Cooper v. Duncan et al, No. 7:2016cv00578 - Document 25 (W.D. Va. 2017)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief United States District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 5/23/2017. (tvt)
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ctEnu A cE u.sx s . m i oFFl olT : T noANou , . . vA (Io( .k ) 7 I THE I NI N J TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STRI OF VI NI CT RGI A ROANOKE DI SI W ON I SRAEL R AY COOPER, Pl ntf , ai if AI EE DUNCM , K , M c De e a t) f nd nts. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) MAt 23 2 1 27 uttlp ;J.2k . ' QY' . CASE NO.7: 16CV00578 M EM ORANDUM OPI ON M By: GlnE. nr d e Co a ChifUnie St e DititJudge e td at s src I r e Ray Coope ,a Vig ni i a e pr e ng pr K ,fl d t s c vi zght a ton sa l r r i a nm t oce di o e hi i l i s c i p ru n t 4 U. C. 1 8 , le i ta p io o fcasrtlae a an thm a dv oae h s u s a t o 2 S. j 9 3 algng h t rs n fiil eaitd g i s i n i ltd i duepr s rg s Afe r vi w oft c oce s iht . tr e e he ompl i ,t c t ncude t tt co pl ntm us be ant he our co l s ha he m ai t s mma i d s se wih u p eu iea t epe dn moinsd s se a mo t u rl imis d to t rj d c nd h n ig to imis d s o . y Bac ound kar Coope i a i a e a Re Oni S ae Prs n (1 d Ono ' . On M a 1 ,2 6 r s n nm t t d on tt io : Re in' ) y 8 01 , ' e bus lnel o e t ha s da e e Coope us d t I r e he TREA' s xuala e hoti t r por t t dudng hi 90- y r viw , Lt . Gibe tr le on f s e de e t r omm e t tCoope r m an i s r ga i On M a 24, l r e id ale vi nc o ec nd ha r e i n eg e ton. y 201 Dunc n wr t a dici i r c r agans Coo rf t ut i d us ora e o t 6, a oe s plna y ha ge i t pe or pa horze e bus f he t lpho . The dicplna y r por sa e t t Dunca wr t t c r bas o an e l ee ne s i i r e t t t s ha n o e he ha ge ed n mai r eve fo t sae- de PREA c di t t tda a vii he t t Coopers M a 18 ec i d r m he t t wi oor naor ha y, d sng r ha ' y rpo twa G o e r s t n PREA. ( .sEx.C,a 7 ECF No 1 1) Co pe alg st a i wrtngt e n ' P1' ' t, . - . o r le e h t n ii h c ge Dunc n c hr , a omm itd vi a i ofPREA pr dur sa r t it d ag ns hi . te oltons oce e nd eala e ai t m Cooper v. Duncan et al Doc. 25 On J une 23,201 De enda M uli c 6, f nt lns onduc e t di cplna y hea i on Coope ' t d he s i i r rng rs c gef runa ho ied us o t phone. Cooperalege t tt c r e is fwa notpr ry hm' o ut rz e f he l s ha he ha g tel s ope l 1Th PREA s x la us h ln i o f c tofVigi aDe a t ntofCore ton (VDOC' e e ua b e otie s ne a e r ni p rme rci s K ' I Opeai Pr c du eCr P' 0 3, s to Prs n Ra Elmlai Ac (TREAD p oc du e a p e i r tng o e r ' 38. a e f io pe i ' ton t G ) n r e r s do td n rs o s t afd rla b ta t l, 2U.. j 1 6 11 6 9 ep n e o e ea lw y h t ie 4 SC. j 5 0 -5 0 . t S eh /e lp: / .a c. r na.ov a vpr e ur s(a tviie M a l ,201 ) v do vigli g /bou oc d e ls std y 6 7 . Dockets.Justia.com . ivetg td o a t rz d b VDOC poiis He as c n e d t a Mulis lale q t n siae r uho ie y lce . lo o tn s h t ln t igd o f p o el alw f cs(rwin se l obep e e td' n wa n ti a t lwhe h f u Co pe r p ry lo a t o t e s s t rs n e 'a d s o mp ri a n e o nd o r guit oft sofe e ba e on t emai Dt c n ha r c ve fom t PREA c r na o . The ly hi f ns s d he l m a d e ei d r he oo di t r p n l Mul n i s d wa l so tlp nep iie e f r3 d y (r m J n 1 t J l 1 , e at y l s mpo e s os f ee ho rv lg s o 0 a s fo u e 3 o uy 2 i 2 6. 