Clark v. Clarke, No. 7:2014cv00042 - Document 30 (W.D. Va. 2017)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 2/28/2017. (slt)
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CLERKS OFFI U.S. ST COURT CE DI . AT ROANOG , VA FL JED MA2 û1 2 1 27 I TH E U N I D STATE S D I N TE STRI CO U RT CT FOR THE W ES TERN DI TRJ OFW RGI A S CT NI ROAN O K E D I SI N W O JU BY: EY CLERK CL E BM NDON J ES CIARK, AM , ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Pet t oner ii , H ARO LD W .CL ARI , G Res pondent . CASE N O .7: 14CV00042 M EM O RAN D U M O PI ION N By:H on.M i chaelF.Ur bansd l Ulie St t Diti tJ zt d a es src udge Br n J m e Clr ,aVigni i t p oc e i pc . ,f e t spei f r a a don a s a k ri a nmae r e dng -q K û d hi t don o wzt of ha a c r s p s a t 28 U.. j 2 5 c le g n t v lct of hi i be s o pu , uru nt o SC. 2 4, haln i g he aiiy l s c nfne nto a jd me b t Cic tCou toft Ciy ofW a neboz Repond nt o i me n u g nt y he z ui r he t y s o. s e fld a mod t cil s Clr sj 2 5 pei ,a Clr r s e ,m a ig t e matz le on o l nis ak' 2 4 t s éon nd a k epond d kn h te rpe f diposton. Afe r viw oft r oz t c tconcudest tClr s c nm ha i or s ii tr e e he ec d, he our l ha a k' l i s no m e i,r quii t m oton t dimi st begr nt rt e tng he i o s s o a ed. 1. Backgr ound Clr w a c ct d of one c ak s onvi e ount of bur l r wih a w e pon, t c gay t a wo ount of s a a t m aii woundi t c ggr va ed lcous ng, wo ount ofus ofa f a m whie c s e ue r l omm idng a f l t e ony, a onec un o sre g n pat i do ivovngajv ni . Afe Clr sdie ta pe l nd o t f tet a g zi pa n n li u e l tz ak' tc p a c e a sa e ha as pe ii w e e uns c sul he fl t pr e f a ha as pe ii nd t t be tton r uc es f , ied he es nt eder l be tton Clark v. Clarke pu s ntt 2 U. C.j 2 41 Th dstc c zti tal de e rle be a e Clr h d rua o 8 S. 2 . e itit ok niil nid eif c us ak a r y Doc. 30 f ie t e us sa e r m edi , a a ld o xha t t t e es nd t c ut a s deni Clt s m odon f he ot lo ed a k' or z onsde a i ec i r ton. H owe r t Fotr h Cic t Cour of Appe l r m a d f f t r ve , he zt t ui t a s e nde or ut he pr e ngs The f ct .nd pr edur l hit y pe tnent t Clr s ha as cni a e a oc edi . a sa oc a sor r i o a k' be l m t s f l s olow . Dockets.Justia.com O n t ni ofN ove be 25,2006,Cl k w e t AprlTuz rsaparm e a 216 he ght m r at nt o i ne ' t nt t Sout W i h nchese Ave ,i W a nes o. Fi pe e we e i i t a t e :Tur z tr nue n y bor ve opl r nsde he parm nt ne , Tur rsf - e zod da g e , jve l n me JP.f tre n y a - d K. .a eg e nne' i y a - l u htr a u ni a d . , o zt e - e rol W , nd ihte ve e ) a-l J me Go d n O' in (lok wna f B. o < a 't sa tr fraCrps r rod a s r o Bre as no s f ' r f b, he lng em o e O. ' Cr 7 i g ng me r. Clr a f l w Blodsg ng me r W . Ra ha W a hng o a a mbe) a k nd el o o a mbe sS. , s me s i t n, nd J da S tcda a r c d t e a rme twih r d ba a sc v rn t etfc sl SW . or n til nd pp oa he h pat n t e nd na o e ig h i a e . . knoc ked on Ttr rs door butTur r r us d t l t m i sa zne ' , ne ef e o et he n, t dng, r o not com e i ç D n. D on' brng t st m y hous ' H 'g Tz. .2,5. t i hi o e.' r vol S. .pus d Tur r ba kwa ds and S. . W as ngt Sti a a Clr br W he ne c r W , hi on, tcklnd, nd a k oke i o t a tm e . S. . s ood ove Tut r whie W a hngt Sti klnd, a Clr nt he pa t nt W t r ne l s on, tc a nd a k pr e oc eded t a bedr o oom whe e t y s K . .onc i t lg,a as s O ' in f r r he hot W e n he e nd lo hot Bre ou. orfve tm es The bule t tsnz k K . .l i i . lt ha t c W odged i he t gh a s had a sg fc nts a . n r hi nd he imii a c r O ' i n l ti e nalor nsa ha s na c d da a ,wih abuletr m ni ng l d ne Bte os nt r ga nd d pi l or m ge t l e ni odge xt t hi s ne He a s ha acol t y a a ieos om y. o s pi . lo d osom nd n l t Clt fe t s ene,a w a l t a r t d i N e a k l d he c nd s aer r ese n wpor N e on D e m be 1 2006. t ws ce r , Upon a r s ,polc f r e t i e ound a . c lbe ha 3z- ai r ndpm izCl r spos es i a t bule si t t r a k' s son, nd he lt n ha ha ndgun m at he a s l f c d hel ound i Tur rs pa l l . Cl z conf s t t he s a n ne ' rdng ot ak es ed ha hot t O ' i a sa ed t thewi hed O ' i n had di Bren, nd t t ha s Bre ed. 1 efu c d fndntweeme eso t NieTryG r n Teh a dGrn d s's be o teBlo s Th o r o ee a s r mb r fhe n e Wie c s n e a e' u st f h o d ) g n ,a ec h d amo v frteatc :1 Walngo wa u stwizhss o -ob se itr K. .frd t g a g nd ah a d e o h tak () si tn s p e t i o nt-e tpsse, W ,o ai n l n JP.whowa afitdwihteCr ,2 Src ln f a ab e ' t O're b cu eO' inwa sp o e t gv ., s fl e t h i () t ka d f d e f wi B in ea s Bre s u p sd o ie la ps i h . h Srclndapso, u h dn t ()a dalo tec d fn a t weea r wihO' in atrdso eiga dBlo s tika itlb t a o, 3 n l f h o ee d ns z ngy t Br fe ic v z n - o d e n gaf:(Blo Kie' o amal xo ti tea rme t rfi f o d 1 r' n i ç 1) bo usde h pat n. 2 O n M a 2,2007,Clr ent r d a A lor guit p1a i t Cic tCour oft Ciy y a k e e n f d ly e 2 n he t ui t he t ofW a s o,a w a c ct of bur ar wih a we pon,t c yne bor nd s onvi ed gl y t . a wo ount of a a t d s ggr va e m aii w oundi t count ofus of a f t i c m ison of a f l lc ous ng, wo s e aeq. n om s i m eony,a s r et nd te ga gpatcpa ni oligajve i . n rii ùo nv vn u nl e A t hi s e i he rng,Clr t tfed t t he ha r m aned outi durng t s ent nc ng a i a k esii ha d e i sde i he s hootng,a as S. . W a hi on,a Sti klnd r n f om t s ne one of t i nd W , s ngt nd rc a a r he ce , hem ha d gve hi t 32- ai rw e pon.H e he r guns sfom t pa l l ,butdi notknow i n m he c lbe a ad hot r he tdng ot d who ha fr d t m .Al o,Cl r cam ed t theha fr d t s l f d le he s a k li ha d le he hel ound a t s nea da t he ce y pror t t s i o he hootngs Clr c am e t t hi ea le c e sons we e les t pr ec t i . a k l i d ha s rir onf s i r i o ot t he younge pa tcpant . r rii s Thej g sntncd Clr t a a t tr off t-hzey asi ud e e e e ak o n ci em ve oryt e e r n Prs 3 ionClr s c a k' odef ndant ,W a hi on a St l nd,pladed gtit a we e c ct d e s s ngt nd dcda e zly nd r onvi e oft s m e sx ofe e asClr W as ngt and Sti a ci note e Alor plas he a i f ns s a k. hi on rcklnd ld nt r f d e . Clr ptr ue diec a a k zs d r t ppeas a gu ng t tt tilc ute r i notf t rr ducng l, r i ha he ra ot r ed n urhe e i li s nt ns e ence due t mi i e dence pr o dgaton vi oduc a s nt ncng. Clr cnm ed t t t ed t e e i a k li ha he nltgaton e de e de onsr ed t the wa ac al i ii i vi nc m tat ha s m ly nnoc ntor onl nnni al i ol d e y i m ly t ve w i t ctm es The Cour ofAppeasofVigi a a ft n he i . t l r ni fi- hi c med s onvi ton,hollng t tft e ci ci ha fher i s t nta e denc a i tt def ndanti t i m a t r...s fc e f ahndi ofguit s ubsa il vi e gans he e n l s te a uf i nt or ng l on a lsx c r s' a t t t s e i pos waswihi t r nge pr s tbed by lw . l i ha ge , nd ha he entnce m ' ed t n he a e ci a 2No t Caoi v Alod 4 0U..2 (9 0 (eo nzn ta d fn a tma pedg 'ywhl manqnn rh rlm . f r, 0 S 5 1 7 ) rc g iig h t ee d n y la ut i itiig r l t e in cnc) n o e e. 3 Clr ' i c m e c r i d a pot nda m a i a k s ndit nt a re e l x mum s nt nc of t e lf fm e pl eght en ye z . 