Clatterbaugh v. Clarke, No. 7:2012cv00471 - Document 12 (W.D. Va. 2013)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Samuel G. Wilson on 04/26/2013. (kab)

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rdFRKS OFFI U.. ST. CE S DI COURT A ROANOKE, T VA F!?i tE- Ã¨ AFk s ,3 g 1 I TH E UN I N TED STATES DI STRI CO URT CT FOR TH E W ESTERN DI STRI OF VI CT RGI A NI ROANO KE DI I ON V SI C A BELL RI FFE C LA TT ERB A U G H , JULi A BY; D # CLERK ' CLERK C i lA cton N o.7: vi i 12cv00471 Pet toner ii . 1 2254 M EM OR ANDUM OPI ON NI V. H A R O LD W .C LA R K E, R espondent . By:Sam ue G . is l W l on Unied St e Di t c Judg t at s s ri t e Cabe lRif Cl ter l f e a t baugh brngst spetton f wrtofha asc puspur ua t i hi ii or i be or s nt o 28U. C.j2254,chale nghi conviton a s e ei t Cic tCour ofAl mare S. lngi s ci nd entnc n he r ui t be l Count Vigi a,f braki and e erngi vi ai ofVa.Code j 1 2- ate e y, r ni or e ng nt i n olton 8. 90, tmptd r obber i vi ai ofVa.Code j 1 2- unlwf woundi i vi ai ofVa.Code j y n olton 8. 58, a ul ng n olton 18. 51 andus ofafrar i t commisonofaf ony i vi a i ofVa.Code j 1 22- , e ie m n he si el n olton 8. 53. Cl ter 1. a t baugh r s t o i f tve a s s anc ofcouns cl m s and t m ate i ai es w nef ec i s i t e el ai , he tr s be or t cour on t r ponde ' m oton t dim is The cour fndst tt Supr f e he t he es nt s i o s s . ti ha he eme Co r ofVign aha a j dia e Clte b u h' camso t eme isa dt a a j iai n ut r ii s d u c td at r a g s li n h rt n h t dudc to wasnotconta y t cl a l e t bls d f r l w,orbas d on an unr as r r o e ry s a ihe ede al a e e onabl e de e m i i oft f t . A c di y,t cour gr nt t r pondent s m o i t t r naton he ac s cor ngl he t a s he es ' t on o dir s . s ni s l t eary m or ng hour of Jul 27,2007,Jos M ayo i t M i l Lam an n he l ni s y hua nvied chele a J H as a t hi hous a t e of a c - - ac on Benni on R oa i A l a l nd ay sn o s e t he nd ulde s ngt d n bem r e Count La a a H as an hel M a pa f an upc i m ove,c um e s e y. m n nd s ped yo ck or om ng ons d om b e ,s ke s mema iu na a d us das l a n o c ane Se e a ohe fin s e r mo d o r a , n e mal mou t f oc i . v rl t r re d j sopped by bet n t hour of3: a. .a 5: a. . M ayo,La a and Has a sayed t wee he s 00 m nd 00 m m n, sn t up pac ng boxe untla oxi at l 6: a. . ki s i ppr m e y 30 m A s ttm e l t ,a w hie,l t m ode A c a dr i o t cul de- a and ba d i hor i a er t a el ur ove nt he - s c cke n f ontof t hous , and t drveremer d. Lam a alege y l r he e he i ge 1 n l dl ooked outt wi he ndow a nd as al ked oud,Ã» ha ' Ca l doi he e ' W hen M ayo and H a s n as d,iW ho i Ca l, l t s be l ng r ?' W s a ke Ã§ s be l' ' La r s man e ponded,tl' Cabel Cltebaugh,Iwentt hi s hoolwihhi ' ( .353. Ã§ts l at r o gh c t m.' Tr ) AsM a o o eve t ec rt r ug t wi o h he r ak o ka t d o .( . 