 10 18 19 B. Factual Background 1. Defendants Aliera and Trinity 20 The facts alleged by Plaintiffs are taken as true for the purposes of this order. See Ashcroft 21 v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Aliera is a Delaware corporation headquartered in 22 Atlanta, Georgia. FAC at ¶ 11. It was founded by Timothy Moses, his wife Shelley Steele, and 23 son Chase Moses sometime after 2011. Id. After its incorporation, Mr. Moses convinced 24 25 26 3 Case 2:19-cv-01281-BJR Document 47 Filed 05/26/20 Page 4 of 12 1 Anabaptist HealthShare (“Anabaptist”), a small HCSM, to allow Aliera to market and sell 2 Anabaptist’s healthcare plans. Id. at ¶ 12. After this relationship ended in 2018, Timothy Moses 3 sought to create a partnership like the one Aliera had with Anabaptist since Aliera no longer had 4 access to an already-existing HCSM to sell its products. Id. at ¶ 14. On June 27, 2018, Aliera 5 founded Trinity, a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization that facilitates the sharing of medical costs 6 amongst its members. Id. At the time of its creation, Trinity had no predecessor entities and no 7 members; its chief executive officer was a former Aliera employee with ties to the Moses family. 8 Id. Trinity and Aliera then entered into a contract, which authorized Aliera to use Trinity’s non- 9 profit status to sell, market, and administer Trinity’s healthcare plans, purported as HCSM plans, 10 giving Aliera complete control over its proceeds and its administration of AlieraCare. Id. Aliera’s 11 intent was to create a relationship with Trinity that was facially similar to the one it had with 12 Anabaptist. 13 Aliera marketed, sold, and administered Trinity’s AlieraCare plans, which provided 14 members benefits for medical coverage in exchange for their monthly premiums. FAC at ¶ 15. 15 Once a member meets an initial payment contribution towards his or her medical costs, much like 16 a standard deductible, Trinity pledges to pay the member’s remaining medical expenses in 17 accordance with his or her selected AlieraCare plan. Id. at ¶ 31. Trinity includes these coverage 18 details, the obligations of each party, and a set of dispute resolution procedures in its AlieraCare 19 benefits booklet (“Member Guide”), which the parties agree is a contract. Id.; see Member Guide, 20 Ex. B to FAC, Dkt. No. 16-2. Trinity provides this booklet to its members upon their enrollment. 21 2. Plaintiffs Mellom and the Jacksons 22 Plaintiffs, representatives of the putative class action, enrolled in AlieraCare in 2018 and 23 2019. Id. at ¶¶ 86; 95. Plaintiffs each paid Trinity a monthly premium to maintain their healthcare 24 25 26 4 Case 2:19-cv-01281-BJR Document 47 Filed 05/26/20 Page 5 of 12 1 coverage. Id. at ¶¶ 88; 96. By enrolling in AlieraCare, Plaintiffs expected that, in exchange for 2 their premiums, Trinity would pay certain claims for their coverage as detailed by the Member 3 Guide. Id. at ¶¶ 93–94; 99–101. However, Plaintiffs were each denied healthcare coverage under 4 AlieraCare after submitting their individual claims to Trinity. Id. 5 C. Procedural History 6 Plaintiffs filed this suit, on behalf of themselves and the putative class, alleging that 7 Defendants Aliera and Trinity sold them unauthorized health insurance plans in violation of 8 Washington law. FAC at ¶¶ 17–19; 103; 105. They are seeking to rescind their insurance 9 contracts, or, alternatively, to reform their illegal contracts to meet the mandatory minimum 10 benefits required under Washington law; and to recover the insurance premiums they paid. Id. at 11 ¶¶ 17–19. Plaintiffs also seek to recover damages under Washington’s Consumer Protection Act, 12 alleging that Defendants unfairly and deceptively marketed, sold, and administered unauthorized 13 insurance plans to Washington residents without having obtained the required approval for 14 insurance plan(s) from the Washington State Insurance Commissioner. Id. 15 Defendants Aliera and Trinity seek dismissal of all counts in the First Amended Complaint, 16 on various grounds. See Defs.’ MTD. Both Defendants argue that this putative class action should 17 be dismissed because Plaintiffs have failed to exhaust the dispute resolution procedures set out in 18 the Member Guide. In addition, Defendant Trinity argues that Plaintiffs’ claims are preempted by 19 the Internal Revenue Service’s (“IRS”) purported approval and recognition of Trinity as a 20 legitimate HCSM under the ACA. Finally, Defendant Aliera contends that Plaintiffs’ contract 21 claim should be dismissed as inadequately pled under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). 22 23 III. LEGAL STANDARD Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) provides for dismissal for “failure to state a claim 24 25 26 5 Case 2:19-cv-01281-BJR Document 47 Filed 05/26/20 Page 6 of 12 1 upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a 2 complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is 3 plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009), quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. 