01 ) O n Aug t1 2016,Coo rwr e aPR EA gre nc co pl i ng t tI a e Cas e l us 4, pe ot i va e, m a ni ha nm t hw l ha t e t ne f s ve a da t t l ot r i aest tCoope wasc c e ofs x ofe e d hr a e d or e r l ys o e l he nm t ha r onvi t d e f ns s wih c l e a t a r nge t c l wih hi s t y co d ha s x. Coo ra s c am e t t t hidr n nd o r a o el t m o he ul ve e pe lo l i d ha Cas l hadpe s na i or ai n a hwe l r o l nf m to bouthi ,pur tdl pr vi d b prs ofki s Dt n m pore y o de y ion l al. mca is a Le I r pons t Coopers PREA gre nc on Se e be 1 201 sai t t s ued vel es e o ' iva e ptm r 3, 6, t tng ha Dunc n had r vi we t s alegai ns and f a e e d he e l to ound i uf i n e de t s t nta e t m . ns fc e t vi nce o ubsa it he Dunc n' fndi was a fr e on a al by de e nt El m . Coo r alege t t t s a s ng f m d ppe f nda n pe l s ha he e pr ee ngs di not compor wih PREA pr dtr s. He c oc di d t t oce le ompl i t t Dunc n f l d t ans ha a aie o i e ve hi ,Ca hwel,o a he wine s a r e t g i va unf t d,a t t a a ' nt r iw m s l r not r t s , nd uld he re nce o mde nd ha s r ul,Ca hwelc tnue t s xual har s Coo r es t s l on i d o e ly a s pe . On Se e r 1 201 Coo r c le t PREA ho lne t r po tDt c n' PREA pt mbe 4, 6, pe a ld he ti o e r m a s vi a i a Cas l' ha as me . I si t Be ly t oltons nd hwels r s nt nve tgaor nte ook Coope ' sae e on rs t tm nt Se e pt mber 23,201 and t k a not Ca hwel ha alege y wrte de l rng hi l ve f 6, oo e s l d l dl itn, c a i s o or Coope . I a l te da e Se e r 27,201 I tga o Fn n no i d Coo r t t t r n e tr t d pt mbe 6, nvesi t r nni tfe pe ha he i s i ton i o hi PREA c pl i a nve tga i nt s om a nt bout Cas e l ha pr d t be t s t nta e hw l d ove o m ubs a i t d. N e t rFa n no Bente i e v ewed t o he w ine s Coope ha i ntf e f t m . ihe nni r l y nt r i he t r t s es r d de ii d or he Li r l c tu Coope ' j 1 c ai algest f lwi camsf r i : bealy onsr ed, rs 983 ompl nt le he olo ng li or elef ( ) l M a 2 6 Du c n vilt d PREA p o e trs a d br u h a rtlao y ds iln r 1 n y 01 , n a oae r c dle n o g t eaitr icpi ay c r ea ans Co p rt a k p lm i s g e ain; 2 i S p e e 201 , nc n, a nn a hag g i t o e h t e t l n e rg to ( ) n e tmb r 6 Du a F n i, nd i Be ly di notconduc pr pe PREA i tga i a f iedt pr ec Coo rfom Ca hwel, nte d t o r nvesi tons nd a l o ot t pe r s l i vilto o t e Eih h Ame d n ;a d ()M uln vo ae Co pe' d p o e s rg t n o ain f h g t n me t n 3 lis iltd o rs ue r c s ih s durng t dicplna y pr e ngsi Se e be 201 Asr i ,Coope s ksa i e l ut y i he s i i r oc edi n ptm r 6. elef r ee n nt roc or ijmdin dr ci t a Ca h l b ke ta yfo hm , neayd ma e , t e p mg me t nt o ie tng h t s wel e p wa 'r m i mo tr a g s az x t e n d oft dicplna yco c i . he s i i r nvitons Dic son s us i The c t i r quie t dim is a a i or cli fl d by a pzs ne agans a our s e r d o s s ny cton am ie io r i t gove n nt e iy orof e i t c tdetr nest a ton o cli i fi ous malci , r me al ntt sc r f he our e mi he c i r am s rvol , i ous o fist saea cam o whc r le ma beg a td 28U. . 