'he e e e hr e ie i s us i e as F Com monwe lh a gu d f a a dve s nt nc of f t eg ye r ;Clr s a t he a gue t t c ts ul o y a t r e or n c e e e ory- iht a s a k' tor y r d hat he our ho d nl i mpos t mi m lm m a t y s nt nc s ''e s e i g dei sr c mende ar ng be we n t n y r a fve e he ni l nda or e e e . Ih ent ncng ui lne e om d a e t e e ea s nd i m ont t > e p t e ye r a t m ont , t am i i ofni t e ye r and f m . ont . hs o nt hr e a s nd wo hs wih dpo nt ne e n a s o m hs 3 Clr v.Co ak mmon at 2 08Va Ap LEXI 2 4 2 0 WJ 2 9 6 ,a * n. ( y1 , welh, 0 . p. S 3 , 0 8 = 01 5 1 t 1 4 Ma 3 2 08.TheS pr meCo tofVigni r f s dt v e Clr tmeyfld ape in f awrt 0 ) u e ur r i a e u e e iw. a k i l l e dto or i ofha as c us i t Cic tCott of t Ciy ofW a s o,r sng fve c nm s4 O n be om n he r ui zt he t yne bor aii i l i . O ct7,2009,t cr tc tdeni habea r lef a Cl r di notpt ue a ha a a he icui our ed s ei , nd a k d us be s ppea l t t Supr m e Cour ofVigi a. o he e t r ni On J n r 31 2 4,Clr f d a peion f r a wrtofha e s c r i fde a a ua y , 01 ak ie tt o i i b a o pus n e r l cititc r. Hi j 2 5 peiin a s rs a sn l 5 h Ame me cnm:Tra c uns l l rc ou t s 2 4 tto s e t ige 1t s nd nt li il o e ' ( r ende e i f tve as it nc by a sng and al wi Clz t ent r i o a Alor guit r d nefec i ss a e dvii lo ng a k o e nt n f d ly pla whe c e n ouns ldi not beive Clr w a guit of t c i es he wa ad sng hi t e d le a k s ly he rm s vii m o plad guit t a whih Clr di notcom nnt I s e ly o, nd c a k d i. n uppor ofhi pe t s édon,Clr s nis a a k ubr t 2011 unexe ut d a fda ta s ve a lte sfom one oft vi tm s O ' i n,a l te fom c e fi vi nd e r l e t r r he c i , Bre et r r a pts rna e f el Boyy a a s a 201 a fda tfom c ione m d Y la ' nd l o ' 3 fi vi r odef nda W as ngt The e nt hi on. m a e i l s a e t t Clr di not s t ras t t ha a k d hoot O ' i n,a t Cl r was out i i t sr t Bre nd hat a k sde n he tee when t s he hootng oc uted. i c r Clr ha notr ie tas c am i any Vigi a c t t ,hi cni i pr dut l ak s as d li l i n r ni our; hus s l m s oce al y bar dbyCoe n v. m s n,5 1U. 7 2 ( 9 1 .Alo li cnm i Hmebar d u e re lma Tho o 0 S. 2 1 9 ) s ,as li s - re nd r Va Cod j8016 4( ()a 28U. C. 2 4 .Clr ag e ta u e S hl v. l, . e . - 5 A)2 nd S. j 2 4$) ak r u s h t nd r c u Deo 5 3 U. 2 ( 9 ) a M c ignv. tcns 1 3S. .1 2 ( 1 ) hi a t a i noc nc 1 S. 98 1 95, nd oug i Pel , 3 Ct 9 4 20 3 , s c u l n e e i of t c i e e us t pr edur ldef ul a tm e- r unde a s a t oflnzt tons he rm s xc es he oc a a t nd i ba r ny t m e i ia i . Thediti tcour i tal dir s e Cl k' f r lha a pe i f f iur t e us sat src t nii l snis d ar s ede a be s tdon or a l e o xha t t e y 4Clr' E esaeha escqmsweea fl ws ()Clr wa d ne hsz tt aprl n r h aip () aks v tt b a li r s ol : a ak s e id i kh o ei ay ezz b o mi t Clr'pe wa iv l aya iwa c ec da ma eu d rd rs;c Clr 'mud l c n d nsvoae hir aks la s n ol t s t s o re nd d n e ues () aks lpe o dc o iltd s kht mt t b fe fo d u l jo ad ;d c u sl siefcvea ta a do a pela ()teeie c wa is h int o e re rm o be e p r y () o n e wa n fe d tr l n n p a; nd e h vd n e s nufce i ts o uppor t c i éons t he onv c . 4 r me is Clr v.Clz , 7:4 c - 00 2 ( . Va Fe 1 ,2 4 ( No. ) Clt e de . ak ake No. 1 -v 0 4 W D. . b. 0 01 ) ECF 3 . ak s oughtr consde a e i r éon of t dimi s ,whih was de e Clr v.Clt ,N o.7:4- vhe s s al c nid. a k a ke 1 c 0 4 ( . Va Apr 1 , 01 )( No. ) 00 2 W D. . . 0 2 4 ECF 7. Clr a ald t t Fourh Ciczt Cour of Appe l, a t Cour of Appeas a k ppe e o he t r ti t a s nd he t l r ve s d t dimi s la r a e r e he s s a nd em nded t t diti tc t diec i t c tt t e tCl s o he s rc our, r tng he our o r a rk' cli a e us e a de aule unde S a t v.D ie t D e ' of Cor eci ,439 F. nm s xha t d nd f t d r r ow r c or t r tons S p. 5 4 ( D. . 0 6 .TheCoztofAp ash l t tt dsdc c ur s u dha e up 2d 8 E. Va 2 0 ) lr pe l ed ha he it t o t ho l v dee mi e ()wh t r Clr ' a ma i c nc cnm e c e t pr c d a dea ta d tr n d 1 ehe a ks c l nno e e li x us s he o e url ful n un i l s ofhi j2 5 p é i ,a d ()i Clr ' a ma i c nc d se c eh sd uby tmei s s 2 4 e ton n 2 f aks c lnno e e oe x us i o l ne de a t d pe ii whet r t unde li i f ctve asi tnce ofcouns lcqm hasm ert f ule tton, he he ry ng nefe i ssa e li i. Clz v. a k , 1 - 1 ( t Ci. y1 , 01 )( No. 3 . ak Clr e No. 4 66 5 4 h r Ma 1 2 6 ECF 1 ) I I. A c ualI t nnocence A. St andar ofRevi d ew The Ant e r im a Efe tv De t Pe at Ac of1 6 ( i rors nd fci e ah n l t t y 99 AEDPA) s v tl e e ey r s rct f de alha asr le a f de t sa e prs r . fG e r ly,a f de alcolt m a not e ti s e r be ei f for d o tt ione s f ne al e r zt y consde cqm st a pe ii r f ied t r ie a t tm e and i t m a rt quied unde i r li hat ttone al o a s t he i n he nne e r r saelm ' Tee uzv.Zoo 8 6F. 8 3 8 7 (t Ci.2 5 (iai o te ) fAn tt a ' l k, 0 3d 0 , 0 4h t 01 ) ctt mitd. f j on g e e i i m ade f c s i wl c a com pelng s xc pton s or a es n a h i li howi of a ua i ng ct l nnoc ence e bl s a na e f a cour t consde t m elt ofa pe i eder l to i r he i s tdone ' ot wie def uled c m s' I For a rs her s a t bi . d. ' peiine t czm a t a i c nc ,fn w)e i e c mus e tbls s fkin do bta tg tto r o li c u lnno e e t e v d n e t sa ih u f e t u bou a g peiine 'jgul t j tf t c ncuson t a hi g a c r to jwo l bea M s ara of tto zs i o usiy he o l i h t s i r e ain u d t nc c rige j tc u l s li c n ci wa t