3. y bs r d h a h o h he nd w, e ad n c t he o r Tr 21 ) W he M a ope t door a as aia pus hi way i ot r si n yo ned he , n s lnt hed s nt he e dence a nd a ompa edM ayot ought hous a gunpoi ,l ngf money. ( .21 21 -1 ) cc ni hr he et nt ooki or Tr 4, 6 7. The as aia f ed t s ene a s tt m e l t r 2 s l nt l he c hor i a e . D e ec i gat r evi nce a concl t tves he ed de nd uded t tt i vi ha he ndi duali ve was Ca l nvol d bel Clte b u h. A g a j r r t r e a i dit n a ans Clteba h, n aj r tilwa atr a g rnd u y eu n d n n cme t g i t atr ug a d u y ra s he d i t Ci c tCour f A l m a l Count i M a ch 2009. A tt i ,M a i ntf e t l n he r ui t or be r e y n r r al yo de ii d he 'Atti M a snei ral yo' ghbort ttedt thehea dac comi downBemi on Roada ahi s eed esii ha r ar ng l ngt t gh p be wee 6: a 7:0 a. Heobs r ayot mal drvi t c a notc t tt hood wa si tyope t n 30 nd 0 m. eved mg e i ng he ar nd ied ha he s lghl n i tefo ta i ih db e i a acd n .( . 23)AttilClteb u h' moh re t idta a ters t a n h rn s ft a e n n n c ie t Tr 4 . ra, atr a g s te tsie h t s h eulof n f a cd n, atr u hsc rh o wa d ma e i ama n rta p e e tdifo co igc mpltl ( . 9) c ie tClteba g ' a o d s a g d n n e h t rv ne t rm lsn o eey. Tr61 . 2Al m a l Count PolceCor a StveW iki t tfedt thedr aot t ar nea Be ngtn be re y i por l e l ns esii ha ove r md he ea r nni o Roa loki f t s pec i v i t hom ei i o t s pe tsve cl aRe r cevi i o tonfom d o ng or he us t nvoled n he nvason r he us c ' hi e r e i ng nfnnai r ds thrg r igawht Ac r.( . 0 , 2 )At ppo i tl 7:5am.W i n sw wh t eb le e wa ipac e adn i ua Tr 5 2 5 6. a rxmaey 1 . , l s a a h eiv d s e ki tes s c' v hil diigo Hyda lcRo d ( . 0 -0 )W i istsiidta h h dafc-o fc ve o h upets e ce rvn n rui a . Tr 5 3 4. l n etfe h t e a a et-ae iw f k tes se ta dt t ek e frafc iwa Clt r a g .( . 08)W i isp ru dtev hil, u ls sg to h up c n ha h n w o a tt s at b u h Tr5 . l n us e h e ce b tot ih f e k io S lma Ro d ( . 0 . Ata po maey9:0am.Wi n lc tdtev hcei ap riglt e id t n oo n a . Tr5 7) p rxi tl 3 . , l s o ae h e il n akn o b hn ki S o nRo d.( . 0 . Th p l eb o g akan dbo ho n t tese e Th d gsh nde, tcie olma a Tr 5 9) e oi r u ht ie lod u d o h cn . e o ' a lr Deetv c Stz tGaner J .oft LouiaCount PolceDe rme ,esiid t thepr dedt dogwihs entatce t ar r , r, he s y i pa t nt t tfe ha ovi he t c rils fo t ed i e ' s a o t ewh t Acta a t ed g Id hm t aKe t c ' F idCh c e I r m h rv rs e t f h i t , nd h o e i o n u k re ik n K#CI f Ro t 2 . e r y o f ue 9 ( . 7 , 7 - 2. Gan rtsiidta ted gce ryt ban dt ese to tels p ro ta h dd ie t c r Tr 5 8 5 0 7 ) r e etf h th o lal t tie h c n fh at es n h t a rv n l a e o w a dta wa . . nfo . ( . 7 . Fn l ,wi s Ta k Tun rtsiidt t h a dted fn a ts n h t s . o o t' Tr 5 6) ial mes mia re etfe ha s e n h ee d n' ' y grfin g tu eryt pc u Clteb u hfo teV e ia 2 0a ( ue29 . ( . 