4 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads 5 factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable 6 for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677–78. “A pleading that offers ‘labels and 7 conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.’ . . . Nor 8 does a complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” 9 Id. at 678, quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 557. When considering a motion to dismiss under 10 Rule 12(b)(6), the Court construes the complaint in the light most favorable to the non-moving 11 party, accepting all well-pleaded facts as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in the non- 12 moving party’s favor. Wyler Summit P’ship v. Turner Broad. Sys., Inc., 135 F.3d 658, 661 (9th 13 Cir. 1998). The Court, however, is not required “to accept as true allegations that are merely 14 conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” Sprewell v. Golden State 15 Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). 16 While a court generally does not consider any material beyond the pleadings in ruling on a 17 Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, there are certain exceptions. Relevant to the instant motion, the 18 Court may consider documents appended to the complaint. United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 19 908 (9th Cir. 2003). In this case, the Trinity Member Guide, the contract at issue, has been 20 appended to the First Amended Complaint, which the Court therefore considers in the context of 21 this motion. 22 23 IV. DISCUSSION The issue in this case is whether Defendants sold Plaintiffs illegal insurance plans. Plaintiffs 24 25 26 6 Case 2:19-cv-01281-BJR Document 47 Filed 05/26/20 Page 7 of 12 1 contend that Trinity fails to meet the statutory requirements for an HCSM, and therefore, its 2 AlieraCare plans are health insurance and are not exempt from Washington insurance law. Pls.’ 3 Resp. at 2, ¶ 1; 13, ¶ 2. Defendant Trinity contends that Trinity is a valid HCSM, and, therefore, 4 that the organization is exempt from federal and state insurance laws. See Def. Trinity’s MTD at 5 12–14. 6 A. Plaintiffs have sufficiently pled that Trinity does not qualify as a valid HCSM under the ACA. 7 Defendant Trinity’s main argument for dismissal is that Trinity is an HCSM and therefore 8 not an insurance company under either federal or state law. In support of this position, Trinity 9 claims that it has been approved and is currently classified as an HCSM by the IRS. Trinity points 10 11 out that the IRS has not “imposed a taxpayer penalty on any Plaintiff for failure to maintain minimum essential coverage” as required by the ACA. See Def. Trinity’s MTD at 12, ¶ 1. Since 12 no participant has been penalized, Trinity concludes, the IRS must view Trinity as a legitimate 13 HCSM. Id. 14 Plaintiffs counter that Trinity does not meet the federal definition of an HCSM under 26 15 U.S.C. § 5000A because neither Trinity nor Aliera existed prior to December 31, 1999, as required 16 to be exempt from the ACA. Pls.’ Resp. at 2, ¶ 1. As such, Plaintiffs argue, Trinity has been 17 falsely representing to Plaintiffs that Trinity is a legitimate HCSM under both the ACA and 18 Washington law. Id. 19 20 21 Plaintiffs’ allegations, taken as true for purposes of these motions, raise serious questions regarding Trinity’s status as a legitimate HCSM. Defendant Trinity has failed in its motion to address, let alone dispute, Plaintiffs’ allegation that neither Defendant was in existence as of 22 December 31, 1999, as required by the ACA exemption provisions. Taking this allegation as true, 23 24 25 26 7 Case 2:19-cv-01281-BJR Document 47 Filed 05/26/20 Page 8 of 12 1 as it must at this stage, the Court concludes, for purposes of these motions, that Trinity does not 2 qualify as an HCSM under the ACA. 3 Defendant Trinity’s argument that Trinity qualifies as an HCSM because Plaintiffs have 4 not been penalized by the IRS is unavailing. In the face of the undisputed fact of Trinity having 5 been formed after December 31, 1999, Defendant Trinity is relying on what may be little more 6 than an administrative oversight. The IRS’s failure to enforce its own rules hardly qualifies as 7 proof of Trinity’s legal status, nor forms a basis on which Defendants might claim a “preemption.” 8 Defendants have demonstrated only that Trinity has received 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status from the 9 IRS, which is not the equivalent of being an HCSM under the law. 10 Defendant Trinity has not provided sufficient facts to negate Plaintiffs’ plausible allegation 11 that Trinity is not a legitimate HCSM under federal and state law. Taking Plaintiffs’ allegations 12 as true as the Court must at this stage in litigation, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have 13 sufficiently alleged that Trinity is not a legitimate HCSM under 26 U.S.C. § 5000A, as neither 14 Trinity nor Aliera existed prior to December 31, 1999. 15 B. Plaintiffs have sufficiently pled that the Dispute Resolution Procedures within Trinity’s contracts are in violation of Washington insurance law and therefore not mandatory. 