pr d t of a fi til' Sc l ,5 3 U..a 3 6 usie ne zs o viton s he o uc s ar ra. ' hu 1 S t 1 5 (mp ss i o ii a) Ac u li c nc f oe no y isl p o i e a ba i f r r l f e ha i n rg n l. t a nno e e f s tb tef r v d d ss o ei . e I ta ,Fhepei ne ')cnm f rr le d pe ciial on t vai t ofli (r c d al nse d t rs li o eif e nds rtc l do y he l y as p o e url di y d futd camq' S hl ,5 3 U. a 31 (i g He r r v.Col ,5 6 U. 3 0 40 e a le li . c u 1 S. t 5 cén rea ' li 0 S. 9 , 3 ns ( 9 3) 1 9 ). f -qbe s c muspei t a a va e a s bsa ilczm ofa t a i c nc a e f la a o r téons h t d nc u tnta li c u l nno e e r e r m ey r r .: I a 322. To sa e s h a c nm ,t pe ii r m us s ts y a frgor ' xte l a e' d. t t t uc l i he ttone t a if fi ous' bu d n by < up ti qhsalg to ofc s ui na e r rwih ne r l bl e i nc re f porg i le ai ns on ét to l ro t w ei e vde e s ng a whe he i be e ul t y s i ii e dence tus wor hy e wine s ac ount ,or c iia t rt xc pa or centfc vi , r t t ye t s c s rtc l ph sc le i nc t a wa no p e e td a til' I .a 3 4 Fu t r Tg v n be n y ia vde e h t s t r s n e t ra. d t 2 . rhe , fja i g e ' l c vc e . .pe ine)no l g rha t ebe ftoft pr s i ofi c n e To t on itd . g dto r on e s h nei he eumpt on nno e c . he c ntay g ti r c me beo et ha a c u twihasrng a i tev s mao iy o rr,peionej o s fr he be s o r t to - nd n h at jrt t oft c esc l i - pr s pton ofgt't' 1 a 326 n. he as oncusve e um i ul.' d. t 42. The diti t c t m us e t ne al e dence a m a a holsi t e hol src our t xani 1 vi nd ke itc hr s d det r na i a erni ton bout t pe i he tdone ' cai of i rs l m nnoce e s pa a e f om is i ur i o t nc e r t r t nqt'y nt he fine sofhst l Tee u v. a s ,6 9F.d 3 2 33 ( t Ci. 01 ) Th dititc u t ar s i da. l z Pe ron 8 3 2 , 0 4h t 2 2 . e src o r ma c nsd r t na t eofe i nc ,Ho ev. l 5 7 U. 5 8 5 7 ( 0 ) t t n of y o i e : he tz r v de e us Bel 4 S. 1 , 3 20 6 , he i g , mi s nison ,Mc g 1 3S Ct a 1 2 ,tecel ii o win se,Hou e 5 7U. a ub lsi s oui/n, 3 . . t 9 8 h rcblt f te ss i y s, 4 S. t 537,552,a t pr tve f ce oft ne y s e ent r or H ous ,547 U. a nd he oba i or he wl upplm ed ec d. e S. t 5 8 S e v.Bel 5 3 F.d 3 2 3 1 ( . Ci.2 0 .Afe pe f znig t sa lss t e 3 9 ha l, 9 3 7 , 8 4t r 01 ) tr ro r n hi nay i, l h a dsdc c l tmus dee mi whehe Tti mor l l t a nott tn r a o b e jr r it t oz r t t t ne t r f s e i y h n i ke ha o e s na l l o z woul ha f d ve ound pe ii rglit beyond ar s bl doubt' Sc u ,51 U . a 328. ttone zly ea ona e . hl ' 3 S. t 6 I addi n éon, t r vi wi c t has sgnii nt l i de t m a c elbiiy he e e ng our i fca atm o ke r ci lt a s s ent i a ua i s es m s n ct l nnoc ence c es Se e.. U nied St t s v.Connol ,504 F. 206, as . e , t ae l 3d 2 3 1 (s Ci.2 0 )( a peln f aeg)mo toflse ai u n ( c -eons 1 -4 1t r 0 7 The p la t f c d s n mph ss po a o fl 'j pl i ji us r c nt:o ... we r g c -eon' tsi y dd noto c i ava ul ... al e e a a n ho ve, t o fl s e tmon i ho he ) c ur n c z m muc ofhi tsi nyr c i d s bsa da cr u tn lc robo ain. ;Unie S ae v. h s e tmo e eve u tn l ic msa da o r r to ' ) td tt s Go ae - nz lz 2 F.d 1 ,2 (s Ci.20 1 ( lig e de e ofpejr i wek nzlzGo ae , 58 3 6 2 1t r 0 ) hodn vi nc ru y s a whe i de nde on t c e bit oft o c nvce fl ) s eas M c a v. s i de , n t pe d he r di l y ' o itd eons; e lo cr Va b n r i w 4 9 F.d 5 8 5 4 (t Ci. 0 7 ( wine si ntfe t a pelnta t emur rra til 9 3 6 , 7 6 h r 2 0 ) A t s de i d he p la s h i dee t ra, but sat t t he c d not i iy t pe eta or a a l e e denta y he rng. t ed ha oul dentf he m t t t atr vi ir ai fkaon bejr r n do btc ul q sin t ce blyo t sa utfc fo a t r f e s a l t o s o u o d ueto he rdiit f hi bo a e r m nohe l z i i at a r tonal c d dic nm e nd a i l oul s ounthi t s i ony asnot ng m or t n a ate ptt ke p y s e tm hi e ha n tm o e fo beng f g e a ar t' . A d src c u tma h veg e tzdifc t deem i n t r m i pe g d s a.) ' itit o r y a t a e fiuly tr nig he c e biiy of e de e on a T d r c dy but t Fourh Ciczt Cour of Appeas ha r di lt vi nc < col e or ' ' he t r ti t l s al e t diti tcour t conçude t tt e de i i de t orunr ibl e low d he src to l ha he vi nce s na qua e ela e nough t o dimi st pe i wihouta e denta yhe rng. Se Tee z 689 F. a 331. s s he éton t n vi ir a i e l , 3d t B. Guit Pl ly eas Pl di /11 doe notentr l pr cude ape ii r fom c nm i a ua i e e ea ng 11 s iey e l ttone r l i ng ct l nnoc nc a ha s pr ee ngs howe ,g 11 plas a pa ta conf sons çs rousy unde- i ' t bea oc di ; ver 411 e nd ri l esi Te i l t ne' m t e cam . S eChe tn v. io,5 2 Fe App' 38 , 0 (t Ci.2 1 )( oli t tf h h li e sa S s 2 d. x 9 39 9 h r 0 3 h dng ha f e t e i e e ... so r l ng' s d on t pe i rsc nf si a g ut pe ) Bue v d nc wa ve whemi 'ba e he dt ' o e son nd t' y la; i one l v.M c o ,3 F.d 6 3,6 ( h Ci.2 0 )rfj i ha d t s e ho o who h s Ad 41 3 2 26 7t r 0 3 g t s r o e w ne l a c e s d c n a sr a t a i e e7 I Unie S ae v.Br c ,t S p e Cou tof onfs e a se t c u l nnoc nc . n td tts ). o e he u r me r 7 t Unie Sttshed t a by pla ig galy f he a c s d i notsmpy sa ng t a g he td a e l h t e dn i , f c u e s t t i l td h t t he a c e )di t edic eea t d s rbe i t i it nt l a c e ji al i ig g i ofa c us d d h s rt c s e c i d n he ndcme ; t c usd s c t n al he m t t s bsa i ci . 4 8 U. 5 3 5 ( 9 9 . The Fou t Cicl Cou to App as h s u tnt rme' 8 S. 6 , 70 1 8 ) ve ' th r tt r f e l a i e n i tuc e diti tcotr st ge r l dinls petions t tc r ctt pla c l ve ns r t d src zt o ne al s is i y ha ontadi he e oloquy. Se St es v. Le a t , 403 F. e at m ser 3d 2 - 2 (t Ci.2 0 ) tfq t a e e 212 4h r 0 5 fln he bsnc g e r or na y cr um s a es t t u h ofs n satm e sm ade durng a Rul 11 c l xta di r ic t nc , he r t wor t e nt i e oloquy i concusvey esabls d, and a ditit c t s d, wihout hol ng a e de s l i l t ihe stc our houl t di n vi ndar y he dng d sns a j 2 5 m o n t tne e s rl r le on alg t t tc ta itt a , ir is ny 2 5 do ha c s ai eis l ai ha on r dc he y e ons s r sae nt. wo n ttme s' ). A ddii ly, guit pl s gve rs t s ve a i s tonal ly ea i ie o e r l s ues unde Scll : t r i no r au he e s fcfnde j g o j y fn l g t r c r i not l a r va e , t e sae dd no a t r ud e r url i c n , he e o d s mal bb e it d h tt i t i y T es nt'e de e i t t ca f snon t e t bls guitbe