9 , 0 . ilre d o p al o ik p atra g rm h C KFC xt t 5 nd Ro t 1' Tr 6 5 7 4) : Ot e de i r e a tilr ve e Cltebaug dic s d t r r a l ai ofhi ve cl her vi nce ntoduc d t ra e ald atr h s us e he obbey nd oc ton s hi c o rc r djitlp o ec n est ntp s n e ode alee h n o v rai a e . o 2 3 he us on s es i r al a s l ntas Cabel Cl t e ba s aia l a t r ugh. A tt concl i ofM ayo' t t m ony att i , as M ayo l tt w i nes s a t t i lcour advi e hi nott (be a ound a ef he t s t nd, he r a t sd m oÃ§ r nyone w ho i s dic sngt sca e.'( .291) M a rple Ã§ fndwhenlm outi oft c t e s usi hi s ' Tr . yo e id,Ã§ i l ' sde he ourhous a out i oft sca e t e' a l ofpeopl f om t ot s det tappr ch m e. l t t nd sde hi s her s ot e r he her i ha oa s ha s meh n t a In e t - ld n' t l a I u t r t r n a yfo t m?'( . 9 ) To o tig h t e d o o t ak nd j s ty o u wa r m he ' Tr 2 2. t s t ti c ta s M ayo t the woul ne t wal a hi , he ral our dvied ha d ed o k way and t the wasnott ha o tl wih a ak t nyonea t cas (d. M ayot n a ke Ã§ i Im t eaene '(d. bout he e. l ) he s d,Ã§ f ' hr t d?' I ) And Co s l b e t da d s i Ã§ ha amo in. (d. Afe ten x wine sc n l e un e o j ce n a d,1 ve I to ' I ) tr h e t t s o cud d, ' c e clrfedt thehadaÃ§ i f miti . ( .347. Couns s ciialy ouns l a ii ha l on or sral' Tr mot ' ) el pe fc l r f e ac i y i tuci asapot i r me ( .349. Thecour consdeedt eus d autonar nsr ton ental e dy. Tr ) t i r he m ot on f m i t i a de Ã¨ t tm oton,fndi t tM a s com m ent ga no i or s ral nd ni d ha i i ng ha yo' s ve idiain t tClteba hwa i o v d a dt eewa n Ã§ nie tij tc 'j siy n a n c to ha atr ug s nv l e , n h r s o d f s n usie' u tf i g ma miti . (d. sral l ) The s cond occ i gi ng r s t a m oton f m it i occur e dur ng t e as on vi i e o i or s r al r d i he t t m ony ofO f i erR on K e ner The pr ec or a ked K es rt r ountM i l es i fc s . os ut s ne o ec chele Laman' sae nt ofhow s knew t tt dee s ttme s he ha he fndantwa Cabel Cl tr ugh.( s l ateba App. 295 ) Kes rs d,tW els r lye t met ts ha t ts us t got s -96. ne ai i l he ea d o ha he d- ha he ed o o chool wihM r Clter ugh a t tt tshow s kne hi ' ( t . at ba nd ha ha ' he w m.' App.296-97. Ke ne ) s r c i ontnued,Ã» sat d t ts hadn' s n hi i s alyea sa t ts kne t the Ã§ she t e ha he t ee m n ever r nd ha he w ha h dj s r c ntybe n r la e fo j i. (d) Co ns la i it re td,tu e 1m a u t e e l e e e s d r m al' l . u e gan n ej c e t dg , ' ' l 3TheVigi aCour ofAppe l i epr tdt e de i t lghtm os f a et t Comm onwe t r ni t as ntr ee he vi nce n he i t avorbl o he alh; howeve,t sco tnotst a til M a admitdt th f iedt i ntf Cl t ba fom aphot a ry r hi ur e hat t ra, yo te ha e al o de iy ater ugh r o ra p ee tdt hm pirt t prl n yh ai .( . 9 - 0 . Ma oa mitdta h o l came t rc g ie rsne o i ro o he ei m' erng Tr7 6 8 7) y d te h t e ny li d o e o nz mi Clteb u, atrh wa b o g t u i hs al nfr a dso dn x t hic u sl th pei nayh aig. atra g fe e s r u h o tn ijiu iom n to e to s o n e a te rl r ern h mi ( .8 8 0 . Lie s, ma sae a tilh t i s di s ys mehn t teefc o R b l' Tr 0 - 9) k wie La n ttd tra ta whl he d a o tig o h fe t f ca els e ( atr a g ')h rj sewa itxctda dn ln e b le e tep r ertrt beClteb u h ( . 