Flint v. Action Personnel, Inc. et al, No. 7:2013cv00406 - Document 40 (W.D. Va. 2014)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 10/31/2014. (lab)
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CLERK BOFFI U.S.DS COURT CE SX AT RM NOKE, V A FIED L UN I TED STA TES D I STRI CO U RT CT W ESTERN DISTRI O F V I N I CT RGI A RO AN O KE D I I ON V SI 221 3 12 1 24 Jl ttG O ''L+Y r' ' '' ' t R . SAN D Y G .FLI T, N Pl ntf , ai i f ' ;' .;ry .; . . k Q ) .r. .., . r . Ci lA c i n N o. 13- vi to 7: CV 00406 M EM O M N DU M O PI I N N O AcTl PERSONNEL,I a ox xc. nd ELI BETH A Ro EN ,I c . ZA x , Dee ns f nda t . By: e E.Co ad Gln nr Chi fU nie St t sD i ti tJ e t d a e sr c udge Pe dn b fr t ec u t sd fn a tElz b t Ar e smo inf rs mmayj g n , n ig e o e h o r i ee d n ia eh d n' to o u r ud me t Dkt N o.37.The pl i if pr e ng pr s w asgi n a Ros bor 1no i ofhe e il m e t r ntte nt o . a ntf , oc edi o e, ve e o tce fl ar pons a t dea i f flng, s ha f ie t r s ie es e nd he dlne or ii but he s a ld o e pond a t tme f rdo ng s nd he i o i o ha pa s See D k . o.39.The m oton i t rpe f di poston. n t r m ai ng cl i si s s ed. tN i s hus i or s ii I he e ni am n he Am e r nded Co pl nt2pl i ifa l gest tElz be h A r n vi a e Til V 1 oft Ci l m ai , a ntf le ha i a t de ol t d te l he vi Ri sAc of196 asame ght t 4, nded, U. C.j2000e.Shease t bohacl m ofs xua 42 S. s rs t ai e l ha a s nta a cam t ts wa r t laed a i tafe c r s me nd li ha he s e ai t gans tr ompli ng oft ha a s nt ani he r s me . Elz behAr e ag e ta i i e t ldt s mma yj d me to bohcams ia t d n r u s h t t s ni e o u r u g n n t li . t Spe ii a l de e ntcl i st tFln c nnote t bls a prm a f ci ca e ofs xua ha a s e t c t c ly, f nda a m ha i t a sa ih i a e s e l rsm n bo h be us s c r ots t ca e he a m how t alege c he l d onduc aga ns he w a unwel om e a bec us t t i t r s c nd a e he al d c lege onduc wa no s tc e ty s ve e a pe va i t bea tona e Elza t Ar n a s t s t ufi i n l e r nd r sve o c i bl . i beh de lo a s rst ti hasesa ihe isa tr tvedef ns o t scai . t t r t la i cai , s e t ha t t bls d t fima i e e n hi l m As o he ea iton l m Flint v. Action Personnel, Inc. et al Doc. 40 Elza t A r n cont ndst t cl i f is fr t bec us pl ntf ne re i be h de e hat he a m a l i s , a e ai i f ve ngage i l ga l d n e ly cogni e pr ect actviy and s zabl ot ed i t econd,even i s had,no causalcom l i exi t bet f he ecton s s ween 1Ros o v. Garsn, 28F.d3 9(t Ci.1 7 ) ebor rio 5 2 0 4h r 9 5 . 2The c tc t u pl i ifsha wrte flngs o Augus 307 201 a Se ember l1 201 t our onsr es a ntf nd- itn ii n t 3 nd pt 3o 7 c lc i y c tt ehe am e ole tvel onsiut r ndedco pli .Thec rt e ousy dim is ot rcam s i udi alt cai s m ant ou pr vi l s sed he li ,ncl ng l he l m a ns deenda A cin Pe s gai t f nt to ronnel Se Dkt Nos. 27. . e . 26, Dockets.Justia.com a s h a tviy a t tr i ton ofhe pl e nta Elza t Ar n. a e t t ss co ny uc c i t nd he e m na i r ac me t i beh de Relt d o hi e nd r s n,Elz be h Ar n f t rpost t tpl i i fca ts w t Elz be h A r n' ea o i a t de urhe is ha a ntf nno ho hat i a t de s l gii a e r s f t t r i ton ofhe pl e e tw e e a pr t xtf rr t la i Fo t e tm t ea ons or he e m na i r ac m n r e e o e a i ton. r he r a o stf t beow,hemoi f s e s ns e orh l t ton or ummayj r udgme wilbeg a td. nt l r ne Fact and ProceduralH i t 3 ual s oa Thef l wi fcsfo t es mmayj d me trc r a eu ds ue o , ee ol ng a t r m h u r u g n e od r n ip td, r wh r o diput d,a epr e e i t lghtmos f vo a et Fln .Se Ande s n v.Li rv Lobby.l , s e r es ntd n he i t a r bl o it e ro be t nc. 477U. 242, ( 98 (ttngt tale de emus beco tuedi t lg mos fvorbl S. 255 1 6) sai ha l vi nc t nsr n he iht t a a e t t pa t o i s o he ry pposng ummayj me ) r udg nt. Fl two k d frac mp n c le La e c Trns o tto (ia e c ' f ran mb r i r e o o a y ald wrn e a p rain Cawr n e' o u e n l ) ofye r .Shes nta l a te g e n yea swor ng f La e a apa ke a t n wo ked f r as pe t e s i ht e r ki or wr nce s c r nd he r o s ve alye r a t La e e w a e us i Roa e r a s t he wr nc r ho e n noke. . o. - a 6.Fort l tf w yea s Dkt N 38 1 t he as e r ofFlnt se pl e w ih La r nc ,Lawr nc pr de ce t n i nt r a di ti i t i ' m oym nt t w e e e e ovi d rai nve o y nd srbuton ype s r c st El a t Ar e p rua tt ac nrc. tNo. 8a 3 !2 Th tc nr c wa evie o i beh d n u s n o o ta t Dk . 3 t , . a o ta t s z t nni t d i N ove be orD e e be 2011 a t rElza t A r n m a t de i i n t ha e e na e n m r cm r , fe i be h de de he c s o o ndl t wor i e na l l Att tm et co r twa tr i t d,Flnta o he swe el i of he k nt r ly. d. he i he ntac s e m na e i nd t r r ad f fom La e .Se Dkt No. 1 FlntDe a 29- Elz t Ar n hie s ei v dua s r wr nce e . 38- , i p. t 31. iabeh de r d om ndi i l fom La e a e oye . No. a 3, 3. exa e Elz behAr nhie Trvi r wrnce s mpl es Dkt 38 t ! For mpl, ia t de rd a s La t whom Flntrpore diecl a t e ofhe e o nta La e e./-a 3, 2. ne,o i e td r ty t he nd r mplyme t wrnc J . t ! Elza t A r n di nothie Flnt how e r be aus i a r a ha a e pl e -bdd A li e i be h de d r i , ve , c e t l e dy d n m oye - f tc who pe f m ed m a oft dute Fln us d t pe f m whe La r nce ha t Elz be h r or ny he i s i t e o r or n w e d he i a t Ar n c r c .., de onta t J. ds 3Th c u t ie heenpi rl t tep rino d fn a tssmmayj d me t to ta c nan e o r cts ri rmai o h o t f ee d n ' u r u g n moin h t o tis y o nu be ed pa a a cons iutng iss a e e ofundi p ed m a e i f t .Se Dkt No. a 2-1 Thos m r r gr phs tt i t t t m nt s ut t ral ac s e . 38 t 2. e paa r p r fr i t r , ov ro sp ri n o t er c r (fi vt, x b t, n d p sto ta s rp s . r g a hs e e ,n u n t a i u o t s f h e o d afda i e hiis a d e o i n r n c it) o s i 2 D es t notbei hied die ty,Flntco a t d t w a e us m a pie ng r r c l i nt c e he r ho e nage f r Elz be h r o ia t A r n, ho e o a d he t a y t be a t m por r wor t o h Ac i Pe s de w nc ur ge r o ppl o e ay ker hr ug ton r onne l (W ci ' s t ts coul t nbeplc a Elza t Ar n.Flntf l dhi diecins wa t ton' o ha he d he ) a ed t i beh de i olowe s r to , s hie by A c i a w a pl ce a a t m por r w o ke a Elz be h A r n i a lne l a poston. rd ton, nd s a d s e a y r r t i a t de n i e d ii 1 a 3,!4. cor ngt t afda t oft Elza t Ar ne oye i t sc e Flnt d. t Ac di o he fi vis he i beh de mpl es n hi as, i r po t d di e ty t A li e w ho ha be n em pl d w ih Elza t A r n f a o m a e y t n e r e r c l o tc d e oye t i be h de or ppr xi t l e y a s a dAl c rp re t La e 1 a 4, 5 Ac o dn t Fl t s b le e s ewa a e r- n t e e o td o n .d. t ! . c r ig o i , he eiv d h s i n s p r io .d. t3 !4. u ev s r 1 a , Pur ua t t e pl e ha s nt o he m oye ndboo pr de by Ac i a a doc e tte C pl yee k ovi d ton nd um nt il d û Em o Polci s ' bot of whi h Flntac i e' h c i knowl dge r ce vi by s gni a f r e d e i ng i ng o m s wasr po i e he es nsbl f c pl ng bot w ih Ac i se pl yee ha or om yi h t ton' m o ndbook,polc esa pr dur s a a s w ih i i nd oce e nd l o t Elz beh Ar n' polci a pr ed e . ILa 4, 6 8. edoc nt aloma cla t t ia t de s i es nd oc ur s J t !! - Thos ume s s de e r ha -. s wasa e pl e ofA c i a notofElz be h Ar e a t ts c d t t r i t d a he n m oye ton nd i a t d n nd ha he oul û e m na e t be a yt f rv oaino te epoiis'1 . t , 9 n i o i lto f h s lce . d a 4 ! . me ' As r l va he e A c i n' e pl e c nd tpolc pr hi t d pr a t s a r ve ba e e nt r , to s m oye o uc i y o bie of niy, l nde , r l a sul, e haasme ,yelng,hrae ng, r ui o ot rf msofvebala e.d a 5, sa ts xual r s nt li t e tni a g ng, r he or r bus L. t a ! 