d e ' vi nc n he ypi l a l pr i o s a ih l yond a r s bl doubt a ea ona e , nd t pe ii r has c lm e li gtl i a pl coloquy. Se Bouse v.U nie St t ,523 he ttone onft d as z t n i ea l e l t d a es U..6 4 6 -2 (99 )(c l ,J,dse tn )rglo i t c r t d tr n fcu l S 1 , 313 1 8 S ai . isnig f- w s he ou t o eemie ata a ll i nnoc nc upon ourr m and ...whe e convi don w a bas upon a a ison ofgt't' e e' e r c s ed n dm si ul?' J s eSc l c ndnu d:f e u by t d fnda wilntod ee i e c g th dd no u dc ai o e t s ma l he e e nt li r uc v d n e t e i t a pr ha c mmi t ci j...a t e Go r me ...wi ha t fnd a pr uc win se o t he rme nd h ve n nt l ve o i nd od e t e s s l syn t a he di go r tt ci e. ThsS e ; t n C nO t r n e y a n c rig Of aig h t d c m ni he rm j i e n s o ; t o e A d Ys a ra e j t e b t p od e o .) S at v.Bad n 5 0 F. 1 2 ,1 4 n. (t Ci.20 7 usi , ut o r uc ne'; n ih c ' lwi , 1 3d 1 7 1 0 9 9. r 0 ) h r e ae a r of a po e li c ng at be we n t e pu o e of t a t a i oc nc V r wa e tnda n o r iy t e h m s he cu l nn e e g twa a u e i Sc l a is a pl a n t c s si vovn guly (z no c nts) ae y nno nc d n h u nd t p i ùo o a e n lig i o c t o et pla .) Rui v. z lz 2 0 N =3 3 5 , 00 U. Dit LEXI 96 6 , t* n. ( D . e s' ; z Gon ae , 0 9 V1 23 5 8 2 9 S. s. ' S 6 8 a 8 5 C. 8 Ca.Oc.2 2 0 )( ll g ta te h be sc r f tc sde p tdo rsg lyplai l t , 0 9 hocn h t h a a ou t f i mus oni r ei ne' ui e n t deez nn wh t rpeiine c nm e tt Sc l sa a d). trniig ehe t o r a e he h u tnd r ' t C. Schl Gat w ay up e I poranty,t s ni T ct li m t l he er nal ' - nnoc nce:ca e r led on c peli e de e of a ua e ' s s ei om lng vi nc a ta i oc nc . Se Bou l ,5 U. a 6 Sodn t tça tzli e e me n cu l nn e e e se 23 S. t 23 lig ha f caa nnocnc ' a s d fc u li c nc ,no me e lg li ufiinc . I S hl ,a p io s vel n e v d o a t a nno e e t z e a ns fce y' n c u ). rs n ut ia c i e l s howed t peddone i t di ng halsxt -i s onds be or gu r r ponde t t he r n he ni l i y fve ec f e a ds es d o he mur rh wa c r e wih.Th peiine i cu d afda ist a ()pr f se Sc l ' de e s hag d t e tto z n lde fi vt h t 1 o e s d hup s ino e e ()ie iida h ri t a t asi n,()sae t tt peiine c ud n c nc ,2 d ntfe note nmae s he sal t 3 ttd ha he t o r o l a t notha t a l fom t dilng halt t m ur r s ne i t known ea e Hm e,a ve r veed r he ri l o he de ce n he lps d nd ()r v ae t tt e peiine ha b e u urid,c rany no a i hewa rzhig a y 4 e e ld ha h tto r d e n nh re e til t s f s ts n wa fom a m ur r s ene Sc u , 513 U . a 335 40. l H ous t pe i r pr e ed r de c . hl S. t n e, he téone es nt t tm ony t tt vi tm ' hus nd had al it t s ve a pe e t the ha m ur r d hi esi ha he c i s ba cm ted o e r l opl ha d de e s wie,a a s c led i o quesi t pr ec i s c nta f e i pr . 547 U . at55 f nd lo al nt ton he os uton' e r l or nsc oof S. 4 ( Co thed t a f h is g s co e' The ur l h t r e sue wa j l s . t ). I pr ng a tz i n ovi caal nnoc ence fec ntng a hda t a e awa viw e wih Txt e e ,ft a i f vis r l ys e d t e r m s pcon.'Wil msv.Co l,26 F.d 6 4 7 8 (t Ci.20 1 (uo gUrie Sae v. usii ' la ' i e 0 3 8 , 0 61 r 0 ) q :n z d tts n t Ch mbe ,9 4 F.d 1 3 1 4 ( t Ci.1 9 ) (u e s de i to ot r r und b - a t 4 2 25 , 26 6h t 9 1 s re d n r n he o s U... j 2 15()) Ge r l , TW j r a m o in f r a ne til i ba e u SSG. D . a). ne al f hee y g to o w ra s s d pon r ca aton oft tm ony gve a t t l s e nt i esi i n t he da, uch t dm ony i T es sl ooke upon wih t u% os d t he t s p con,'Unt d Sttsv. oh o 48 F.d 1 7 ,1 79 ( h Ci.1 7 )(uo g Un td us ii r ie ae J ns n, 7 2 2 8 2 4t r 9 3 q dn ie Sttsv. wi,3 F.d 1 7 1 9 ( t Ci.1 6 ),as e im t to yi c e s sa t e ae Le s 38 2 3 , 3 6. r 9 4) k pdcs ha nl n r a e s i h m 9 pass S eKo aev. rema 2 6Fe . x2 0 2 2(t Ci. 0 )Sodngt t se . e molf Quatr n, 4 d App' 7 , 7 5h r 20 7 li ha t c e biiy ofa r a a he r di lt ec nt don afi vi wa r éga e whe i wasnots it d un1 eght fda t s ni t d n t ubnate i y a sa tra c v cin) c r.d nid 5 2 U. 1 6 ( 0 9) Furhe c urs ç ve l te e r fe on ito , e t e e , 5 S. 1 8 2 0 ). t r o t f ha i l t c nfde e i g c e e a ts p te e i t t e pe nc b c us he h d no ûng o nc n a od fnd n ') ossntncng ruh x de e e a e a d whatoe r t l e by i i i tng hi s l afe r c i ng a 60- t s e . D r w v. s ve o os ncrm na i m ef t r e evi yea ent nce' ? e Sc t 2 F.d 46 ,4 3 (t Ci.1 9 ) (ii Dr w v.S ae 7 3S. .d 2 7 2 8 ( x ot, 8 3 0 6 5 h r 9 4 ctng e t t, 4 W 2 0 , 2 fe . Ctm. p.1 8 ). i Ap 9 7) 1 1 E vi 1. dence A. l ncul or Evi pat y dence Clr s pl a coloquy a li sat e s t polce a a s nt ncng a e sgni ant a k' e l nd ls t em nt o i nd t e e i r i ûc e dence ofhi gtit D urng hi pl coloquy,Clz t tfe t he a hi a t ne ha vi s zl. i s ea l a k esii d hat nd s tor y d dic s d t c r , t ee e s of t c r , a wha t Com m onwe lh was s us e he ha ges he lm nt he ha ges nd t he at r quied t pr bef e he c d be f e r o ove or oul ound 5 11 H e s a e t he ha ha a qua e tm e 11. t t d hat d d de t i t m e t and conf r wih hi a ne r ga di t c e a a def ns he ha t t o e e t s tor y e r ng he as nd ny e es d o he c r . Folowi t Comm onweat s pt s a i ofa s m a y oft e de e,Cl r ha ges l ng he lh' e ent ton um r he vi nc ak satd t he had f e l a vol a iy de i t plad guit ,be us he di notwa t t e hat r ey nd unt rl c ded o e ly ca e d nt o rs a l e ji s ntnc fo beng f nd gét a til E e as t l t c r t a he ik ong r al e e e z m i ou tly t ra. l lo od he ou t h t unde sood t tby pl adi gait ,he wa w avi s ve a ofhi rght ,i l ng hi rghtt rt ha e ng ly s i ng e r l s i s ncudi si o a tilbyj y a li rg t pr s nte i e ea c fo h sa c e s Het sxe t a ra ur nd ls iht o e e v d nc nd on r nt i c usr . et d h t no one ha c r e li i o pl di guit ,a t he wass fed wih t s r e of d oe c d nm nt ea ng ly nd hat aés i t he e dc s . li a t ne ns tor y. 10 A ts nt i t Com m onw e lh t nde ed fa s t néalpr f roft e de e ... e encng, he at e r < ubs a ofe he vi nc i s ppo toft e g i y pla'b p e e tng e i nc t tClr c nf se t () fb g hs n u t h ul e ' y r s n i vde e ha a k o e s d o: 1 s n i t t 3 - ai rp sol n bu nn on ofO' in' bl ba a s( i ga g c o s i fo of z c l it a d r ig e be Bre s ue nd na Crps n olr) n r nt . Tur rs a rm e t da be or t s i i r a iton f Hva Crpsl a r O ' in ne ' pa t nt he y f e he hootng n etla i or l i e de Bre wrtn f oodI l zii g aiti Tune' a r e palngl ,()gvn W ahngo a iig f Bl oie' n rfiin r rs par nt rd ot 2 iig s i tn l gu ()s tn a K. . nd O' in wih a.z-ai rwe pon ()ftngt pit lo ea n, 3 hoo ig t W a Bre t 3 c l be a , 4 ti he so nc t O' in beo e lsg jmme ,()fei t a rme beo ehe wa a l t fx hs Bze fr n un a d 5 leng he pat nt fr i s be o l i jmme wepon,()wihig ta O' in ha did bea eClr wa g ig t sr etme a d a 6 s n h t Bre d e cus ak s on o ev i a y yf rt e s tn ,a ()sa g t tK. .dd no d sr et bes ot S eClr v. n wa o h hoo igs nd 7 tdn ha W i t e e v o h . e ak Com m onweat 2008 W L 2019561 2008 Va. lh, , App.LEXI 234,at*1 n. H rg Tr vol 2,4S 4; ' . . 