5 1 5 b () I o d rt r al o tt li n ih eif y r ne . SC. 91 A()1 . n r e o saeacam i a y fd rlcvla to t p an ifsçta ta alg to mus b e ug t tt li n n e e a ii cin,he litf il c- l le ains t e no h o g u r ie a rg t r le a a s i ht o e if bove t s ultve l ve , t one t ti G a i e on is f e' r t r he pec a i e l' o ' ha s t usbl pl t ac ,' ahe t a meeyt o eva l. Bel l Co . Two l 55 U. 5 4 5 0( 0 7 . h n rl G nc i be' l At. m v. mbv, 0 S. 4 , 7 2 0 ) c ' To sae a ca e of a ton t r j1 tt us ci mde 983,a pli if mus esa ih t the ha be n antf t tbls ha s e de i d of dght gu a ee by t Co tt ton o lws of t Unie St t a t t t s prve s ar nt d he nsiu i r a he t d aes nd ha hi de i to r ule fom c prvai p es t d r onduc c mitd by ape s a tng underc orofsa e lw. W e t t om te r on c i ol tt a s v Ati s 4 7U. 4 ( 9 8 .Cli o rtlainb p io imae aeg n r l te td wih . k n , 8 S. 2 1 8 ) ams f eaito y rs n n ts r e eal rae t y s piim b c u e çev r a to d si ie b p io o fcasi b d fniin Geaitr 'i ke tcs e a s l j e y c f icpl y rs n f il s y ei to rtlao y n l n t s ns t ti rs he e e ha t e pondst prs rmic o ione s onduc ' Coc a v.Moni ,73 F. 1 0,1 7 ( h t' hrn s 3d 31 31 4t Ci.996 . To sae a col a e cai ofr tlai Coope mus alge f t s r1 ) tt orbl l m eaiton, r t le acs uppori a tng r as bl ile e t tt de e ntt t a lged r t laor aci n bec us ofpl i irs e ona e zf r nce ha he f nda ook he le e ai t y to a e antf e e cs o s mec nsi to al p o e tdrg t Ad msv Rie 4 F.d7 ,7 (t Ci.1 9 ) x rie f o o tt in ly r tce ih . n . c , 0 3 2 5 4h r 9 4 . u Ba e m s ri ofr t ito wiho s r s e tons ealai n, t ut uppori f c s do no e t bls a c am ofc tt i l tng a t , t sa ih l i onsi ona m di e i n. I a 74m ns o d. t 75. Coope ' s itd e bis i c t t tDunca fl d t dic plna y c r i M a rs ubm te xhi t ndi a e ha n ie he s i i r ha ge n y 201 i r s e t t PREA c di ors e al sa i t t Coope ha c mit t 6 n e pons o he oor nat ' m i t tng ha r d om ted he c r d miconduc ' l ut i d us oft t lphone. Specf aly,t c r saed t ti ha ge s t ma hotze e he ee . ik l he ha ge t t ha t wasbas d on t coo di t r sde e mi to t tCoo rha pl ce a PREA c la uta none he r na o ' t r nai n ha pe d a d al bo PREA i s Coope dia ee wih t coo di t ' fndi be iveshi calwasc r d by s ue. r s gr s t he r na ors i ng, le s l ove e PREA,a c r de i sDunc n' aci nsa r t it y. Thi ba e a c l o y as e ton of nd ha a rze a s to s ealaor s r nd onc us r s ri r t iton i nots ce t s ppor a j1 cam,howe r Adn ,40 F. a 74. Coope ealai s uo int o u t 983 li ve . ms 3d t r m e el aleg w ihouta f t als ppor t tDunc n w a m otva e t brng t c r no t r y l es t ny ac u u t ha a s i t d o i he ha ge, t o dicplne hi f hi desgna e mius oft PREA cals t m , t r t it a i tli f s i i m or s i t d s e he l