1 Flntssgne f m as s cte asf lws: 0. i ' i d or lo pe ii d olo I e c pos ton you a e i a c pe ii a m os r f l t r n a h ii r n om ttve t phe e or ong e m e pl ym e . c i ntm a c m o nt A le y hoos t e youras i e whie e o nd s gnm nt l ke pi ot r i t s m e post o The d t r i ton m a be e ng he s n he a ii n. e e m na i y bas on em pl ed oyee atendance,s et per or ance and atiude.I t af y, f m tt f i i de e m i t tany o t s f c o sc ed you t be r l a e t s t r ned ha f he e a t r aus o e e s d, t n yo a s g e w ilbe t r i t d wih c us fom Ac i he ur s i nm nt l e m na e t a e, r ton Per sonnel . l i i port t you m ai ai t hi tsm ant hat nt n he ghests andar f each t ds or c i nt l a c i n hasc le . f le t once nsw ih yo r i biiy,e f tor r t ur ela lt f or atiude,i r l snega i y on Acton Per m el A nyt ng t a tt t efect tvel i sol . hi hat clentf s i deti ent t t rcom pany w ilr ul i i m edi e i eel s rm al o hei l es t n m at 3 t r i ton. e m na i l d. W ih r ga d t A c i s s t e r o ton' exua ha as m e po i y,Flntt tfed t ts kne Ac i n l r s nt lc i esi i ha he w t o pr hi t d s xua ha a s e , sa e i t e o ha o bie e l r s m nt as tt d n he mpl yee ndbook,a t ti s had apr e , nd ha f he oblm s s d got he e oye ( ton)a c an.d.a 5, 11 Flnttsii dt ts kne he houl o r mpl r Aci nd ompli 1 t ! . i e tte ha he w ho t c tctpeo ei huma rs ur e a Aci i s ne dedt J . as t tfedt t w o ona pl n n e o c s t ton f he e o.#aShe lo esii ha s knew an Acton r esent i K at he i epr atvehy- w as on- ie atElzabet Arden and t Flntcoul st i h hat i d s akwihhe i s wa e orne dt J= pe t r f he ntd ede o.7. A fe s washi e a pl c d a Elza t A r n i l t N ovem be of20 1 Flnt tr he r d nd a e t i be h de n a e r 1, i wor d f a f w mont ,butt n wasouton med c lla fo a oxi ael lt J nua y ke or e hs he i a e ve r m ppr m t y a e a r 201 t oug t e ofFe uar 201 ) a 1 !44.Afe s rt nedfo me c lla , 2 hr h he nd br y 2.i t 2, tr he eur r m dia e ve s w or d t oug t end o M a a w hi h tm e La r que t d t the pl ce e a he ke hr h he f y, t c i ne e s e ha r a m nt t Elza t Ar nbetr nae Se i r ( s usi t i ' M ic i beh de emi td. e nfa dic sng i nts sonduc Fl f). A leged H arassm ent l Athe de ii Flntt tfe t ta f klf drve a co- ke na ed Dor e l r poston, i es ii d ha or i t i r nd wor r m rl W as ng on ha s xualy ha a s d he . hi t d e l r s e r The tm e f n e oft a l ged ha as m e wa not i -r m he le r s nt s e i e y cl arf om t pori ofhe de ii t tElza t A r n pr ded t t c t ntr l e r he tons r pos ton ha i be h de ovi o he our . N ot bl t a y, houg Flntt s ii d t tW a hi o di note ge i a c h, i e tt e ha s ngt n d nga n ny onduc t ts t ha he c i rd haa snguntla t s c meba kfom s geyi a oxi tl Fe u r 201 J. onsdee rs i i fer he a c r ur r n ppr maey br ay 2.I L a 11 !39.Pro t he s gey,W as ngo fit wihhe,ml tl he s wa bea iulbut t , ir o r ur r hi tn lred t r d od r he s utf , s eddn t o ie a yo ta t aa sn ' iwa j s fit g. tNo 3 - a 4 - 6( it h i o c nsd r n f h t t r sig' t s u t l i Dk . . 8 1 t 5 4 Fl h ; rn n De a 69- )W he W as ngt tl he s wa bea tf ,fre mpl,s wo ds y,t l p. t 70. n hi on od r he s uiul o xa e he ul a s oh, know'a et rwal a y o j ti ehi l a 1 !40.Ats poi tndat ' nd ihe k wa r us gnor m. d. t 2, ome nt a lhoughFlnt i 4 d nid gv n hi he c lp o en mbe, tNo. 8 1a 6 ( itDe a 7 :, it od e e ii g m r el h n u r Dk . 3 - t 9 Fl n p. t 2 Fl t l n W a hi on he c d t xthe , hi h s a m it d i he de ii w a no a good i l a s ngt oul e r w c he d te n r pos ton s t dea. d. t 12, !414 ( . A fe Flntr t ne f om slge y i l t Fe ua y 201 t a l ge ha as m e be n. t r i e ur d r tr r n a e br r 2, he le d r s nt ga Shecli dt ti r da g ahi on)tidt beupa i tg rp t sa tihto g l' ame ha ' y y W s ngt re o eve gans heq' o tnd û g n her, ' r ' a t wor wihhep'a t tS veybodys w i gndqkne i.'d.a 46- ( i De a 70nd o k t r' nd ha i r e a ta w t'1 t 47 Flnt p. t 71)S esi heas ddt ig s ec nsd rdh r sme tFo e a l, eh n e h rapic . h ad lo i hn s h o i ee aa s n . r x mpe h a d d e e e ofpa ra ti d t t h he ha a he s ood ove he a he de k a t i t l dow n he pe nd re o ouc r nd, nd t r r t r s hd red o ook r s r.I a 47( i De a 71. Shes i s i e W ahi t whe hea tdt sway, hit d. t Flnt p. t ) ad he gnord s ngon n ce hi but neve t dhi t go a y o t go ba k t wor L. r ol m o wa r o c o k. ds u She a s t s ii d t tone tm e W a hi t m a a c m e ,s yi CW e'e g ng ou l o e tt e ha i s ng on de om nt a ng t r oi t t swe ke 'I Whe s r s nd $ o, r not,'hes i iYe weae. wil hi e nd.'d. n he epo ed,; we'e gl' ad,s ah, r You l N s e. She f e ' ' ound hi r pons t be i r e ' I A fe t sc s es e o i e py.' d. t r hi onve s ton,Flnte ai d t hi c rai i xpl ne o m t ts di notw a t ha a pr bl m wih hi , nd t ts w a no t yi t be i y or ha he d nt o ve o e t m a ha he s t r ng o ç ugl a hi 'butt ts wasnotgoi t daehi be a e s di notda epe e a wor She nyt ngn' ha he ng o t m c us he d t opl t k. tl hi t e c udbefind , u û ej s k p s yn t n s'l o d m h y o l re s b ts u t e t a ig hig . d. h ' F itas t siidt theewa a o tat - nhp ro (o t i bewe nlt ln lo e tfe ha t r s b u wo mo t ei d s mei n t e ae me Fe ua y whe s r t r d t wor a trslge y a l t M a whe he plc m e a Elza t br r n he e u ne o k fe tr r nd ae y, n r a e nt t i beh Ar nwastr nae i whihW as ngtn c a e wo ki aoundhe at t r bec us he de emi td) n c hi o e s d r ng r r logehe, a e wasli of5Durng t tt m ont perod, t r wasnohaasme .1 a 11 !38.Thus i ad f. i ha wo- h i hee r s nt d. t , ,t 4W ih r ga d t Flntsadm is on co e ni t t tng, Elza t Ar n ciest page 74 a 75 of t e r o i ' si nc r ng he ex i i be h de t o s nd Flntsde ii tans rpt Se Dkt No.38 a l Defnda om it t epa fo ise bis howeve , i ' poston r c i . e . t 2. e nt ted hos