8 -8 , Clteb u hs ee' h s no iae n o o g r eiv d h ep tao o ' atr a g . Tr3 2 3 3 7, 3 4. Has nas fie t p ro al ie tf Clteb u ha teitu e .( . 9 , 0 ) 8 41 -1 ) sa lo ald o es n l d niy atr a g s h nrd r Tr 2 3 3 4. y g i t o j c .1ha amo in. ( p. 7. o ng o b e t ve to ' Ap 29 )Thep o e u o c n i e t a k s v r l ' r s c t r o tnu d o s e e a mo eq si nsa d t d f n n o j ce t dfee ttsi yo a t rb ss a ds i r ueto n he e e da t b e t d o ifr n e tmon n nohe a i, n a d n t nga o thi pro ob e to o hi Ã§ to ' ( p 29 -98) o hi b u s i r j ci n r s Ã§ in. Ap . 7 . mo ' Som e tm e af e t concl i of K e ner s t tm ony,c i t r he us on s ' es i ouns t d t c tt the el ol he our ha ha amoton f amiti bas on Kes r' tsi d i or sral ed ne s e tmonyr gar ngLa e di man' sae nt ( . s ttme . Tr 480. Couns laganr f e aca i r i tuci r s ) e i eus d utonay nsr ton, e pondi tal...t t... i ng,Ã§l ha does s r pe ti. (d. Th tilc ur s i i d dno b l v t tt i cd n j tfe amitil e a t' 1 ) e ra o t ad t i t ei e ha he n ie t usiid sra ' e bu t o t emo i nf ramitilu de a v s me t ( . 4. Afe t ej r h drtr d t o k h to o sra n r d ie n . Tr 48 ) tr h u y a eie f rs n e i ,d fns c u s l e we hi mo in f ramitil ( .1 9 ) Th til o e tncng e e e o n e r ne d s to o sra. Tr 0 2. e ra c tde ed hi m oton,s atng' our ni s i t i . For e m pl Ofi e Ke ne t tfe a one poi aboutt de endantbe ng xa e, fc r s r esii d t nt he f i i j i,a whie t a c ranl wa o j cin b e ce ry lt r o i t n al nd l h t et i y s b e to a l , la l ae n n he Commonweat sc e,i wasmadeknown t tt deendanthad be i j i lh' as t ha he f en n al a Of i r K es r di not of e w he or w he e bec e t Com m onw e t nd fce ne d fr n r aus he alh ofe e a c py of t e c nv r ai n fo t j i t a o he p r,s t a fr d o h o e s to r m he al o n t r a t o h t e de e was goi t ge i s t c tca vi nc ng o t n, o he our nnot fnd now t t e i a i hat her s ma f s ij tce.... nie t n usi ' ' ( .1091. Tr ) Th u y f un Clteba hg lyof e kig a e t rn atmp e r bb r , ej r o d atr ug uit br a n nd n e ig, te td o e y unl ulw oundi a us of a f r r i t com m i s on of a f l awf ng, nd e iea m n he si e ony. The c t our s ence Cl t r ugh t t ry- yea s'i r r ton,wih fve yea ss pe d. ent d ate ba o hit one r nca ce a i t i r us nde Clte ba h a a t r ug ppea e t The Cour ofAppea sofVigi a ar ng,i e ala t t ti ld o t l r ni , gui nt r i , hat he ral cour ered by r f i t gr hi motonsf m iti l4 T hatcour f t r e usng o ant s i or sra . t ound no manies f t 4 a l Cl te ba , a s ar d t tt t i cour er ed i lm ii t s ope ofhi cr s On ppea , a tr ugh l o gue ha he r al t r n i tng he c s os exa i i oft Com m onw eat sw ine se t t ti cour a e isdicr i w he i adm itd m naton he lh' t s s; hat he ral t bus d t s eton n t te e de wihouta pr vi nce t operf oundaton;and t t ti cour e r d whe i a l i hat he ral t r e n t lowed t Commonwe t t he alh o i mpea one ofis w