yse but o eala e gans lm or t e p riu a sae n s he ma e i hi n nh a t lr ttme t c d n s O PREA c l (..t a he dd n tl Gi e ts al ie h t i o i ke l r' b he e a i i e ai i fndi a hi cls i ain rviwl Because t m er lbelng of an acton as r t laton i ngs t s a st to e e . k . c n t s p o t a a to a l j1 8 cam, t e c m' wil s mmmiy ds s Co pe ' a no u p r n cin be 9 3 li 2 h o t l u l imis o rs r tl to cam pus a tt j1 5 b ( ) Se Two y 5 0 U. t 5 5 ( o dn t a eai in li ' u n o 91 A( )1. e a r mbl, 5 S.a 5 h l ig h t pladi pr en i m e e y t a l and c usons' :af muli r cia i n oft eeme sof e ng es tng r l t be s l oncl i 'or û or a c e tto he l nt ac us o a to wil o d 't saea a to a l cvicam) a e f cin l n t o'o tt n ci n b e i l li . Co pe as h ssae no va e j 1 8 cam a ans a y p io o fcasf rvo aig o r lo a ttd ibl 9 3 li g i t n rs n f il o iltn PREA pr e les Thi co ta o he sha f oc dtr . s ur nd t r ve ound no ba i i 1 w f aprva eca eofa ton ss n a or i t us ci unde j 1 t e ore a alege PREA vi ai Cha n v.W ils No.7:2- 00389, r 983 o nf c n l d olton. pma li, 1 CV2 Thi cour not t Coopers c l or r t iton cl m , consr ed entr y ofunsuppored s t es hat ' oncus y eala i ai tuct iel t as ertons and notf ct ,i clary ditnguihabl f om t i e pl ntf ' cl m a i ue i Bookerv. s i a s s e l si s e r he nmat ai ifs ai t ss n S. De tofCo , 1 7 9 F.d , 7 W L 1 31 76 a * ( t Ci. . ,2 7)(idi a C. p' m No. 5- 67 , 3 201 5 5 , t 5 4h r Apr 28 01 fn ng n ac i tonabl r t i i cli sat by i a e' K t l f t alegatons't a mair e e alaton am t ed nm t s de aied ac ual l i ' hat loom s vi uper sor br oughta r alat y dici i y char agai thi f physcaly t ea eni he ,afe he s d hewoul et i or s plnar ge ns m or i l hr t ng r tr ai d tl s i o s e c i na c r e ,i hef ndt ts me ha tmpe e wihhi mala i . ie ut r e k rmi l ha g s f ou ha o one d a r d t s i gan) 4 2 3 W L 2 2 9 7 a * ( . Va Ma 28 2 3 ( sr J)(iig oh rc s s.E t ig i 01 3 2 4 , t 4 W D. . y , 01 ) Kie , . ctn t e a e ) û hn n No t PREA s he ugge t t tCongr s i e ss ha e s ntnded t c e t a prva e rgh ofa to f i t s t s o r ae i t i t c i n or nma e o ue prs ofki l f no ompla whh t Ac . JJ Thus t rj 1 5A( () t c r mus ion t a s or nc ince he t' 1 ' . ,mde 91 b)1 ,he ou t t . sl tl ds s Co p rsj 1 8 cam b s d o o c r'alg d vo ai n o t erd te lmmaiy imis o e ' 9 3 li a e n x es l e ilto f h i u is e undert sae' PREA pr ed e . he tt s oc m s N e t Coope c x, r ompl i t tDt a a t i tga o s f l t pr e thi f o ans ha mc n nd he nvesi t r aied o ot c m r m i t Ca hwe ls ve bals xualha as me a t untng. W hie prs ofi i l mus ttke nma e s l' r e r s ni nd a i l ion fc a s t Ga r a ona e m e s e t g r nt e t s f t oft i t ,'Huds v.Pal r 468 U. 51 e s bl a ur s o ua a e he a e y he nma es' on me , S. 7, 5 - 2 (98 ) Gto t e e tn ta (rs n l ig c ndto ae r srcie a d e e has 26 5 7 1 4 , l l h x e t h t p io i n q o i ns r e titv n v n rh, l v i t y a e pa tof t penat t t c i na ofende s pay f r t i ofe e agans s i t ' he r r he ly ha rmi l f r o her f ns s i t oc ey. ' Rho e v. p n, 2U. 3 7 3 7( 