ges r m t xhi t, r and t t cour ha notbee a et i pende l ve iyt ss ppos t tmony. o t l s i lghtofFlnts hus he t s n bl o nde nty rf hi u ed esi N nehees, n i i' f iur t diput t s a s ri t c tc i st f tundipu e a l e o s e hi s e ton, he our onsder he ac s t d. 5Flntst tmonywa t ts wa u ur exa tyhow l hewasli of,buts t i ' esi s ha he s ns e cl ong ad f he hough i wasa tt bout t m ont wo hs. 5 a a st ta l healege ha as me oc ure be wee t e ofFe ar a t e ofM ay ppe r ha l t l d r s nt c r d t n he nd bnz y nd he nd (..at eemont pei andt tf a utt oft emo hs t r wasnohaasme . ie, hr - h rod) ha,or bo wo hos nt ,hee r s nt Thus, t c tc l st ta1oft al ge ha as me o ure ove aone mont pe i 6 he our oncude ha 1 he le d r s nt cc r d r h rod. l t r s ofwha Flntr pore a utW as ngt s t s ii d t ts ne ri or ed n em t i e td bo hi on, he e tf e ha he ve nf m a nyone a A c i t tW as ng on wasm a ng i ppr i t c m e st a d he a ne r t ton ha hi t ki na opr a e om nt ow r r nd ve ma a c ant a alt Acin.-, t1 !34.Sheas t tfe t ts ne t da de ny ompli s t l o to JJ a 0 I lo esiid ha he ver ol nyone a Elz beh Ar n e t ia t de xampl orde al ofa aleg s xua ha as me orc es t is ny l ed e l r s nt omm e smad by nt e W as ngon.. a 11 !35. o yrpor s t tfe s mad c er ngW as ngona hi t J. t , I L The nl e t he esiid he e onc ni hi t nd s xua ha as m e i ve a r por t Chr sM e ns who w a a Se orLe d w ih ove s ghtof e l r s nt nvol d e t o i a , s ni a t ri t fr itdrves i udi W as ngon.SeeDktNo. - a !!3,5. he o klf i r,ncl ng hi t . 384 t Spe iia l s i or e M e nst tW a hi c fc ly, he nf m d a ha s nson wa çs xual har s i ' s se ly a sng'or S r sng' he ,butpr de no o he de a l ot rt n t tW as ngt w a as ng he ou on ' as i ' r ha ovi d t r t is he ha ha hi on s ki r t daes M e ns who s r s d W a hi o butno Flnt s t . a , upe vie s ngtn t i , poket W a hi on a t d hi t o s ngt nd ol m o c as a ls h c e e l uc onduc t a d Flnt M e nsne rr e ved a ot rr po t f om Flnta ut t ow r i . a ve ec i ny he e r s r i bo W a hn tn. d a !5 s ig o l . t . Flnts i t ts al o r pore t La t W as ngt w asm ea t he a t d he i a d ha he s e t d o ne hat hi on n o r nd ol r s w asnotw or ng t lne f te he ki he i as nough. i a it d, ho h, ha t s c Flnt dm te t ug t t hi onduc by t W ahi onha nohi t dowihs lhaasme .d a 11 !37.nhi atda t La s ngt d t ng o t exua r s ntL. t , a I s fi vi, ne t tfed t tet rFlntorM ea hadt d hi t tW a hi t ha as d Flntouton a dae esii ha ihe i ns ol m ha s ng on d ke i t a t ts di notwa t da ehi . ne t s ket W as ng o a nd ha he d nt o t m La , oo, po o hi t n boutt sa t dhi not hi nd ol m 6I herc pl i , Flntale W a hi on m a mor explci r m a kst he s h ast li he t the n om a nt i l ged s ngt de e i t e r o r uc e lng r ha r tisl d good'orhe % sl dni 'Dkt N o. a 2. e c tt ooke t ' r û ooke ce. as ' . 3 t H r omplitas r f r t ohers cik co m e s an lo eered o t pe f m nt, i l ng a M a 1 201 a gum e s had wih W a hi t i whi h W as ngt as d Flnthow é nc udi y , 2 r nt he t s ng on n c hi on ke i t d s lke woul he i i i h c l d h rab th. 1 . t3 Ad i o al t ec mp an al g dt a ç o nM a 2 , 01 ,g a hn o l. . t f e al e ic ' d a . dt n l h o l it l e h t E l y 2 2 2 W s igtn . e ' i y, e l ma ean syr ma ka o t2ga wo nwh we ewo k n a d a k e l h p an ift ywo l y uwa t o f c d at e r b u y me o r r i g n s l d t e li tf wh u d o n t ' k u wi wh ty uble fo a dakgd tepanifis eddti as . eplitf ddno rpl. l. t No eo t a o e d rm' n s e jh litf f h i hs lo Th anif i t e y' d a 4. n f h ' t si st ot i tesmmayj d metrc r , owe e. hi s e frh n h u r u g n eo d h v r 6 t do t sa i Ac di t La ,Flntne rs i a hi t hi a o hi gan. cor ng o ne i ve ad nyt ng o m boutW a hi on e agi s ngt ng ng i a ki ofs xua ha a s e nordi s e rr po tt the w a m a ng i ppr i t s xual n ny nd e l r s m nt d he ve e r ha s ki na opra e e com m ent t her 1 Thi i al o cons s entwih Flnt st tm ony t s nevert d Lane s o . d. s s s it t i ' es i hat he ol a hi a W a hi o ale ys xual haa snghe .1 a 11 !37.i a 1 !42. nyt ng bout s ngtn lgedl e ly rsi r d. t , ,d. t 2, To s m m a i e,i of ra Flntr por e s xua ha as m e a al, rr po tw a m a u rz ns a s i e t d e l r s nt t l he e r s de onl t M e ns a s c y o a , nd he onve d onl t tW a hi t w asas ng he o on da e and s d d ye y ha s ng on ki r ut ts he i no lke i.Bo h M e ns a La s ti t t a nd ne poke t W as ngt a utt ss c f c co uc a ha o hi on bo hi pe i i nd t nd ve t s i i d- co im e by Flnts d e tfe nf r d i ' epost o t a c i - t tt y ne rhe r f o Flnt ii n r ns r pt ha he ve a d ' m i r s e nty a utW as ng o e gi i a o he s xua beha ororha as m e t a d he . ubs que l bo hi t n nga ng n ny t r e l vi r s nt ow r r OnFln ' ls da ofwor a Elza t Ar n,W as ngt ( wa wor ngnea he) its a t y k t i beh de hi on who s ki r r al ge y t d he t thewasg ng t ke p wo ki o hers f.Het d he t tM ea ha le dl ol r ha oi o e r ng n hit ol r ha ns d a ked hi S r you s e you w a w or w ih he ? ' c m ade Flntf la i s e hi w e e s m c e A ur nna k t r ' whi h i ee s f om t ng r he ful. DktNo.3a 5's as DktNo. - a 61( i De a 1 . itt tfedt ts r a t' . ' t , ee lo . 38 1 t Flnt p. t 06) Fln esii ha he bega t c y ove t sa wasgoi t r po tt st La , tw he s w e t s a wih no r r hi nd ng o e r hi o ne bu n he nt o pe k t Lane he i t uc ed he t go hom e a s d he w oul c lhe . lho , ns r t ro nd ai d al r A t ugh s t s i i d i he he e tf e n r d p iinta s es o ei ta t a ohe ma a e a o La en me Jryt mp el, h e osto h t h p k nse d o n t r n g r b ve n a d er ca b ll s e a ist s ne rr pored a hi a dm t hat he ve e t nyt ng bouts xualha as m e t hi .Se D kt N o. - a 63e r s nt o m e . 38 1 t 66( i De a 1 11 .Shesmpl t dJ ryt ts co d t(g tao wih Flnt p. t 09- 2) i y ol er ha he uln' te lng t g as ngt 'andt ts di no fe lkes co dtl t La orgot La a he W hi onj' ha he d t e l i he ul ak o ne o ne bout r pr e J.Shedi nottl Ca oblm.-. ps d el mpbelwha wa goi o wihW a hi o o t ts f t l t s ng n t s ngtn r ha he el har assed by hi ,and s di notm enton s m he d i exualhar m entatal.1 Thateveni Lane caled ass l d. ng l t say he w oul notbr ng herback. o d i 7 Flnt sM i i ' sconduct Durng t m ont s w o ked a Elza t Ar n' st ,Flntha a t r a i wih a i he hs he r t i be h de s ie i d le c tons t numbe ofdifrnte oye .d. t6,(1 Sheas ha dit t wo ki wihAliea r fee mpl es I a ! 6. lo d fkuly r ng t tc nd a r nty ha difc t a ce tng t ts wa r quie t r po t o Ali eandt tkedie tons ppa e l d fi uly c p i ha he s e r d o e r t tc oa rci ous i fom hi .. a !!1 20. on num er occas ons, La me wihFlntt dic st s r m J. t 7- 7 1 L ne t t i o s us he e difc tesa t e fiuli nd o mphasz t ts wasr rdt t i tuci fo Alie.d.a 7, 1 ie ha he equie o ake nsr tons r m tc 1 t ! 