ine se w ih pr or i ons s ents at m e s. ch t t s s t i nc i t t e nt 4 p o a iiy ta t tilc r' r i g wa p eu ii lsc cu e ta Clte b ug s r b blt h t he ra ou ts uln s rj d ca, on ld d h t atr a h' m ot ons f m i t i w er untm el a t w ai f a lat pur es a af im ed i or s r al e i y nd hus ved or ppe l e pos , nd fr Cl ter a t baugh' c s onvi i ,a t Supr e C our of V i gi a r us hi petton f r ctons nd he em t r ni ef ed s ii o appeal . Cl ter ugh t fl d a sa e habea petton i t Supr at ba hen ie tt s ii n he eme Cour ofVigi a, t r ni c a m i hi c l i ng s ouns lr e ender i f tve as i t nce i f lng t tm e y m ove f a m i t i l ed nef ec i ss a n aii o i l or sra or ot r s pr e ve hi m i t i lm otons f r e on di e tappeal6 The Supr m e Cour he wi e es r s sra i or evi w rc e t . of V igi a f r ni ound t tC l t e ba ha a t r ugh coul not s d how a r s bl pr bi iy t t butf ea ona e oba lt ha , or couns ' a l el s leged er or ,t r s tofhi t i lw oul ha be di f e a t he r s he e ul s ra d ve en f er nt nd hat , t e e o e f ie t s tsyt p eu c p o g o S rc l n v. a h n t n, 6 U. 66 , h r f r , a ld o aif he rj die r n f tik a d W s i a o 4 6 S. 8 5va. Co ej8013 alwsatil o rt dsh reaj r wh nteei at nfs n c si 'frte d . -61 lo ra c uto ic ag uy e h r s t iet e est 'o h ma y dsh r e a dtetilu g h sb o ddsrto i dee i n st to i whc amitilsaprpit. ic ag , n h raj d e a r a icein n tnnnig i ins n ih sra i p o rae ua Ttnb l Co n at, 1 Va 3 8 3 5( 9 ) Th Co r o Ap e l o VignaÃ§ ln trv retetil u ulv. mmo we 1h 2 6 . 2 , 3 175. e u t f p as f r ii Ã§ l o e es h ra wi co tsdenilofamoton frm iti unls am a f s pr ur' a i o sral e s nie t obabiiyexit t tt tilc tsnli was lt ss ha he ra our' lng peu iil'P rzv. mmo we l , 0Va 6 , 4(0 3 .( No 73. rj dca. ee Co n at 4 . 48 65 2 0 ) ECF . - ) ' h 6Spe tc l ,Cltebau alge t f lw i ci aly atr gh le d he olo ng: i l vi a i oft 5t 6t a 1 h Ame n olton he h, h nd 4t ndme st t Unied Stt Consi i a Aril I nt o he t aes tt on nd tce m Se i 8 oft Vigi a Co ttton,Peii rwasdenid hi c tmtona rghtt el tve cton he r ni nsiu i ttone e s onsi i l i o fkci asitnceofcot elwhe ssa ms n: Co ne o jce ,b t fi d t tmey mo e fr a mitil a d oh r s u s l be td u al o i l v o e sra n tewie pe ev te ag me t fr rviw o drc a p a wh n () te rsre h r u ns o e e n ie t p e l e 1 h Co n at s man e e te s Ma o,ma e rmaksi go to tejr mmo we l h' i y wi s, y n d e r n n f h uy r gadi whathe s d do i c a ed outi t cou toom by ipe e on e r ng houl f ontct sde he rr i opl teoh rsd 'a dak dwh tod i h i tr ae e a d ()Ofie Ken r h te ie' n qe a t o f e s h e tn d, n , 2 fcr s e tsiid t tLa a ha nots e t peii ri s ve alyea sand f e tfe ha m n d e n he ttone n e r r i knew t t ha h h d b e rcnl rlae ho ji. Co n e dd n ttmey rq eta e a c n ee ty ee sd 'm al' u s l i o i l e u s ' mitila tetmete o jcin bl wod wee s o e a t lw rq r sra t h i h beto a e rs r p k n, s he a e uie (i) a d c u s l s o l n t h v ag e a an t te Co n