20,80- Furhe ,t Com m onwe 1h i t 82. t r he at ntoduc e de e t t polce had dicove ed a ed vi nc ha i s r s l c i at t c i e s e pa ki l t t m at hel asng he rm c n: r ng ot ha ched s ls c aned i a . cai r hel ont i n 3z- lbe wea pon f ound on Clt whe hewasa r t i N e ak n r esed n wpor N e son D ec m ber1 2006. t w e , The Com m onw e 1h ac at knowldge t Clr s s a e ent t polc about hi own e d hat a k' t t m s o ie s i ve e we e i nvol m nt r nconssent but e r m ey i ul or Re r ng t . cai pit it , xte l nc pat y. ga di he 32- 1bet sol t t polce r cove ed on Clr durng hi a r s ,Cl k intal i or e N e ha i e r ak i s r e t ar tiily nf m d wpor N e s t w O fi rSny t t the sol t we pon f om li unce,butt n l t rs i t the boughti fce de ha t e he a r ls l he a e ad ha t of t s t t of Cha l t vil Clr t d a com plt l dif r nt s or t W a nes o f he tee s rotes le. a k ol e ey fe e t y o y bor O fi r Luza r sa fce de , t dng t W a li on ha yel d t t O ' i was r ac ng f a gun hat slngt d le ha Bren e hi or wlie Cl r a Stikl nd we e s l outi t a r e . U pon he rng W as ngt ll a k nd rc a r dl sde he pa % nt ai hi on s , Clr s i t t he r n i o t a rm e a gr bbed t gun fom a dz we t hout a k ad ha a nt he pa t nt nd a he r a r hat O' in wa r a higi o,a s a O' in w11 t pso .Thegu jmme a Clr Bre s e c n nt nd hot t Bre t he it l : n a d, nd ak l tt apa t e . W hie e éng t f ontdoor he ate pt d t fr a he s ove hi ef he rm nt l xi he r , t m e o te not r hot r s he dba ki ot ea rme , uttepso jmme a an o rmnne jmme a c nt l pat ntb h itla d g i r e i d a d. n I a i e ve j ta fw h zsltz Clr t l o fc r t talf rc dee da s n n ntr iw us e ot ae , a k o d fie s ha l ou o f n nt r entr t a rm e bec us t y c d hea O ' i n i i ,wih Clr sa i a t y e ed he pa t nt a e he oul r Bre nsde t a k t tng s he ent r d,< el i he w on' c e out t us we wilgo i ' H rg Tr vol 2,15. Clr as e e < l) f W t om o , l n.' ' . . a k lo t d polce t t Sti a s O ' i fve tm e , a t t Sti l ol i ha rcklnd hot Bren i i s nd ha zcdand r ceved t . e i he 45cai rpit fom W a hi on,who wasgve t g by Clr lbe sol t s ngt i n he un a k.D urng quesi ng,Clr i toni ak i or ed ofi e s t t he had gi W as ngt t gu t hol be a e Cl r f s goi nf m fc r ha ven hi on he n o d c us a k t wa ng go t a rme qt fsfg O. ' I . t1 t he pat nt o itiht B. d a 4. ' Ft t r t Co z he , he mmon at o l e sae n s fo K. . JP,a S. .a t r we 1h ut n d ttme t r m W , . nd W t he i s nt ncng hea i K . .t d polce t tW as ngt s he ,a t tf hr e i vi l e e i rng. W ol i ha hi on hot r nd ha f e ndi dua s t c mei g t be r ml' whl S. .so o e Tur r I .a 6 . t l of c r t t a n t he d oo , ie W t od v r ne . d t .jP. o d h e s ha o ' T ak h d a g ve y bi hartl,t twa a unq hat tl, a at ug JP.di not f r a cl r g isye ha s iue isye' nd l h . d ' ho know Clr he wa a e t i ntf li by t har t l a one oft tue m e wea i z a k, s bl o de iy nm he isye s he l e n rng ed ba ndanast br i o Tut rsa rm ent J S. .jaedt tClr a Sti a s hat oke nt ne ' pa t . Z W tt ha ak nd rcklnd hot . O ' in a K . .I Bre nd W d. La ty,Clr f l a it hi i vem e a m e be snp i t Bl s l a k uly dnated s nvol nt nd m z li n he oods Afe li . t z zs a r t Clr m ade gang sgns whie beng phot r phe dmi pr s i a r f e a r es, a k i l i og a d ng oce sng nd e us d n ofi rsofe ofBur rl ng durng quesi lng bec us t i éasoft z t uz nt :81 ' fce ' f z ge ii i tori a e he ni l he esa a , C 4,' a s s ood f f ood l le .' Atli s nt ncng,Clr t d t cour t thi t too K O B' lo t or f Bl G lr' zs e e i a k ol he t ha s a t K M ' m ea f e be ofBl nt f m r M oods' a li fna s a e entwas To ne t ng a y' nd ls i l t t m :f hi boutBl ood,you l ook f orwa d t t de l H e' s r o he vi. s uppos t beyour f t r' I at128,146. ed o a he .' d. 12 B.E xc pat y Evi ul or dence A ts nt ncng,Clr ccm e t the wa ac ual i e e i a k li d ha s t ly nnoc nt of t c r ,a w a e he ha ges nd s pl di guit i f a of convitons a ti lt tw otl lad t sgnii a l l r prs ea ng ly n e r ci t ra ha zd e o i fc nty onge ion sntncs Clr tsie t th arve a Tlne' a rme t fsf O' in,b ta e e e. ak etf d ha e ri d t z rs pat nt o itkht Bre ut h t i r he ne r e e e t a rm ent I t ad,he sa d be nd i t pa l 1 wlie hi ve nt r d he pa t . nse t ye hi n he rdng ot al s c odef ndant w e upsar a s O ' i and K . . Clr cni e t t he ha gi e s nt t is nd hot Bren W a k l m d ha d ven W ahigt hs.z cl rpitlt hod du n Clr' pa ne fsf wih O' in,a s n on i 3 -ai so o l ti g aks ln d itkht t Bre nd be a t rt s fe he hooéng,s e ga li bac t gun asal t ga m e be sfe om one ve nm k he l he ng m t l d. M or ove ,c e r ouns lde onsr e t tt s l c i t tm a c d t s l i t e m tat d ha he hel asng ha t he he hels n he w e pon r cove e by N e a e rd wpor N e spolcedurng Clr sa r s ca e fom t pa ki l , t w i i a k' r e t m r he r ng ot notTur rs apa t e . Clr e ane t he ha fr t tbuletpror t t ni of ne ' rm nt a k xpii d hat d led ha l i o he ght t s he hootng,t r ait a i tt Crpsm em bert thad a hoz a Bl i o et la e gans he i ha ut ed né- oodsgr ft i afii n Tur rspa l l . ne ' rdng ot Addi ly, couns l hi i e s e i onsse i s an ongs t e e t s e ' donal e ghlght d om nc i tnc e a t he y vé ne s s t tm ony r ga di Clr s pr ence i t a rm e durng t s i A prlTut r esi e r ng a k' es n he pa t nt i he hootng. i ne o y i e tf d W a hig on SW . a d Stil nd a me t r of t s dn ,JP. nl d n ii e s n t , . , n rcda spe eao s he hoo g . ' S wrten sat e onl r e s t W a li on a S. . a i K . .S sa em e s t polc it t em nt y ef r o slngt nd W , nd n W ' t t nt o ie, s ne rs a e t t s s w Clr i i t a rm e . 