8. M o eove ,a l s t i e,Ali s r r t ea t w c tce poke t La i or rt ge hi a s s a e i e our i Flnt o ne n de o t s s i t nc n nc ag ng i t wor c o k oope ai l wih Ali ,r t rt n beng i ubor na ea c ba i wih hi . d.a r tvey t tce ahe ha i ns di t nd om tve t m 1 t 20, i a s s ke t Lane a Flnt l o po o bouthe difc tesw ih A li e on s ve a occ s ons c yi a r f i uli t tc e r l a i , r ng nd cai ngt tAliedi notlse t he .d.a ! 1 Shealo c ai dt La t tt lne l mi ha tc d itn o r l t 9. s ompl ne o ne ha he i e l y e wo dn t itnt he a ds cido e t i. d a !22 mp o e s ul o lse o r n he re v r hs I . tJ . Be a e La had wor w ih Flntf a l pe i oftm e a La r nc a w a t d c us ne ked t i or ong r od i t w e e nd n e he a s gnm e a Elza t A r n t be s c s f ,La l tgo f om t i as i ent s r l r si nt t i be h de o uc e s ul ne e r he r sgnm s eve a e o swih whom Flntha difc t Flnt ho ve ,c ntnuedt ha ve ba at r tons mpl yee t i d fiuly. i , we r o i o ve r l leca i ordi fc t ge tng al wih ot re pl es i l ng St pha e Coope and Ali La f i uly ti ong t he m oye , nc udi e ni r tce. ne c ns e Fln t the conduc w a i vi a i ofElz bet Ar spolc e .I ou el d i t ha r t s n ol ton i a h den' i i s d. On M a 22,20l Flntw e t La ver ups tw ih A li e f a l ged y c ngi he y 2, i nt o ne y e t t c or le l ha ng r i tuc i nsco e ni how s w a w or ng on t lne.She w a ve y ups ta cr ng whie ns r to nc r ng he s ki he i s r e nd yi l s w a t l ng t hi . c or ng t La Flnts e nty l t he pr m i esbe or t e of he s a ki o m A c di o ne, i ubs que l ef t e s f e he nd he s f wihouta horzai J-a 8,!23. t r hit t ut i ton.#. t Alhought swa no oneoft ras frt hi s t he e ons o he t m i i ofherpl er naton acem entatElzabet A r i h den,Lane ref r t t i denti subs er ed o he nci n equenty l expl ni t A cton t dif culi s w ashavi l t portons ofFlnt sdeposton ai ng o i he fi tes he ng. n he i i ' ii 1I e , e n i he de ii s s m e t bele t ts di notr por t Ali ,s Dkt N o.38nde d ve n r poston, he ee d o ive ha he d e t o tce ee . 1 a 2-5( itDe a 4748, u b t La ea dAlc tsiidh wa h rs p r io. t 2 Fl p. t - )b t oh n n t e etfe e s e u evsr n i 8 p o i e t t ec u tF it e idta s ei fc wak do f h j b, l ug t ep rind e r v d d o h o r, ln d n e h t h n a t le f t e o at h h o t o s ho o noti l a s c fc ques i diec ed t r t tc nc ude pe i i ton r t owa d ha onduc on t tda e.See Dkt N o.38 1 a 1 t ha t . - t 5 ( itDe . t3 )(Q. si as f it s yta y uu desoo t a y uc uln'j t l o f h Fln p a 7 i l t lo ar o a h t o n rt d h t o o d t us wak f t e û p e sso la ey u wo kst wih u a to iy A. d d t' . ita mitdi h r rmie r e v o r r i t o t uh rt ? l in'.) Fl d t n e e ' n e de ii t poston, houg t ts w a c yi a ups tbe a e oft w ay t ts f l s w a be ng h, ha he s r ng nd e c us he ha he e t he s i t e t by La a by A li e on t tda a t ti ha no hi t do w ih s r a ed ne nd tc ha y, nd ha t d t ng o t exua ha a s e tor l r sm n W ahi ona alDktNo.38 1a 58- ( itDe a 96- . s ngt t l. . - t 59 Fln p. t 97) Thef l wi da on M a 23, 2,Flntr t ne t wor a agan be m eu e a olo ng y, y 201 i eur d o k nd i cn ps t nd a oac La c yi Athe de ii Flntt s ii d t tt r as s w a ups tw a ppr hed ne r ng. r pos ton, i e tte ha he e on he s e s be us W as ng on ha s a e t he t the m i be w or ng on t s e s f a he i t ca e hi t d t t d o r ha ght ki he am hi' s r n he t f ur a s di notwan t wor wihhi Dk . 38a 8,!25.Shea t,t ut e nd he d t o k t m. t No. t dmis hough,t t ha s ne rt d La t t l t ad, he Flnta oa he La c yi a s a i s ne ed t he ve ol ne ha . ns e w n i ppr c d ne r ng nd t tng he ed o tl t hi het dhe t gohomea hec dcalhe ltr l a 9, 26.Flnttsiidt t ak o m, ol r o nd oul l r ae. d. t ! i etfe ha s t n w e t a herm a he he nt o not nage ,J r y Ca pbe l butdi nott l hi a uta a l ed s xual r e r m l, d e l m bo ny leg e haa s nt et r J a 9, 27.Asnotd,s t dhi onl t tW ahi t wa bengme nt rs me , ihe.- t ! /s e he ol m y ha s ngon s i a o he , ha s c d no ke p w or ng lke t s a t ts di notf ellke s c d t l t La r t t he oul t e ki i hi , nd ha he d e i he oul a k o ne a u i. tNo. - a 6 - 6( l tDe a 1 9 1 2 . bo t t Dk . 38 1 t 3 6 F i p. t 0 - 1 ) n On t ts m e da - M a 23,201 La e aied Ta m y St Cl i w ih Acton Pe s ha a y y 2, ne m l m . ar t i r onne l a i or ed he t the d d no wa Flnta sgne bac t Elz be h A r n be us t ngs nd nf m r ha i t nt i s i d k o i a t de ca e hi w e e no wor ng ou f he t r La r quesed t the be a e t i or Flnthi s l r t ki t or r he e. ne e t ha bl o nf m i m e f be us t y ha w o ke t ge he f m a yea s a he f l lke he owed i t he t de i rt ca e he d r d o t r or ny r nd et i t o r o lve he new st herhi s f.Flnt t t tfed t Lane had been a good m anagert her ( he w hol o m el i , oo, es ii hat o l t e tmet tghe weea La e e'DktNo.3- a 23,50- ( itDe a 45,80 81.twas i ha t yj r t wrnc .' . 1t 51 Fln p. t - )I 9 notun i t y sa td wo ki t e he a Elza t Ar n t ts f l lke La di nots tl he tre r ng og t r t i beh de ha he et i ne d uppor t he ( C ve( r ba k')a muc asheus dt l La t tte a Fln hasnotdiputd r or û ha he l c ' s h e o.d. ne esii d- nd it s e- t a h ao ema et ed cso t n t eu nFl t oh r a e n a El a ehAr e J a t9 ! h t e ln d h e iin o o r tr i t e plc me t t i b t d n.. a , n z k 28. La e t tda La c le Flnta hom e a t d he t s w o d notbe br ug ba k t r ha y, ne a l d i t nd ol r hat he ul o ht c t Elza t Ar n.J .a !29.La tsiidt tt ras f hi rques t tFlnts o i beh de #- t ne etfe ha he e on or s e t ha i ' pl c m e a Elz be h A r n be t r i t d w a he m i c a e nt t i a t de e m na e s r s onduc i r f i t wor t n e usng o k hn m oni l w ih ot rpe e a f i e us ng t w or w ih o ls e t die t o g ve t he r ous y t he opl nd or s f i o r k t r it n o r c i n i n o r by'Alie.Dkt 38- a 24. as not ohe be vi ,s hashe wal ngof t j wihout ' tc . 2 t He lo ed t r ha or uc r ki f he ob t notc on t da bef r he l tda .8H e avers t the c d ha t r i t d he as i e i e he y o e r as y ha oul ve e m na e r s gnm nt m uc e ri r buti t a r pe t dl a t m pt d t co e he ml wor w ih he t hel he h a le , ns e d e a e y te e o uns l r d k t ro p r i ovehe c mpr r onduc s t ts woul be s ce s u , t tFlntdi noti oveorc nge t o ha he d uc s f l but ha i d mpr ha he be vi i r pons J-a 1 !!32r ha or n es e..a t 0, d 33. W ih r ga d t he r pe t d e s t e r o r e a e piodesofc yi w hie a w or Flnta i t t ts r ng l t k, i dm ted ha he c i o tn a he m ood c red fe nd r hange a1 be a eofhe s ge y i Fe ua y 201 Shealo d ot c us r ur r n br r 2. s t sii d t s ha a hit y ofde e son a ha tke pr s rpto m e cne f de e so e tfe hat he d sor pr s i nd d a n e c i i n di i or pr s i n f year , butha he me cain l l ma he cymor. k. t8, 25. or s t t r di to i y de r r ke e lza ! 