98 ) d s Cha ma 45 S. 3 , 4 1 1 . The Ei ht Am e e tdoesnotpr bi cnz la unus pds c tons i g h ndm n ohi t e nd ual on ondii ; t pr li t c t a t ua p l s m e s I aprs rha no s f r d s i or ozbis rz nd mus l nih nt . f ione s t ufe e erous el sg fc n p y ia o me tlij r a a rs l o te c le g d c n iin,h iniia t h sc l r na nu y s e ut f h haln e o d to e smpy h s n t b e s b e td t c e a d u u u l pmih n wi n te i l a o e n u j ce o nll n n s a t s me t t h hi me nn o teAme d n. n ij fh n me t S rc e v. aes 9 9F.d 1 7 ,1 81( t Ci.1 9 ) Th s Co p tmus p o e o j ciey tiklr W tr, 8 2 3 5 3 4h r 9 3 . u , o e t r v , b e tv l , t a h s fee as ro ij r a a rs l o . fkil'f itet p o e thm. Co pe h sn t h t e u fr d eius nu y s e ut fo f as alr o r tc i t o ra o sa e f c sm a ng any s h s t t d a t ki uc howi Att m os,he a lge t tbe us ox ci sf ng. he t le s ha ca e al ound hi s PREA gre nc a iva es boutCas l t be uns t nta e he r m ane i a celnea Cas hwe l o ubsa i t d, e i d n l r hwel f l or s ve a m or we ksa Cas l c i d t unde ia e be vi . Be a e Coo rf ist e r l e e nd hwe l ontnue he sr bl ha or c us pe a l o s t tdeenda s'a tonsoromisonsr uledi a s dousphysca orme a ij y,t how ha f nt ci si es t n ny e il ntl nuz he c u t ls o r wil umma yd s s hi Eihh Ame d n cam t e j1 1 A( )1. dl imis s g t n me t li md r 9 5 b ( ) Fi ly,Coo ra s rs t M uli d d notpr de c tt to ly r tie pr dur l nal pe s e t hat lns i ovi onsiui nal eq lr d oce a pr e tons d ng t Jm e 201 dic plna y pr e di . tlo sae a pr e zalduepr e s otc i mi he t 6 s i i r oc e ngs G' t t ' oc dlr oc s v oain ap anifmus ( )i e tf ap oe td l ryo j o ryitr s a d ()d mo tae i lto , litf t 1 d niy r tce i t r rpe t n ee t n 2 e nsrt be d p iaino t titr s wi o td ep oc s o lw. P it y Clr ç 7 0F.d2 , 4 ( t e rv to f ha n ee t t u u r e s f a ' reo . q k , 8 3 45 2 8 4h h ' Ci. 01 ) Asac n itdp o e , o rd e no h v a ihee t c n tt o l prtce r 2 5. o vce ds n r Co pe o s t a e n n rn , o si nal oe td mi y lbe t it r s i a di pe li f prs d s plna y i r c i . W olfv. cDonnel, 8 i ry n e e t n voi ng nates or ion ici i r nfa tons f M l 41 U. 5 9, 5 - 7 ( 9 4 . A saec e td lb ry itr s ma e ito l i Co p r()pon st S. 3 5 6 5 1 7 ) tt -r ae i e t n ee t y x s ny f o e a it o : bass f an i e es or e c a i i sa e r gul to ' i a di a pa tculr pe ly, û a i or nt r t xpe t ton n tt e ai ns' n voi ng ri a nat Pdeo 78 F.d a 2 0;a d ( ) s ws t tt p nat Gmp ed ay c la d sg f n t , 0 3 t 5 n b ho ha he e ly û os gl tpia n ini t i ka ha dszp ...i r l to t t or na y i i e s ofprs lf ' orwiltne t bl a f tt r li n e ai n o he di r nc d nt ion ie, ' l t via y fec he i d rto ' o hsc v n me t S n i v.Como,51 U..4 2 48 4 7 ( 9 5. Be a s uain' f i o e n. a dn z r 5 S 7 , 4, 8 1 9 ) cu e G la u ic r eain b ig a u t ene e s wih rwa o l tto o ma y prv lg s & qwf l n a c rto rn s bo t h c smy t d a l r i ain f n iie e g mi a d rg t, us o atmpoa y wi h l ig o p iie e a R d icpl e b p io o fcasi n i hs' e f e r r t o dn f rvlg s s l js i i y rs n f il n ' h n rs e pons t a wi r