1 a 57- Atone poi ,K . . he ve t t d ha he a a k nsde he pa t nt d. t 60. nt W e ven t d polce t s w a one hundr d pe c nts e t the br he ,W as ngt ha ol i hat he s e r e ur ha t ot r hi on, d s he ,e n t hot r ve hough S. .ha i plc ed Sti kl nd a Clr a t s e s J . a 59. W d m iat tc a nd a k s he hoot r . da t - C. Cl k' N e Evi ar s w dence Clr of e s t ca e i ofne e de e i s a k f r wo t gores w vi nc n uppor ofli a t ali t as c u nnoce e c lm : nc l i () a fd vt fo c de e a W a lng o a d vci O' in sa ng t t Clr i 1 fi a is r m o f nd nt st t n n it i m Bre té ha ak s i noc nt a ()lte sfo vci O' in a f l Bo 't a e upae Clr fo t n e ; nd 2 etr r m it Bre nd Yel y' h t xc l t ak r m he m a s hootng ofO ' i n. i Bre I W a hi on' N ove be n s ngt s m r 201 afi vi, he sa ed t t he had pe s l 3 fda t t t ha z ona knowldge of t s e he hootng of O ' i n and K . . a t Cl k w a outi i t st t i Bze W , nd hat ar s sde n he tee w he t s n he hooéng ha ne a wasuni ve when t s ppe d, nd nvol d he hootng oc ur e W a li on i c r d. snngt as m ant i d hi i lo i ane s nnoc nc O ' in,i a une c ed O c obe 17,2011 a fda t sa e e e. Bre n n xe ut t r fi vi, t t d t Clr di notc m i t c i e ,a s d ber l a e hat a k d om t he rm s nd houl e e s d. Clr as s it d f lte s fom O ' in. l t & s lte ,O ' in cli e a k lo ubnate our e t r r Bre 5 n he t e t r Bre nm d t he ha notwrten t Com m onweat 6 a t he ne r i plc e Clr i t hat d it he lhy nd hat ve m iat d a k n he s ooé ,a t a hek w Clz dd nots othi S eLetrNo 1 fo J me O' in h ng nd h t ne a k i ho m. e te . r m a s Bre t Br nd Clr 1 - 1( No.1 Ata h.1 . I li s c nd lte ,O' in i or d o a on ak, 0 1 ECF , tc ) n ls e o etr Bre nf me Cl k t t he woul hep Clr be a e t y had no T ef' but t t O ' in wa e t ar ha d l a k c us he d ,: be ha Bre nt d o f n o J r e gtika ) gil7 Le trNo.2 fo J me O' in t Brndo Clr ,9 f g n o d n s rc lnd sc. te ba ' r m a s Bre o a n a k ( N o 1 Ata h.1. I O' in' t idlte,O' in a lgz d f zt afda i tki ECF . , tc ) n Bre s h r etr Bre poo ie o he fi vt a ng s lngb cus hewa tyngt g ti noaie e LetrNo.3fom J me O' in t o o ea e s ri o e t trz d.S e te r n s Bre o Br n Clr ( t 2 2 11, ( No 1 Ata h.1. l O' in' f urhlte,O' in a don a k Oc. 3, 0 ) 4 ECF . , tc ) n Bre s o t etr Bre 5One lte wasdaed Ocober23, 2011 a he wasNove r 1 2011 a t ot r. lter wer e tr t t , not r mbe 6, , nd he he t et s e wo undae td. 6 O ' in was r f encng t Or on M ot t M odiy Sentnce Com monw e t v. Clr No. Bre eer i he der . o f e , alh a k, CR0 0 1 7 1 2 a 1 ( .Ci.Ct Oc.3 2 0 ) ta sae ta O' in ha wrte te Co n at, 8 00 0 - 1 , t Va r . t , 0 7 , h t ttd h t Bre d itn h mmo we 1 h i omigteprsc tr $ )ta E Bre )wa ben c ec da dtr ae e b Mr Clr whi b t me wee nfr n h o e uo:t h t o' in s ig o re n he tn d y . ak l oh n r 1 e ic reae a MideRie Re in l al2)ta Mr Clr wa sil fiae wi c rang n s a d3 ta te n acrtd t d l v r go a Ji; h t . ak s tlafl td t eti a g ; n ) h t h i h c e so t lte ss it t t Cour by M r Clr we efle. ontnt f he etr ubm ted o he t . ak r as ' ' s a e t he kne t Clr had nots hi ,butt tSti kl ha bee t s t t d hat w hat a k hot m ha zc and d n he hootr e, a O ' in wo l tsiy t t a f c. Se LetrN o.4 fom J me O' in t Bt ndo nd Bre u d e tf o h t a t e te r a s Bre o a n Clr ( v.1 ,2 1,5 6 ( No.1 Ata h.1 . O' in a k wld d t tt r wee a k No 6 01 ) - ECF , tc ) Bre c no e ge ha he e z no ha d f elngsbe we O ' i n a Clr I a 6. r e i t en Bre nd a k. d. t Yel Boy' unda e lte dicus e a c la s t d e t r s s d onve s ton t tYel Boy a O ' in ha r a i ha la nd Bre d ha a ou Clr . Yel Bo wr e Tg Bre js i h k ws ( tClr cd n s othmj d b t a k l y ot:fo' in ad e no t a ha a k l ot ho i i c u e ( Bre a d Clr ha )tle a we e s pposd t f ht.. wh n t a sltwe a s O' in n ak d ak d nd r u e o i g e h t li nt do g ak h dal ewha t fc lokon Iilfc a j trn. Letrfo Yel Bo wn clrl a i k t he u k o l s ae nd us a ' te r m l y 1 ' a t Brndo Clr , - ( No. , t c 1. o a n a k 7 8 ECF 1 Ata h. ) l V. Anal i ys s H e e t e dence ofer d by Clz does not rs t t lve r t d by Sc u . r , he vi f e ak ie o he e l equie hl Clr ha not s nit com pelng e de e t r ie s f e doubt a ak s ubr ted li vi nc o as ufkint bouthi gutt a s ' nd l unde m i confdencei li convitons r ne i n 's l ci . Fis ,Clr s s it d a fda t l k c elbiiy a do notofe a com pelng cnm r t a k' ubnate fi vis ac r ci lt nd fr li li of a t li c ua nnoc ence Bot O ' i n a W as ngt a e f l and f m ergang m e be s . h Bre nd hi on r eons or m r. Futhe , O ' in wa Clr s c l t r Bre s a k' hidhood find bef e t y bec m e ga rva s a re or he a ng i l, nd W a hi on i a c s ngt s odef nda t tcai e t m anti bi i e nt ha l m d o i an s nnoc e die ty c z di enc , t c l onta céng W a li on' pl a c l slngt s e oloquy wih hi afi vi. The afi vis a e a s i r di y s t l k t s fda t fda t t lo nc e bl hor, ac a s c fc de al t woul bolt r t i beiva lt a we e wtten s ver lye r afer ny pe ii t is hat d se her le biiy, nd r it e a a s t t s he hootngs Telngl i . li y,Cl r does not ofe a fda t fom a of t ot r vi i s or ak f r fi vis r ny he he ctm eyes t es. vi ness 15 Sec ond,t lte s do notofe any ne c he e t r fr w ompeli e de e ofClr si lng vi nc a k' nnoce e; nc i ta t ltesmeeyrieaehi g nea fitkht'te r:t thewa notprsnti nse d,he etr rl etrt s e zlfsf ' h o y ha f s ee n t a rm e dutng t s i be us he w a watng f O ' i n i t pa ki l . he pa t nt i he hootng ca e s ii or Bre n he r ng ot M or eover Yel Boy ci note ha pe s lkno e oft s , la ld ven ve r ona wl dge he hooéngs he s ntal te ; e etr t Clr pa aphr i O ' in' s a e ent about Clr s lck of i ve e . A lo, t o a k r asng Bre s t t m a k' a nvol m nt s he c e ofYelaBpy' sa e e a ontxt l s t t m nt boutClr ss a k' uppos r a i i pr em a i f he t ed e cton s obl tc: v n hat s twe d wn y ha a l e wha t f k l o y u fc a d j tr n' J. a 8 hi nt o ou d i k t he uc ook n o r a e n us a . - t . ' I L O ' in c d notha t d Yel Boy aboutCl r sr a i consde i O ' in wasi t Bre oul ve ol la a k' e cton i rng Bre n he pr s ofbeng s a Clr wasa t nty i t pa ki l .Clr ha notc nm e t oce s i hot nd a k ppa e l n he t ng ot a k s l i d hat Y el Boy ha i or aton fom ot rwines esor pa tcpa soft s la