9 St andard ofRe e vi w Ana r ofs wad ummayj r udgme i a r praewhe St pl di ,t dic r a nt s pp o it n the ea ngs he s ovey nd di os m at i s on fl and any afi t show t t e i no genui i ue ast any scl ure eral ie, f davis hat her s ne ss o 0A S1Ot d, i de e t ts wal of t pr m i e orl f wor w ihouta hort . SeeDkt No.38ut iy l e Flnt ni s ha he ked f he e s s e t k t 1 a 1 ( itDe a 3 ) Th s frp ro e o s mmayj dg n,h c u t o cu e t a teei a lat ds ue t 5 Fl p. t 7 . u ,o up ss f u r u me tte o r c n ld s h th r s te sa ip t n o fco e whte Fl tegje itib hvo. n tdhri,hog , itak o egddf lisgtig fat vr ehr i n a d n hs e airAs oe een t u h Fl cn wld e it te et n n ku n al wih c w or r ,a All i pa tc a ,whih wa t r a ongi n f he tnni ton. ong t o- ke s nd tce n riulr c s he e s ve or r e nai 9A a n, t c tha bee una et ve iyt stsi ony,snc deenda o iedt ciedpag of i he our s n bl o rf hi e tm i e f nt m t he t l es Fitsd p sto (a e 1 5 1 1 seDk. . 8a 8 !25 fo i e hbt. ln' e o l n p g s 2 - 3 , e tNo 3 t , ) rm t x ii i s s 10 maeil a ta dt t h mo a ti e t ldt j d me ta amatro lw. F d R. v P. tra fc n ha t e v n s ni e o u g n s te f a ' e . Ci. t ' 56() Forapa t se denc t r s age neis ofmaeilf tt a ds a. ry' vi e o aie nui sue tra ac o voi ummay r j udgme ,i mus bets ht tar as bl j yc drt naveditf t no movi nt t t iuc ha e ona e ur oul eur r c or he n- ng pa t ' Ander on,477 U . a 248. n de er i ng w he he t gr nta m oto f r s m a y ry. ' s S. t I t m ni t ro a i n o um r j d me t tec u t s ve ter c r i tel h mos fvo a l t t en n mo igpa t u g n,h o r mu t iw h e o d n h i t t a r be o h o - vn ry, g a dr w a lr as bl i e e esi he f vo .l a 255. e al o Te r s Fl r Fa hi ns l nd a l e ona e nf r nc n r a r d. t , e s r y' oo s o . nc. s v. zl tn l us.n .7 3F.d6 4 61 (t Ci.1 8 ) Bl i o nd .I c, 6 2 0 , 0 4 h r 9 5 . r ng The m o ng pa t be r t i talbur n ofde ons r tng t abs nc o a g nui i s vi r y a s he nii de m ta i he e e f e ne s ue ofmaei fc.Ceoe Cor v. tet 477U. 31 323( 986 . ft tbur i me,he tral a t ltx p. Cart S. 7, 1 ) l ha den s tt no m ovi pa t m us t n c nng ry t he omef wa d a esa iht s cii m ae ilf c si diput t or r nd t bls he pe fc tra a t n s e o s r i s mmayj d me t Mas - iaElc I d s Co v. ni Ra i Co p, 7 U.. 7 , u vve u r u g n . tus t e .n u . . Ze t do r .4 5 S 5 4 h h 58 7( 98 . a y,t no movi pat ' yno r tuponme ealgai o de as' 6-8 1 6) Notbl he n- ng ry ç ma t es r le tons r nil. ' W iki v. ontome y,751F.d21 220( hCi. 4)(iai omitd) l ns M g r 3 4, 4t r 201 ctton te . Alhoughpli ifha notfldam itnr s et t s t antf s ie te epons o he ummayj r udgme moto t nt in,he c t ne hel s de i est m o i on ism e is Se Cus e v.Pa A m .Lie l . ,1 F. our no t es c d he ton t rt. e tr n f ns Co. 2 3d 41 , 5 1 ( t Ci.1 9 )( pa t sfil et rs o dt as mmayj d me tmoi nmih b 0 41 - 6 4h r 9 3 a ry' alr o e p n o u r u g n to g t e z g o n sfrg a t j d me ti temo igpat sfv rb s do afiu et pa t iaei t e r u d o r ni u g n n h vn ry' a o a e n alr o ri p t n h ng c ltga i a c e sofde a t butt gr ntam oto pur ua t Rul 56,t c tmus ii ton nd onc pt f ul, o a i n s nt o e he our t rviw a de i i) s ealoFe R. v. 56()(tfapat fist ... o rya es e e nd cde t, e s d. Ci P. e t ' l ry al o pr pel ddr s a he pa t saseri n off tasr quie ...t c t a ...c i rt f c undip e not r ry' s to ac e r d , he our m y onsde he a t s ut d frptr esoft motong jg a ts o lpos he i or r n ummayj me t hemotona s ppori r udg nt ft i nd u tng maei s i l i t f t c i r t s e - s t tt mova i e ildt i.) tral- ncudng he acs onsdeed mdiputd how ha he nt s ntte o t' ' (mphassa d) Be a epli ifha no i ntfeds cfcmae ilf csi diput,t c ur e i dde . c us antf s t de ii pe ii tra a t n s e he o t co l st tt f c ss tf t i defnda ' moton a et s e wiht f w e e i ncude ha he a t e orh n e nts i r mdiputd, t he e xc ptons not above. ed Di cuss on s i Flntfl d s tunde Til V1 , hi h pr bispr c i est tC s r m i t a i ta i ie ui r te l w c ohi t a tc ha t c i na e ga ns ny di i vi wihr pe tt g r c nston,tr ,c tons o prvie sofe o nt ndi dual t es c o heq ompe ai ems ondii , r i lge mplyme bec us ofs hi vi ls...sx .... 42U. C.j2000e2()1 . teVl pr bis a e uc ndi dua ' e ' ' S. - a( ) Til 1 ohi t di c i nai n wih r s tt e oyme de ii nsha ng a d r c e onom i i pa t lke s rmi to t e pec o mpl nt c so vi ie t c c m c,i t m i t o orde o i ns aswel a ac i nst tc e t orpe pe ua e a hos ie ora i er na i ns m to , l s to ha r a e r t t tl bus ve wo kn e vr n n . e Va c v. l SaeUn v, U. ,l 3S. . 43 , 4 0( 01 ) r ig n io me t S e n e Bal tt i . S. 3 Ct2 4 2 4 2 3 . l mo i f rs mmayj g n , ia ehAz e c ne st tFl t sfie t d mo sr t n vng o u r ud me tEl b t d n o tnd ha i ha ald o e n tae z n a ge ne i s ofa m a e i f c w ih r ga d t eihe ofhe Til V l c ai s. nui s ue ny t ral a t t e r o t r r te l l m H ostl W ork Envi ie ronm entCl m ai Flntc a m st tW as ngt n' ha as m e o he cr a e a hos ie w or e r e t i i l i ha hi o s r s nt f r e t d tl k nvionm n , n voaino Ti eVI. s vies mmayj d me to ti cam, ln mus s o ar ao a e ilto f t 1To ur v u r u g n n h s li F it t h w e s n bl l j r c u dfn ta dheo fn i c n u t( )wa u wec me ( )wa ba e o h rs x ( )wa u y o l id h t d fe dng o d c 1 s n lo ,2 s s d n e e , 3 s t s f c e l s ve e orpe vasve t a t rt c to ofhe e pl e a c ea e a a i uf i i nty e r r i o le he ondii ns r m oym nt nd r t n bus ve wor e r nt a ( wa i a et he e o r'Oc lr ev.Sc ln Pr .l , k nvionme , nd 4) s mputbl o r mplye . hete ' olo odss nc. 335F. 325,331( h Ci.2003) Se as M os 3d 4t r ; e lo bv-Grntv. t ofHagesown,630F. 326, a Civ rt 3d 3 4(t Ci. 01 )( u t EEOC v. n rl hoe ae s l c, 73F.d 1 7 l 5(t Ci. 3 4h r 2 0 q oi ng Ce ta W lslr ,n .5 3 6 , 7 4h r 2009). ) I ca eslke t s o ,whe e t ha a s ri t vi tm ' c w or r a e pl ri onl n s i hi ne r he r s e s he c i s o- ke , n m oye s y labl (i i w asneglgenti contoli w or ng condii ' V ance,133 S.Ct at2439.l such i e Gf t i n r lng ki tons.' . n a case,an af im atve def fr i ense i avaiabl t an em pl s l eo oyert can dem onsr e,by a hat tat p e o d r n eo t ee d n e ûh t()t ee o e e ecs dra o a l c r t p e n a d rp n e a c f h vie c ,t a 1 h mply r x r ie e s n b e a e o rve t n t c re a haa sngbe vir a ( t tt pl nifunr s bl fie t tkea nag of ore t ny rsi ha o , nd 2) ha he aitf eaona y ald o a dva t e t pr ntveorc r tveopporuniist tt e oy pr de '1 (iainsomitd) he eve i oreci t te ha he mpl er ovi d. d. ctto ' te . A snot d,Elz be h Ar n m a t o di tnc a gum e s a t