nge of m ic e o de a s onduc f ls wihi t ex c e pe i t r of t s ntnc t a l t n he pe t d rme e s he e e e i s d b a c u to lm ' S n i ,5 5 U. a 48 (n en lq tto mak a d ctto s mpo e y o r f a ' a d n 1 S. t 6 itr a uoain r s n iai n o te ) Th ,hetmp rr l s o tlp o ep i lg s t ed s iln p nat ta M uln mitd . us t e o ay o s f ee h n rvi e- h icp imy e ly h t lis e i mpos d on Coo r wa nott t pe o aypialha ds p r quie t c eae a lbe t i e es e pe- s he y f t c r hi e r d o r t i ry nt r t t twoul ti e f de a d pr es pr e tonst rt r brc i Sa n. N orha Coope ha d rgg r e r l ue oc s ot c i mde he u i n ndi s r s hown t t t s pe t i via y a f c e t lngt of hi c i ment s a t ti r a ha hi naly ne tbl fe t d he e h s onfne o s o rgge pr e t d lbe t i e es. 1 a 48 W ihoutsa i f c st e t bls à f de allbe t i e es ot c e i ry nt r t d. t 7. t ttng a t o sa ih , e r i ry nt r t i ve i t c lnge dicplna y pr ee ngs Coo rhasno aci na ecli t the wa nvol d n he hale d s i i r oc di , pe to bl am ha s de i d of a f r l rght t a pari a pr e al pr e tons i t s di c plna y pr ve ede a i o ny tcul r oc dur ot c i n he e s i i z pr e ngs oce di . Coo r a s has no f de al c a m t t Dunca or M uli vi a e VD O C pr e es pe l o e r l i ha n lns ol t d oc dm , s h as f lng a t a ho i ed c ge o f ii t r qui e s c t doc x e a i uc ii n m ut r z har r a lng o e r pe ik lm nt ton. St t ae 6 ofk i s f lzet a deby sa epr e alr ultonsi no af de alduepr e si s a i , t al' ailr o bi tt oc dur eg a i s t e r oc s s ue, nd s t rf e no a tona et rj 1 heeor, t ci bl mde 983. Rico v.Ct ofFara 907F. 1 1 ( h Ci. ci y. ifx, 2d 459, 469 4t r 1 9 )(ûfsae1w g a t mo ep o e u a rg t ta teCo siuin wo dohe wier q ie 9 0 : tt a rn s r r c d r l ih s h n h n t to ul t r s e ur , 1 t a saesfiu et a d b t a lw i n tafdea d ep o e sis e' Th r f r , h c u t tt' alr o bie y h t a s o e rl u r c s su . ). e eo e t e o r wil ' rl d s s Co p rsd ep o e scamsu e j 1 5 b ( ) l sl mma i imis o e ' u r c s li nd r 91 A()1 . y C oncl i us on Fo t ras saed,t c twils r he e ons tt he our l ummaiy dimis Coope ' j1 3 c ai rl s s rs 98 ompl nt wi o tp eu ie pzs a tt j 1 5 b () f r fil e t sae a cam. Sic fln t e t u rj d c , l u n o 91 A( )1, o alr o tt li h r z ne i g h i c ompli t Coo rhasfl d t motonst a nd t a o he c am sa de e nt ;a m o i a n , pe ie wo i o me o dd t r l i nd f nda s ton f rprlmi r ijmci e rle ;moinsa d r q e t r g r ig d so l a d a mo in f r o ei nay n l tv eif to n e u ss e adn ic vey; n to o sl r j g n .No eo t e es b s in c re ttelg lo f cu ld fce ce n tdi l mma y ud me t n f h s u miso s o r c h e a r a t a eiin is oe n t c tsdic son. Ac or ngl t c twilden t e m o i asf ie. Ar a oprat he our' s us i c di y, he our l y hes tons utl l ppr i é or rwilis t sda The Clr i die t d t s c pi oft sm e a lm o ni n a de l s ue hi y. e k s r c e o end o es hi mor ndl pi o nd a ompa ng or rt pl i if cc nyi de o antf. ENTER:Ths J. ud yo M a , 01 i 5 a f y 2 7. Cli nie Stt sDiti tJ lef t d ae src udge 7
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