d nf m i r he t s rii nt he hoodngs or t he , hat w a pr e a t s ne t ga s es nt t he ce o uge Cl t s r c i a k' ea ton. Cl a l Yela Boy' c m e s a e e ty, l s om nt t nas i s e cont xt lnk,bec us Yela Boy woul notknow wha Cl k' f ce l isng om e ual i a e l d t ar s a ooke d lke unl s ,ofc s Clr wa t li Yel Boy wha t s yi t lte . i , es our e, a k s elng la t o a n he e t r Thid, e r ven wih s e i onssency i t Com m onweat s e de , Cl r s t om nc it . n he lh' vi nce a k' e a ton of hi a i on t ni of N ove be 25,2006 doe notm a s ns . xplna i s ctons he ght m r s ke e e cni s t ha be n i t pa ki 1 i or t fsfght O' i n,butt cout c nnot l m o ve e n he r ng ot n der o iti Bre he ' a t c rhe ho Clz c udho sl beiv t tafsf wa g igt o cz a hi pat omp e nd w ak o l net l e ha itkht s on o c t s s ry y e r a oac d t a r m e ofknown Crpsaftit s ar e wih a l s t ha ppr he he pa t nt i - fla e m d t t ea t wo ndgunsa nd wi. r ba nas cove i t i f c . The cour fnds i i r l unbei va e t t t ed nda h rng her a es t i t nhe enty le bl ha a e e m y ga m embe s who had s ve a r c nt vi ent c r a vow d ne ng r e zl ee ol onfont dons woul put ; d 1Be i sClr s i i t a rmen par ng 1 a bt ng O' in' bl banda , s ve a heae sde ak hootng n he pa t t ki ot nd rni Bre s ue na e r l td gang-eaed i i nt had r e l oc ure i ol ng Clr hi codeenda s a t vitms O' in ha t d r lt ncde s ec nty c r d nv vi ak, s f nt, nd he ci . Bre d ol Clr d rngap o ec lta ç ed n'k o E ak;h n v rk e E ak a . . wh nh d s e( ak , ak u i h n alh t t o t n w clrj e e e n w clr q nd . And e e o e C1r) h h ' g igt s o t( ak i (i)fc o sg t'Src a d t d Clr ta h h d fu h O' in p irt te es on o h o Clr j n hs a e n ihy tikln ol ak h t e a o g t Bre ro o h ' 16 a i t i we pons a m e ey obs r e a Cl r a O ' i enga d i a fsfght The sde her a nd r l e v s a k nd Bren ge n iti . c t as Ends Cl r s sa e e t t he ha no i a a our lo a k' t t m nt ha d de bout t t' i enéons of he t nt ue W ahn t ,Src lnd,a S. .a te fre t i wa i o Tur rsa rme t be s jon tika nd W s h y oc d her y nt ne' pat nt o e t ey unlkey, es i ly c i rng W a hi on' ups de e xtem l i l pecal onsde i s ngt s et m anor a pror nd i c r aton ofK . . aswela Stikl a S. . prorsat m e sr ga di O ' i onfont i W , l s tc and nd W ' i t e nt e r ng Bren. S Fourh, Cl k' e a éon f hi m ul e i t at s xpl na oz s dpl nconsse s a e e s a blt nt it nt t t m nt nd a a f brca a i donsi unbeiva e Clr cni st the conf s e t polc i or r t pr ec t s le bl. a k l m ha e s d o ie n de o ot t he y ounge pa tcpa s s c fcal t c rf W a l on. H rg Tr vol 2,11 H o e r i r rii nt, pe ii l o ove or sùngt y ' . . 8. w ve , n Clr sconf s i ,he e iil i i t salofhi code e nt i b0t t s a k' e sons xplcty mplca e l s f nda s n h he hoodngsa nd t bur a y a e t r prncpasori t s c he glr s ihe i i l n he e ond- g ee Clr a s sngld W as ngt out de r . a k lo i e hi on i satng t tClr ha gi n W a hi on a handgun bef e t s n t i ha a k d ve s ngt or he hootngs I i f e oni ; i . ' s f as ng' I r f l ng t a horte de i l c how e r Clr sa ndonm e ofhi conf son i or r or yi o ut ii s fes ogi; ve , a k' ba nt s es i n de t cnm inocnc a a i a ln ty ji sne e wa muc mor rtona,abet o li n e e nd vod e gh al e tnc s h e ai l l i cihones. ls t Fit unde a Schl a l i,t f c inde woul silha t det r i w het rt fh, r up nayss he a ti r d tl ve o e m ne he o beive Clr s d iti 7 ve son of e s bolt e by a fda t a lte s a hor d by le a k' f s fght' r i f vent ser d fi vis nd e tr ut e f l ,orf l hi i ta c e son t the s O ' i n a wihe t the ha di d,t e ons olow s niil onf s i ha hot Bre nd s d ha d e he e wines ac ount ofClr i t a rm ent t sr c t um sa ile de ofge tng ye t s c s a k n he pa t , he tong ic tnta vi nce ti a r s e w lie i pos e son ofone oft w e ponsus i t s r e t d zl n s si he a ed n he hootng,a wel as Clr s i s l a k' a knowl m e of hi guit i ii pl coloquy. The c t fnds t t Clr s clm i c edge nt s l n ks ea l our i ha a k' li s Nove r25 s igs,W as ngt ha ha a atr ai wih hi s t besepsse K. . who wasdatng mbe hootn hi on d d n le c ton t s oon-o- -t itr W , i Crp -fiae j v ni JP.a d S. . a c le te me ç bu c o sae ngg r'frno rtlaig a ans isafl td u e l . , n W h d ald h n f n h f crd i es' o t eait g i t i e a n O' e HrgTr vol2,85- 99-1 2. Brin. ' . . 90, 0 net rcr bl nor com pelng,a e n wih s e unc r ant a t t pr c s i ndte ihe edi e li nd ve t om e t i y s o he e ie de is oft s he hoot r ,lga i ufii nc i note e s e l ns fc e y s nough t pr ac u li o ove t a nnoc enceunde Sc u . r hl I s m a y t c ztfndst tClr hasnots n um r , he otr i ha a k hown t the i a m a l i ha s c ly nnoc ntof e t bur a y ofTur rs a rm entor t s he glr ne ' pa t he hooùngs of O ' i n a K . . Ba e upon a Bre nd W sd c i r ton ofa lof t ne e de e com bi d wih pror i ul t y a e ul or onsde a i l he w vi nc ne t i nc pa or nd xc pat y e i e c ,t c u tfndst ti i no l ey t ta y r a on bl jr r wo d h ve ha a v d n e he o r i ha t s t i l ha n e s a e u o ul a k d r s bl doubta t Clr sguit ea ona e s o a k' l. I f i Ass s ance Cl m nefectve it ai Re r e s of whet r Cl t s e de e m e s t de a ng Schl sa r hi ga dls he a k' vi nc et he m ndi u t nda d, s unde li Si h Am e ry ng xt ndm enti f ctve asi t nefe i ssance ofc ouns lc nm fist s rctSti ll e l i al he ti rctand v.W a hi t t t To s a e a c tm tona cni f i fec i a ss a e,Clr m us s n on es. tt onsi i l l m or ne f tve s it nc ak t sdsy t t - o Src ln ts b s wi () çha c nsl pefr n e wa a f he wopr ng tika d et y ho ng 1 f t ou e' roma c s t s deiint:a ()T h tt d fce pe f r nc p eudc d t e de e e' 4 6 U..6 , fce , nd 2 f a he eiint ro ma e r j ie h fns . 