why Fln c no e t bls e i a t de kes w si t r nt s o i t nn t s a i h aprmaf i ca eofs xua haa s n : )t tW as ngtn' c i ace s e l rsme t (1 ha hi o s onduc wa no unwec ;a t s t lome nd ()t tt c nduc wasnots fcinty sve eorpe v svet c tt eahosiewor 2 ha he o t ufi e l e r r a i o onsiut tl k e r nm e .1 The co ' ne notadd e st fr toft s c e i nsbec us i i c ea t t nvi o nt 0 ul ed t r s he is he e ont nto a e t s l r ha Elz be h Ar n pr vaisont s co i a t de e l he e nd. l de e m i ng w he he c n t r ni t r onduc i i ufi i nty s ve e orpe va i t a t r t co ii t s s fce l e r s r sve o le he nd tons ofpli if se oyme a t c e t a a i wor e r antf mpl nt nd o r a e n busve k nviomne n' os ka ,630F. nt'M by-f nt 3d a 33 t c ti gui d by a num be ofpr nc pl s Fi s , hi f c ori m e s e by a t 4, he our s de r i i e . r t t s a t s a ur d n o j ci sandad,ie.whehe ar s na epe s woul tndawor e r nthosie. b e tve t r . , t r ea o bl ron di k nvionme tl The o j ciep o o t ts i t e in dt d sa o camsb sd o a idv d a' h p r b e tv r ng f he e t s k sg e o if v r li a e n n n ii u ls y ed snstviy. EEOC v. ibr M e Clni P. , F. 3 328( h Ci. 0) Thi e ii t ' ' Far ook d. i c. A.609 3d 20, 4t r 201 . s r uie t cour t l C ta 1t c r um s a e , nc udi t f e ncy oft di c i i t y eq r s he t o ook d l he i c t nc s i l ng he r que a he s rm na or c uc ;iss ve iy;w he he i i phys c l t ea e ng o hum ii tng, a m e e of e i ond t t e rt t r ts i aly hr t ni r la i or r f ns ve ute a e;a whehe i un e ona y it rer swih a e o swor pe f r a e.' t r nc nd t r t z as bl n e f e t n mpl yee' k r o m nc ' Faa he v Ci o Bo aRao 5 4U.. 7 , 8 - ( 9 8 (uoigHarsv. r it y . r c r . t f c tn, 2 S 7 5 7 788 1 9 ) q tn ri Fokl S s. y f 1 I ism oi t dim is Elza t Ar n as ar d t t cai agans i s dbedimis d 0 n t ton o s s , i beh de lo gue hat he l ms i t t houl s se b cus iwa n tFitse o e.ud Tu k( wa pe iu l a sg e t ti c s)d nidtemoint e a e t s o ln' mply r J ge r who s rvo sy sin d o hs ae e e h to o dimiso t tg ound,notng t tt f t ale wer s fci tdo a las saeaplusbl cl m t Elz bet s s n ha r i ha he acs lged e ufi en û t e t t t t a i e ai hat ia h Ar nwa ( ln 'le l y r'S eDk . . 6a 6 7 El a eh Ar e h sno ma et s meag me ti is de s F i ts mp o e . e tNo 2 t - . i b t d n a t d he a r u n n t ' z s mmayj d me tmoina dt c ut su swih u d cdn ,h t ia ehAr e wa Fitse o e fr u r u g n to n he o r a sme, to t e iig ta Elz b t d n s ln' mply r o pu s so Til Vl, e ea, j s nv. a Te h S r s, 0 F. u p. 00 5 7 0 ( D. .1 9 ) tpo e f te ISe . ..Mamu o Pek c . ev .8 8 S p 5 , 0 - 9 E. Va 9 2 (x anigt tapanifma h v mo eta o ee ly rfrp r sso Til V1 a dta a e o e i o e e pli n ha litf y a e r h n n mpo e o upoe f te l n h t n mply r s n who e r i e ç ubs a i lcontolove sgnii a a pe soft co pe a i t r s condii ,orprviege of xe c s s ç t nta s r r i fc nt s ct he m ns ton, e m , tons i l s plitf' e ly n .) an ifs mp o me t' . ' I c, 1 U. 1 , ( 9 3 ) An t rfco t bec n iee i t rlt epo rbewe nt n .5 0 S. 7 23 1 9 ), ohe a tr o o sd rd s he eai we t e he v haase a t vitm.Ziki v.Mi t,547F. 220,2 - ( hCi.2008) r sr nd he ci s e nea 3d 2728 4t r . Se ond, e r w or pl ce a a ton gi r s t an a tona e l lc a m .See c not ve y k a ggr va i ves i e o c i bl ega l i EEOC v.SunbetRe as I , F. 3 31 ( hCi. )(t okplce aenotal ys l ntl.nc.521 3d 06, 6 4t r 2008 GW r a s r wa h r no slc ls a de nicd nst a wo l o j ci eygv rs t b ie o wo n e amo iu o ae , n ve n i e t h t ud b e tv l ie ie o nzs d r u d d f elngsw ilnoton t ta oun s ts y t s ve e orpe va i s a r So e r lng wih t e i l ha cc t a i f he e r r s ve t nda d. m oli t he p n h si afc o wo k lc 1f ,) I ta ,û e ei al bewe n wh tc nj siibl b u c e s a t f r p a e ie' .nse d th r s i t e a a u tfa y e ' t ne c le s xua ha a s e ta wha i m e ey c debe vi . Ziki 547 F. a 2 I d, a ld e l r s m n nd t s r l nl ha or' s e, ' 3d t 28. ndee Til V1 i nota d ner lci lt c 'be a e i t tw e e t ca e d e w oul be ltga i te 1 s û ge a viiy ode' c us f ha r he s t w d ii tng pa ts s undown i e rs m a cr um sa es'I n ve o ny ic t nc .' d. The i i ent a l ge he e prm a iy co i t d ofW a hi t fi tng w ih Flnta nc d s le d r i r l ns s e s ng on lr i t i nd a ki he out whi h s di notco i rha a sng a las i ta l The upon he rtzn fom s ng r , c he d nsde r s i , t e t niily. n, r elr r m e c ll a a t e o Fe ua y 201 t c m e t a r nty e c l t d e t ri i e iy di a e ve t he nd f br r 2, he om n s ppa e l s a a e ihe n nt nst o i f e nc t t poi t tFlntc i r d i ha a s e t Flnta l ge t t whe r n r que y o he nt ha i ons de e t r s m n . i le s ha n W a hi on waspr e i he wor a e - hewoul as he outo dae ,ty t t h he ha s ngt es nt n r k r a d k r n t s r o ouc r nd whe ha ng he pa ,sa t cl et he , l n ove he a he de k a ty t l down n ndi r per t nd oo os o r or ea r r t r s nd r o ook he s r .The f e ncy oft c r hi t r que he onduc , he ef e of e ss e s ppor f Fln ' pr m a f i t t r or , f r om u t or i t s i ac e ca e a t s , lhough i i a s w o t no i t tFlnts own t s i o es a i hest tt be vi t s l o rh tng ha i ' e tm ny t bls ha he ha or occ r e onl d i a one- o h w i w . u r d y urng m nt ndo Crtc l how e r t ale d c uc he e w asnot's r .' n pa tc a , i ha not ii aly, ve , he l ge ond t r seve e ' I r i ul r Flnt s poi e t a e de e t ta oft e i i e s o co m e si ve phys c lt hi nt d o ny vi nc ha ny hes nc d nt r m nt nvol d i a ouc ng ( i fom t t hi ofha whieheha dhe pa ) o t ts f tphyscal asde r he ouc ng nds l nde r per, r ha he el i ly t e tned. hass pr e e a co tnts hrae Nor he esntd ny mpee ummayj r udgme te de et tW a hi on' n vi nc ha s ngt s c onduc i l d c ude ors xua l explci co m e sorge t e . l Essentajy,yjjt s t nvo ve r e ly i t m nt s ur s l k j ja , a l ga i a e t ts ha t e le tons r ha he d o ndur t unw a t d r an i a t ntons ofa co- or rf a e he n e om tc te i w ke or pe i ofa r od bouta m o h pr o t he t r i ton i l i pos i y a i s on ofhe pe s nt i r o r e m na i - nc ud ng s bl n nva i r r onal woks a e a t a t e es me(rsmi r atn in s eddn t rv o l o j c t a r p c - nd h t h s a o i l ) te to s h i o p e iusy b e t o s a haasmen.Sheas cli t tass c i dt rj c hi r ntcove t es hewoul r s t lo ams ha he ontnue o ee t s oma i rur , d s e i e s y m e n t ngst he . Sm e n' t ngs de c i d i he de ii how e r a e om tm s a a hi o r The d a ' hi s rbe n r pos ton, ve , r a lwor r lt d crtc s s s h a he no beng a et wor t lne f s e ug W hiet 1 k-e ae ii im , uc s r t i bl o k he i s a t no h. l he c t d unde sa how t ym i htbehu tu,noneofW as ng o salege c our coul r t nd he g rf l hi t n' l d omm e s nt, e n c i r at e he , r a e awo k pl c t twa û r e t w ih dic i i t y ve onsde ed log t r c e t d r a e ha s s m aed t s rm na or pe itmi ain, iiuea dis t'S eHa s 51 U. a 21 Rah r t yweetee uv ln (r n i d to rdc l n n ul. e ni , 0 S. t . t e ,he r h q iae t o ' ls o fn iet a )teC r deb ha ir'( o rsme s'a dt S c a in lo fc lr o eo e s fe sv h n h c u e vo , t o il s, n he s c so a f-oo j k r c 'b ' o c m e 't tt Fourh Cicui Cour o Appe shasf m d i uf i i ntt gi r s t a Til om nt' ha he t r t tf al ot ns fc e o ve i e o te Vl cli ofahosiewor e r e . s e 547F. a 228. 