16 Both Defendants seek dismissal on the grounds that Plaintiffs have failed to comply with 17 18 the dispute resolution and appeals process contained in the parties’ agreement. Def. Aliera’s MTD at 1; Def. Trinity’s MTD at 1. Those provisions generally require Plaintiffs to pursue four levels 19 of appeals, culminating in mediation and binding arbitration. See Member Guide at 36–37, Ex. B 20 to FAC. Defendant Trinity also argues that its procedures need not comply with Washington 21 22 insurance law because AlieraCare is not insurance and “does not offer the same member benefits as insurance products.” See Def. Trinity’s MTD at 2, ¶ 3. 23 24 25 26 8 Case 2:19-cv-01281-BJR Document 47 Filed 05/26/20 Page 9 of 12 1 Plaintiffs claim they are not obligated to comply with the contract’s procedures, however, 2 because Trinity is an insurance company and Washington law prohibits insurance companies from 3 requiring multiple levels of review and binding arbitration to resolve disputes with its customers. 4 Pls.’ Resp. at 11–12. See also WAC 284-43-3110(7) (“For individual health plans, a carrier must 5 provide for only one level of internal review before issuing a final determination, and may not 6 require two levels of internal review.”). To support their position, Plaintiffs claim that Defendants’ 7 health plans have identical attributes to those of conventional health insurance and, accordingly, 8 fit squarely within the definition of “insurance” under Washington law. Id. at 3–4. 9 1. Defendants’ AlieraCare Plans 10 The Court must first determine whether AlieraCare qualifies as insurance under 11 Washington law. See RCW 48.01.040 (“Insurance is a contract whereby one undertakes to 12 indemnify another or pay a specified amount upon determinable contingencies.”). 13 Taking Plaintiffs’ plausible allegations as true, Plaintiffs have sufficiently established that 14 AlieraCare is an insurance plan. First, Defendants’ plans are marketed as “providing payment 15 benefits in the event of specified health-related contingencies in exchange for a monthly payment.” 16 Id. at 3, ¶ 5. Defendants call this monthly contribution a “premium” much like traditional health 17 insurance companies do. Id. at 4, ¶ 1. Like other health insurance products, Defendants offer 18 AlieraCare plans with different benefit levels and varying monthly premiums. Id. at 3, ¶ 5. The 19 cost of these premiums “depends on the program selected, which include ‘interim medical,’ 20 ‘comprehensive,’ ‘standard,’ ‘basic care,’ and ‘catastrophic.’” Id. at ¶ 2. Each plan requires its 21 members to pay deductibles before their medical costs are eligible to be paid in accordance with 22 Trinity’s Member Guide. Id. at 4, ¶ 3. The Member Guide, much like a conventional health 23 insurance benefits booklet, details when pre-authorizations are required for non-emergency 24 25 26 9 Case 2:19-cv-01281-BJR Document 47 Filed 05/26/20 Page 10 of 12 1 medical procedures; lists preferred provider networks where members can go to seek medical care; 2 and specifies which health-related medical costs are covered under each plan. See Member Guide, 3 Ex. B to FAC. 4 Defendant Trinity’s argument that its plans are not de facto insurance, merely because 5 “members are repeatedly advised that Trinity’s sharing program is not health insurance, nor a 6 legally binding agreement to reimburse any member for medical needs a member may incur,” is 7 unconvincing. See Def. Trinity’s MTD at 3, ¶ 2. In the face of the undisputed allegation that 8 AlieraCare has almost identical attributes to those of conventional health insurance plans, Trinity 9 points only to its own representations in its Member Guide and on its website as evidence that its 10 plans are not health insurance. At most, this creates a dispute of fact. At this stage, however, the 11 Court must take as true Plaintiffs’ plausible allegations, which support the conclusion that 12 AlieraCare plans fit within the definition of “insurance” under Washington law. Therefore, the 13 Court concludes that Trinity is an insurance company for purposes of Defendants’ Motions to 14 Dismiss. 15 2. Enforceability of Dispute Resolution and Appeals Process within the Member Guide 16 The Court now turns to the question of whether Plaintiffs are required to exhaust the dispute 17 resolution procedures contained in the Member Guide before bringing this suit. Washington 18 insurance law requires that, “[f]or individual health plans, a carrier must provide for only one level 19 of internal review before issuing a final determination, and may not require two levels of internal 20 review.” WAC 284-43-3110(7). Washington insurance law also prohibits binding arbitration 21 clauses in insurance contracts. See RCW 48.18.200(b) (“[n]o insurance contract delivered or 22 issued for delivery in this state and covering subjects located, resident, or to be performed in this 23 24 25 26 10 Case 2:19-cv-01281-BJR Document 47 Filed 05/26/20 Page 11 of 12 1 state, shall contain any condition, stipulation, or agreement [. . .] depriving the courts of this state 2 of the jurisdiction of action against the insurer.”).1 3 Plaintiffs argue that the “Dispute