6 S 68 ' t ' 68 - 8 ( 9 4 . A pe io rmu to e c < sr g p e u i ' t a c unslstc c l 66 7 1 8 ) tt ne s v r ome f ton r s mpton' h t o e' a é a i a deii d ig terptsntto weezao bl c mpee ,a d t c ur ma a jdg csons urn h e ee ain r es na y o tnt n he o t y du e couns ls pe f m a e de ii ntonl whe a pettone de ons r t t tTt lghtofa lt e' ror nc fc e y n ii r m ta es ha f' i il l he c t um sa s t i ntfed a s oromi sonsw e e outi t wi r ic t nce , he de ii ct si r sde he de ange ofpr es i ly of sonal c pe e asi tnce' 1 a 689 9 8 om t nt ssa .' d. t - 0. Clr ' j 2 4 peiin a s rs a sn l cnm :f ll a c uns lr nd r d i fe d a ks 25 tto se t i ge li f r il o e e e e ne fc ve rr a ssa by ad sng a pe nlti Clr t e e t Alor pl ase n t s it nce vii nd r itng a k o ntr he f d e ve hough t lwy r he a e bele ived,ba e on a m as ofe ul t y e de ,t tClr wasnotglit oft ofe e sd s xc pa or vi nce ha a k zly he f ns s 8'-eSxhAme d nt u rn esrao a l c mpee c, tp reta v cc jd e wihteb nei o <' it 'h l n me g aa te es n be o tn e no efc d o ay u g d t h e l f t hn sg . Yab r u hv Ge , 4 U.. , (0 3. id iht' ro o . n 5 0 S 1 8 2 0 ) ' 18 c ag d. Pe'' Br 1 ,Clr v.Clr e No.71 h t e ' t s . 6 ak ' t ak , :4CV0 0 2 ( No.1. Alho g Clz 0 4 ECF ) t u h ak ne r r ie t i pz i e is i e ri pr ee ngs cnm d ofli sat ha aspr ee ng ve as d l s ecs s ue n a ler oc di , li a as t e be oc di s a e a sm ia cnm :Clr ale d t ha c t t d i lr li a k lge hat d ouns li ot ed hi oft l k ofe de e i e nf m m he ac vi nc n t Com m onwe lh' pos es i he woul ha i it d on goi t til a t e de e he a t s s son, d ve nss e ng o ra, nd he vi nc couns lpr s nt d on hi be l ats encng coul ha be n us t def hi c e. e ee e s haf ent i d ve e ed o end s as Asde al i hi pl a coloquy,Clr wasc e ned t thi ga a i t woul not t ied n s e l ak onc r ha s ng ctviy d T ly wel wih a '1 f a l' t l T.Clt ' c unslwane t ti t e j y t jce Clt ' t si y P ' . u aks o e t d ha f h ur ee td aks e tmon , Cl r woul f e a sgnii a l hi r s nt nc Couns lad s d Clr t t e e i a ak d ac i fc nty ghe e e e. e vie a k ha nt rng n Alo d gzt pla a te c n n ig a j g of Clr' i c nc a ni ma fr tly e nd h n o vicn i ud e aks nno e e nd ani l ivove nt wa t be t sr tg , be a e t e j g c u d c nsd r t sntncng n l me s he s ta e y c us h ud e o l o i e he e e i gadei s wh n j is do not Clr de i d t pu s e a Alor p e i s ie of t il ne e ure . a k cde o ru n f d la n pt he Com m onweat s ove whem i e dence Clr kne oft pot i f a s nt lh' r l ng vi ; ak w he ental ot e ence a bove t gui i . La ty,Clr coul ha wihdr wn hi g ly pla pror t s nt ncng,a he delnes sl ak d ve t a s uit e i o e e i nd couns l sat i a afi vi t t couns lwas pr pa ed t t ke t ca e t tili Clr e t ed n n fda t ha e e r o a he s o ra f a k wihed,butClr deci d t do s s a k lne o o. The sat ha scour f t e bea t ound t tClr speéton f ied t s ts y et rpr ha a k' i al o a if ihe ong oft he Sti a t tbeca e he çf ie t s a e avai r as why he s d notbe bound by hi rcklnd es us fald o t t ld e on houl s s a e ent a ti l c e ni li knowl dge of t Com m onw e lh' e de e a t t t m s t l a onc r ng ls e he at s vi nc nd he a q c ofhsc ns l' Clr v. o on No.(L0 0 3 8 0 ,a 9 1 ( .Ci.Ct Oc. de ua y i ou e. a k J hns , ' 2 9 00 5 - 0 t - 0 Va r . t 7 2 0 ) The Cic i Co t o t Ciy o W a n s r c ntn d:The e i e c a lns , 0 9. r ut u t f he t f y e bo o o iue f v d n e g i t t Clr wasove whel i a he f ist de onst t t ar as bl def ntwoul ha ak r m ng nd al o m ta e hat e ona e enda d ve i it d on pl di notgait gone t ti la t out om e of t c e w oul ha be n nsse ea ng ly, o ra nd he c he as d ve e dif r nt .. fe e 1 a 1 The sa e ha as cotr f t r expl ned Cl r s f iur unde d. t 0. t t be zt urhe ai a k' al e r Sti a rcklnd: I l htofg ak' sae ntt poie t na t e oft ofe s s a g ng ni g clr s ttme o l , he tr q c z he f n e , a r ltd ho i vai n a s tn ,t i t e s ti d b t vc ms t e eae me n so nd hoo ig he nj s usane y he ié , h ui pr s nc ofay un cnl . .n t ho ,g a k smpl c nn d mo tae ee e o g l d . i he me clrj i y a ot e nsr t i t ta r s bl def ndantwoul ha pladed notguit ,i i t on goi ha ea ona e e d ve e ly nssed ng t ti la t out e oft pz e ng woul ha bee dif r ntor t o ra nd he com he oce di d ve n fe e he s nt nc w oul ha be l s e e e d ve en es . I at 10- . Addii ly, on diec a d. 11 tonal r t ppea, t Colr of Appe l of Vigila hed; l he zt as r ri l Tg.t g Clr i t uc d e de ea sntncngt d n o n i mi elsivove n i Thl hou h ak ntod e vi nc t e e i o e y r nni z l n l me t n .l i t c i es t Com m onweat ofe ed a s t il pr fr of t e de e,i l ng he rm , he lh f r ubsanta ofe he vi nc ncudi Clr s c nf si ,i s po toft g i y p e gj' Clr v.Co on at ,20 8 W L a k' o e son n up r he ul las. ak t ' mm we lh 0 2019561, 2008 Va. App. LEX I 234, a *1 n. The a lat cout c S t 4. ppel e ' ondnued: t t he Co mmon at ' f u tn le i e e ...g s s ûce f r a fn n ofg i o alsx we lhs f bsa éa v d nc s waj uf int o tdig ul n l i t c r s' 1 ha ge .? d. The cour a r s wih t s a e cour s fndi . Clr ha not ove com e t t g ee t he t t t' i ngs ak s r he de er ncegi t t f ctfnci oft s a e c t unde t AED PA a Sti kl wih f e ven o he a -i lng he t t ours r he nd rc and t ()a fd visfo c v ce flns ()ltesfo c v ce flns a d ()o he e i e e 1 fia t z m on itd eo , 2 etr r m on itd eo , n 3 t r v d nc t gener ly c r hat al or obor t s s e of Clr s s a e e s but die ty conta c s Clr s a e om a k' t t m nt, t cl t dit a k' c e son, pl a coloquy, a t Comm onw e lh' fove whem i ' e de . The e onf s i e l nd he at s f r l ng' vi nce s fndi a e nota unr s bl a i ton off der l1w oran unr s bl detr ana i i ngs r n ea ona e pplca i e a a ea ona e e n i ton off t .The ef e t c tgr nt t m oton t dimi s ac s r or , he our a s he i o s s. W . 20 For t r as satd,t cour GR AN T S t m oton t dimi s Clr ha f ied he e ons t e he t he i o s s . a k s al t pr s nts fce l r la e e de e t sat a s t nta c qm of a tz li o e e ufi inty eibl vi nc o t e ubsa i l l i ca a nnoc ence t t ha wo l e c ehi pr e u a dea ta tmeba u e S hl a M c g i M o e ve , u d x us s oc d r l ful nd i - r nd r c u nd ouign. r o r Clr s unde li i f ctve a ss a e ofcouns lcli i wihoutm e i. A n a oprat a k' ry ng nefe i s it nc e lm s t rt ppr i e ot rwilent zt sda de l e hi y. The Clr i diec e t s nd c esoft sm e or ndum opi on a a com pa i e k s r t d o e opi hi m a ni nd c nyng oz z t Tet yand t couns lofz cor f Res de o r o e e d or ponde . Futhe ,fndi t tpe i rha nt t z i ng ha étone s f ied t m a a s t ndals al o ke ubsa howi oft dela ofa cons itéona rghtasr quie by 28 ng he l ttz li e rd U. C. 2 5 ()1,ac r iaeo a aa l yi DENJ S. j 2 3 c() eéfc t f ppe lbit s i ED. EN TE R:'hi J r s d yofFe r ay 2017. a bur , 4/ A .M Y'* '' V Ur td S ae Ditit u ge z e tts stc l d i '
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