1 am tl k nvionm nt Ziki , 3d t A s i m us ,t c tc e t Flnt st tm ony t tW a hi on' c t t he our r dis i ' esi ha s ngt s onduc t a d he w a t ow r r s ups ti a i e f r d t s e e en w ih he w or pe f m a ,s nc i s m e i esca ed e tng nd nt r e e o om xt t t r k r or nce i e t o tm us he t ge u e a c y a w or butt c ur no esa s t Flntt s ii d t ts c i d a w or r o t ps t nd r t k, he o t t l o hat i e t fe ha he r e t k o ro he i i s no i vi W as ngt n, w e l M or ove , he r l tve C e ' be w e n ve t r nc dent t nvol ng hi o as l. e r t e a i t pow r' t e W a hi on a Flntdoe notc ti et ma ngt c s ngt nd i s onrbut o ki he onduc mor sver Se j.a 227t e e e. e .s t 28 p (xpli ngt sf t ) W ahi t wa ac wor r hewasnotas r s r(ndFln e ani hi acor. s ngon s o- ke , upevio a it co i rdhe s fas r s ) a t ofe woke i t difrntaea oft warhous . nsdee rel upevior, nd hey tn r d n wo fee r s he e e Fort f e ng r as ,t cou ' c l st tt c he or goi e ons he l onc ude ha he onduc he e i nots tci nty t t r s ufi e l lBu ses pan t 6(eci n mo ee piic mme t alg di tec mpan)l i n t la i te e ' t e u r oe d srbig r x l t o ns l e n h o lit.t s o ce r fh s c e c m e sw e e t t ofûl ri 's di notc i erha as m e o i t ad occ r d a rherr t r fom om nt r he ype < i tng' he d t ons d r s nt r nse ur e he e un r s rey Re ades n n o temoesv r c mme t h v benofrdi rs ns t sl r j d me t ywa ug r . g r ls, o e fh r e ee o ns a e e fee n epo e o unmay u g n b y ofa fda t de ii t tm ony,orot r ie, nd i i w e le t bls t tapary m a notr s on t alega i f i vi, pos ton es i he w s a t s l- s a ihed ha t y e t he l tons i ispe dng wh nrs n ngt as mmayjd me t to S eW i is 7 F.da 2 0. n t la i s e epo di o u r u g n moin. e l n , 51 3 t 2 k 15 s ve eorpe vasvet gi r iet a a tona e ca m ofahosiewo k e r e r r i o ve a s o n c i bl li tl r nvionme . nt Summa y r j g n wil eg a td i fv ro Elz b t Ar e o ti cam . ud me t lb r ne n a o f ia eh d n n h s li R et i i alaton Top o eap i fcec s o r tl to , ne o e mus s o ta: 1 s ee a e r v rma a i a e f eai in a mply e t h w h t ( ) h ng g d a i apr eceda tviy;( t e oye t k a ree o ntacinagans he ;a ( a n ot t ci t 2) he mpl r oo dves mplyme to i t r nd 3) s fci ntc us lc m e ton e s sbe w e n t pr e t d ac i t a t ad r e e pl m e uf i e a a ol c i xi t t e he ot c e tviy nd he ve s m oy nt acin.Lete iv. to tir Equan.I ,478F. 640,649- 0& n. (t Ci. ) Br ntv. ke t nc. 3d 5 2 4h r 2007 , va Ai n . Rec' Med.CtssI ,333F. 536,5 ( h Ci. ) ûl t pl ntf etbls s()prma l r. nc. 3d 43 4t r 2003 .tf he ai if sa ihe a i f ci c s ,t bur n s f st t e pl yer...$o a tc a e a l gii a e nondi c i i t y a e a e he de hi t o he m o t ri ul t e tm t , s rm na or ras nf t a ree oy ntacin.'Lete i478F. a 646(uoi Hilv.Locc ed e o or he dves mpl me to '' tir, 3d t q tng l lhe M a t Lo itc M g .l c, 5 F.d27 , 5 (t Ci. 0 4)(nba cl s eas i a 6 ri g sis mt,n .3 4 3 7 28 4 h r 2 0 e n l; e lo ;. t 51 n (ppl ngt prtxta ysst rt itoncam) a yi he ee nal i o ealai li . Once t def he endantpr oducesa nondi r m i or expl t on,(t M cD onnel D ougl sc i nat y ana i the l as fa wo k, t isp e u to sa db r e s dsp a gl a t es l r mann is eg l rme r wih t r s mp in n u d n , ia pe rs, nd h oe e i ig s u i s ds rmiainv l o 'Re v sv. a d ro PlmbncPr d .l c, 3 U. 1 3 1 ( 0 0 ici n to e n n. e e S n e s n t i o s.n .5 0 S. 3 , 42 2 0 ) ' l (ntr lq ttonmaksa ciai omitd) Theuli t quesi i whehe t e oye i ena uoai r nd ttons te . tmae ton s t r he mpl r i e inal (ealae , ndpr t tdheempl rspr frdr s i unpes i o ntnto ly rt itdl a oof ha t oye ' ofee eaon s ruasve, r e n ob ous y c r ve doesnotnec s arl e t bls t tt pl ntf ' pr f r r a o ... ve vi l ont i d, e s iy s a ih ha he ai i fs of e ed e s n i c rc .'Re ve ,530U. a 1 47( i St May' Ho Ct. Hiks 509U. 502, s ore t'' e s S. t 46- quotng . r s nor rv. c , S. 5 ( 993 Putdfee l kgl i note ugh ...odibeivet e oye;t fcfnde 24 1 :. ifrnty,'it s no t s le he mpl r he a ti r m us be i ve t pl i if s e pl na i ' r t la i n.St M a v' ,509 U . a 51 W ih r ar t le he a ntf ' x a ton' of e a i t o . r s S. t 9. t eg d t herr alaton cl m ,Flntalo m us prove m or t t r alaton w asa im otvatng f or' o et i i ai i s t e han hat et i i d i i act ' i Elz be h A r n' de i i n t t r i t he a s gnm e w ih t m . ni o Tx.Sw . e Ct . n i a t de s c s o o e m na e r s i nt t he U v. f M d. r 16 v. sr 1 S.Ct251 2534( 3) I t d,s mus s t tS rpr e tda tviywas Nasa, 33 . 7, 201 .nsea he t how ha c otce ci t he a butf rca e oft alege a r e a ton by t e pl er' l - o us he l d dve s c i he m oy . d. ' Elz be h Ar n c e t tFlnt sr t la i cl i f isf s ve ali pe nt i a t de ont nds ha i ' e a i ton a m a l or e r nde nde r a ons The e i ude t tFln di notenga i l ga l c z bl pr ec e a tviy a t t e s . s ncl ha i t d ge n e ly ogni a e ot t d c i t nd ha s ha f ie t s he s a l d o how a c us r l ton be w ee a s h a tviy a La sdec s on t a al e a i t n ny uc c i t nd ne' ii o t r i t he pl e e ta Elz be h Ar n.Dkt N o. a 23- Elza t A r n a s ar ue e m na e r ac m n t i a t de . 38 t 26. i be h de l o g s t tFlntca ha i nnotpr t tis l gii a e a non- e a i t y r as f t r i tng he s l c s ove ha t e tm t nd r t la or e on or e m na i r ewi e wasa pr t xtf r t la i n.Dkt N o.38 a 26e e or e a i t o . t 28. Th c u t g e st t ia ehAr e i e tt dt s mmayj d me t e a e - ut e o r a r e ha El b t d n s n ie o u r u g n b c us- q ie z l smpy t r i i u fce te ie c fo whihara o a ej r c ul c n ld ta teb t i l- hee s ns fiin vd n e r m c e s n bl u y o d o cu e h t h u f rc us ofFln ' t r i ton wasr t la i f he co ant o ha a s e by W a hi t o a e i ts e m nai e aiton or r mpli s f r s m nt s ng on. Cf N as a ,1 S.Ct a 253 The undipu e f c s i t sc e s . s r 33 . t 4. s t d a t n hi as how t tLa w ho a one m a ha ne, l de t de s on t t r i t he a s gn e , ade t tde i i n bas on he r pe t d he ci i o e m na e r s i m nt m ha c s o ed r e ae co r nt tons a a tt e t a d he i m e a e s pe vi ora ot r . nf o a i nd tiud ow r r m di t u r s nd he s The e i no e de e t tt r as gi n by La i hi J 201 e ai t A c i r s vi nc ha he e ons ve ne n s une 2 m l o ton ( c i t smee anai gi nbyElz behAr n i t slws t weeame eprtxtf whih s he n xpl ton ve ia t de n hi a ui) r r ee or r t la i ore de e t tr t la i n f r s xua ha a s e co pl i s wast r a c us oft e a i ton vi nc ha e a i to o e l r s m nt m a nt he e l a e he de son. ndee Flnthe s fa il m os oft f c ua bas sofLa s c pl i si he ci i I d, i r el dm ted t he a t l i ne' om a nt n r de ii Alho h a tmess de e bei a et ge al wih s poston. t ug t i he nid ng bl o t ong t omeoft i vi l he ndi duas na e i La sa fda t t ove a ltnorofhe t si o i c t st ts i f c ha m d n ne' fi vi, he r l e r e tm ny ndia e ha he n a t d num erousaler i w ih ot em pl t catons t her oyees and she event l adm it asm uch.See D kt N o. , ualy ted . 