Resolution and Appeal” procedures outlined in the 4 Member Guide are unenforceable because Trinity imposes a multi-layered appeals process, which 5 includes binding arbitration.2 See Member Guide at 37 at ¶ 3, Ex. B to FAC (“If the dispute is not 6 resolved the matter will be submitted to legally binding arbitration in accordance with the Rules 7 and Procedure of the American Arbitration Association. Sharing members agree and understand 8 that these methods shall be the sole remedy to resolve any controversy or claim arising out of the 9 Sharing Guidelines, and expressly waive their right to file a lawsuit in any civil court against one 10 another for such disputes; except to enforce an arbitration decision. [. . .] The aggrieved sharing 11 member agrees to be legally bound by the arbitrator’s final decision.”). 12 The Member Guide contains a statement of beliefs, the obligations of each party, and a set 13 of dispute resolution procedures to follow in case of a dispute. See Member Guide at 36–37, Ex. 14 B to FAC. The procedures require members to first call Trinity and attempt to resolve their 15 disputes by phone. Id. If members are unsatisfied, they may request a review by an Internal 16 Resolution Committee made up of three Trinity officials. Id. The request must be in writing and 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1 Although Defendants argue that RCW 48.18.200 conflicts with the Federal Arbitration Act, this statute is exempt from federal preemption because it falls within the “business of insurance” exception of the McCarran-Ferguson Act. See Washington State Dept. of Trans. v. James River Ins. Co., 292 P.3d 118, 124 (Wash. 2013) (holding that RCW 48.18.200(1)(b) regulates the “business of insurance” and is therefore shielded from preemption under federal law because it is “aimed at protecting the performance of an insurance contract by ensuring the right of the policyholder to bring an action in state court to enforce the contract.”). 2 Plaintiffs present several reasons why they are not required to first exhaust the alternative dispute resolution procedures before bringing this class action suit, including the following: (1) Washington law prohibits an insurance company from imposing multi-layered appeals processes; (2) the appeals process is futile; (3) the underlying process only applies to challenges to claim determinations (i.e. breach of contract disputes), which is not the subject of the underlying dispute; and (4) Washington law prohibits an insurance company from requiring binding arbitration, so the process is void because the first four steps in the appeals process cannot be severed from the arbitration requirement. The Court has reviewed the Defendants’ reply briefs in response to these arguments, all of which assume that Trinity is not an insurance company under Washington law. See Dkt. Nos. 29; 30. Therefore, the Court need not discuss of each of these arguments. 11 Case 2:19-cv-01281-BJR Document 47 Filed 05/26/20 Page 12 of 12 1 state the relevant facts and underlying reasons for the dispute; Trinity will then issue a decision 2 within 30 days. Id. Third, if the members are unsatisfied, they may ask that the dispute be 3 submitted to an External Resolution Committee. Id. This committee is made up of members in 4 good standing, who are randomly chosen by Trinity. Id. Fourth, the members must make a “final 5 appeal” and ask that the dispute be submitted to a medical expense auditor who will review the 6 dispute and decide on the dispute within 30 days. Id. Fifth, if the members remain unsatisfied, 7 they must submit the dispute to mediation. Id. After complying with these procedures, the 8 members must then submit their dispute to legally binding arbitration. Id. 9 As stated above, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged that Trinity is an 10 insurance company, because the AlieraCare plans that Defendants created, marketed and sold are 11 insurance. For purposes of resolving these motions, therefore, Trinity is subject to Washington 12 insurance law. Because Trinity’s dispute resolution procedures clearly require more than “one 13 level of internal review before issuing a final determination” and binding arbitration that deprives 14 the Court of the jurisdiction of this action, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have sufficiently pled that 15 Trinity’s dispute resolution procedures are illegal under the Washington insurance law. See WAC 16 284-43-3110(7); RCW 48.18.200(b). As such, Plaintiffs are relieved of any obligation to follow 17 the dispute resolution procedures at issue. IV. CONCLUSION 18 The Court hereby DENIES Defendants’ motions to dismiss3. 19 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. DATED this 26th day of May, 2020. 21 _______________________________ BARBARA J. ROTHSTEIN UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 22 23 The Court has reached its decision to deny Defendants’ motions to dismiss without considering Plaintiffs’ motion for judicial notice and therefore declines to rule on that motion at this time. 3 24 25 26 12
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