38- a 3133( i De a 55- (ttngt ts ( dn'ha ml a g nt'wihpe pl (i 1 t - Flnt p. t 57) sai ha he t t ve y r mne s' t o e Cn di t begi ng, buts ha pr em sw ih pe e a t rs c m e ba k f o s ge y,a he nni ' ' he d obl t opl fe he a c r m ur r nd de c i ng a ve bala t r to s had w ih St pha e C o r w hi h Flntr po t d t Chr s s rbi r le ea i n he t e ni ope , c i e r e o i Mea ( s r iori adifrntpatoft waeho e) iaa 35 36( i De a 5960) ns a upe vs n fee r he r usl;k t - Flnt p. t ( i desrbi a i i nti whih s s ve s mehi t r a t re o nn d Flnt c i ng n ncde n c he ho d o t ng owa d nohe mplyee me Tr a Tr s d k oy, nd oy ai t don' ha t - you do tha t hi mewih- yo do tha t be You t ve o n' ve o t t u n' ve o me nt me'a s we t Lmz whoc meove a itr e s e up cyi l i at a o ' nd he nt o e, a r nd ne v ned; he nded r ng; és 3 - 0( ln De a 6 - 4 ( e cii gha igCr u l'wi t pe peo he ln swh ns e 8 4 F it p. t 2 6 ) d s rb n vn t o b e' t he o l n r i e e h t h frtc mebac fom slgeyl i at54( i De a 90)( mitngt i i rghtt ts a is a k r tr r ; d. Flnt p. t ad ti hatt s i ha he nd s e oft f ks o t lne had ç ga i i e a tons a di a e m e s ' bo t lne om he ol n he i d tve nt r c i ne nd s gr e nt ' a ut he i e oye s wok) i a 58- ( i De a 9 1 ( s rbi t M a 22, 2atr ton mpl e ' r ;d. t 59 Flnt p. t 6, 02) de ci ng he y 201 lecai whe es dia e wihAlie, nd La ha t i e v ne;i a 26( i De a 49) r he sgred t tc a ne d o ntr e l d. t Flnt p. t (xpr sngt ts wasd ggrvae ' how t ngsweebengnm a t ts di no ha e esi ha he û a td'by a hi r i nd ha he d t ve t s mea to iys dda La e c ) s eas jza 2 ( ln De a 51 (ttn t a i h r he a uh rt he i t wrn e ; e lo .. t 7 F it p. t ) saig h t n e l fr twee a Elza t Ar e t y t eae t fr he t c ove t ngst ts c i r d is k t i be h d n, he hr tned o ie r wi e r hi ha he onsde e ç ar' i i' unf ) Addii ly,t co tc i r t f c t tt e a ton f t de i i t tr na e tonal he ur onsde s he a t ha he xplnai or he c son o e mi t he pl ce e a Elza t Ar n i c m i f om La - a i vi lw ih who Flnthad r a m nt t i be h de s o ng r ne n ndi dua t m i w or d s c s uly f ryea sa La enc The u s e f c sbe or t c t ugge tonl ke uc es f l o r t wr e. ndiput d a t f e he our s s y t tFlntha ditc t a j tngt he ne wor e r ntt r esgoveni i,a ha i d fi uly dusi o r w k nvionme ,he ul r ng t nd wo ki wih ohesi i (rpeha patc al woki f Ali ) He pl e ntwa r ng t t r n t o r ps riulry- r ng or tce . r ac me s t r i t d due t t e r pe t d co lc s a a t r atons s ha w ih co- or r e m na e o hes e a e nfi t nd le c i he d t w ke s. M or eover t s , he ugges i t Lane' deci on w asm otvat by ret i i tndsno ton hat s si i ed alaton i s upporti t r d.The onl com pl ntofs n he ecor y ai exualhar assm entatal t Lane w as awar ofwas 1 hat e t Flnthad com pl ned t W ashi on w as as ng her outon dat l hat i ai hat ngt ki es. ndeed,Flntadm isshe i t ne rr po td m o e Bo h La a M e nss ket W as ng o a bei ve t ti s had ve e re r . t ne nd a po o hi t n nd le d ha s ue been res ved.l any event Cm er know l ol n ,d e edge on t partofan em pl he oyert an em pl hat oyee i i ts a t fr has( mpli dofdici nai i no s fce e de eofrtlai t bout o ie co ane srmi tonl s t ufiint vi nc eaiton o c e s t tale de e ofl gii a e r as f r dicha gi t te pl e. W iln s v. ount r ubsan i vi nc e tm t e ons o s r ng ha m oye ' li m ' Cebeonis l .871F. 45 45 ( h Ci.1 ) quot i Ca trv.Bal,33F. 45 460 r r c .nc, 2d 2, 7 4t r 989 , ed n re l 3d 0, (t Ci.19 . 4h r 94) Fi ly, hie Flnta l ge i he c pl n t tt r a on La ga he f rher na l w l i le d n r om ai t ha he e s ne ve r o t r i ton w a t the di notw a t s e Flntc yi e r da , s e Dkt N o. a 5,2e n e m na i s ha d nt o e i r ng ve y y e . 3 t 1 ve Flntad is s ne rt d hi s w a c yi be a e W a hi t w a ha a s ng he . a s i m t he ve ol m he s r ng c us s ng on s r s i r She l o a te t ts s m ei esc i be a eofhe difc tesi i e a tng wih Ali a t dmit d ha he o tm red c us r fi uli n nt r c i t tce nd he l c ofs ak uppor s f tlke s w a r c vi f om La ,a t tt e c yi e s s ha t he el i he s e ei ng r ne nd ha hos r ng pi ode d no hi t do w ih s xua ha a s ent Thus e n i t r a r a on w a t the di notw a t t ng o t e l rsm . , ve f he e l e s s ha d nt o s e he c yi s a is s enga d i r pe t c yi a t t sr s n i no a pr t xtf e r r ng, he dm t he ge n e a ed r ng, nd hus hi ea o s t e e or r t la i Ast Fo t Cic tha e ane adititco tt e a iton. he urh r ui s xpl i d, src ur t no sta aki ofs r does t i s nd upe pe s r onnelde r m e w e ghi t pr nc ofe pl e de i i m ade by fr sc ge pa t nt i ng he ude e m oym nt c sons i m har d wih e oy ntds rmi ton.' l r tev.Cor nc.I . 1 F. 293, 9( h Ci.1 t mpl me ici nai 'De anet ni nc, 33 3d 29 4t r 998) (iai omitd) l ta t c tsS ol c nc r i whehe t ras f whiht ctton te .nse d,he our' t e o en s t r he e on or c he s defnda dic r dt pli ifwas(eait yl'1 (iai o te . r noe de e e nt s hage he antf rtlaor .'d. ctton mitd) Hee, vi nc s pors a c us lnk be w e n Flnts s e c pl i a utW a hi o and t t r i to of up t a al i t e i ' ol om a nt bo s ngt n he e m na i n he pl c e by La r a em nt ne. Fora1oft s r s ns t c twilga Elz behAr e ss 1 he e ea o ,he our l rnt ia t d n' ummar udgme moton yj nt i ast Flnt' r alaton cl m . o i s et i i ai 1 A gai , teei n s mmayjd me te ie c t ti efc;hsalg to a p aso yi te 2 n hr s o u r u g n vd n e o hs fe tti l ain p e r nl n h e c pl i . om a nt Concl i us on F rt f rg i r a o s El a ehAr e smoinf rs mma yj d me twi be o he o e ong e s n , i b t d n' to o u r u g n l z l g a ed. s pa ae o de wilbe e t r d,a t Cl r i d r c e t s nd c e oft s r nt A e r t r r l n e e nd he ek s ie t d o e opi s hi m e or ndum opi on a t a c pa ng or rt M s Flnta t a lc m s ofr co d. m a ni nd he c om nyi de o . i nd o l ot el e r ENTER: s 3 l a ofOdobe , 4. Thi y r 201 Chi fU nied St t D it i tJ e t a es s rc udge 20
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