at s sc, n o n e h ud o a e ru d g is h mmo we l h' s e ntr s f am iti .D uet t untm elnes ofc e ' m otons ubs que eque t or sral o he i i s ouns ls i f ram iti ,t Cour ofAppeasconsde e t m otonswaied f a lt o sral he t l i r d he i v or ppelae rve (n c udh v c n iee temoin wav db c uec u sl be td e iw a d o l a e o sd rd h to s ie ea s o n e o j ce t teCo n at srq s framitil. Th o jcin bl isa c si o h mmo we l e uet o h' sra) e be to a e n tn e n ( )a d( )idvd al a dc letv l, r hg ypeu ca t tep t in r 1 n 2 n iiu l n olciey wee ihl rjdiilo h eio e y t and r s t d i an unf rt i ,a d aloft rgh t c e ule n ai ral eni he i t o onfo hi a us r ,and a nt s cc e s de a of due pr es . Thus i t motons ha bee tm ey m ade a not nil oc s , f he i d n i l nd w ave i a manne ,t peiine woul have be s esf lon a l e i d n ny r he tto r d en ucc s u ppelat r i w a gr nt d a ne ti lon a lt cha ge . ev e nd a e w ra l he r s 687( 1984) ( No.7- ) Es e i l i concude t net rmoton war ntd a . ECF 7. s ntaly, t l d hat ihe i ra e mi ti l sr a . Cl te ba a t r ugh' cur e f de alhabea pe ii r s st s m e i f e tve a s sa e s r nt e r s tton ai e he a ne f c i s it nc ofc ouns cl i r i e i hi sat habea petton:f l e t tm e y m ove f a mit ilor el a ms a s d n s t e s ii aiur o i l or sra ot w i e pr s ve t a gum ent f r ew on di e a al The r pondenthasm ove t her s e er he r s or evi r ct ppe . es d o dimis a d tec s i no rp f ra j iai n. s s , n h a e s w ie o dudc to II. C l t e ba a t r ugh cl m s t the r ce ve i f e t ve as i t ai ha e i d ne f c i s s ance ofcouns a t i l t tt el t r a , ha he S prmeCo r o Vig n au r a o b ya j iae hi h b a peii n a d ta is u e u t f r i i n e s na l dud c t d s a e s tto , n h t t a j d c to i e tte t n dee e c .Th c u trj csClteba gh' c amsa d d u i ain s n ild o o f r n e e o r e e t atr u s li n di m i s hi pe ii s s es s t ton. Cl tr ugh' fde a ha aspeii i govene by28U. C.j2254 a Cha er ate ba s e r l be tton s r d S. nd pt 1 oft Antt r or s a Ef e t ve D e t Penaly A c , b. N o.1 1 11 St t 54 he ie r i m nd f c i ah t t PU L. 04- 32, 0 a . 1 4, 8U. C. j2 - CC 21 2 S. j 261 66 AEDPA' .Th sÃ§ e e a h b a s he la sp i r ' i t d r l a c s c me e ve rmay ) f r s i lt wih t saec t. Cule v.Pi se ,131S.Ct 1 1 ( 1. e ponsbiiy t he tt ours' ln ' nholtr . 388, 399 201 ) Cons equenty,i al ta1cic t s pettone spr edi underj2254 mus l n mos l r umsance , ii r oce ng t e us a1avaia esaec tr disbeor s ki rle i fde a cour.28U. C.j xha t 1 lbl tt our eme e f e ee ng eif n e r l t S. 2 4 b .Afe asaec u t a a j iae apeii n rsh b a camso t me is Bel 25 4 ) tr t t o r h s dudc td tto e ' a e s li n he rt, l v.J r s,236F. 149,1 ( h Ci.2000) t AEDPA r r t f derlcour t de e avi 3d 63 4t r , he equies he e a t o fr t t s at cour ' deci i exc i r r ci c s a s. o he t e ts s on ept n a e r um t nce The sat cour' f t de e m i tonsa e tpr um e t be c r ct'and t t e ts ac ual t r na i r t es d o or e , ' he pe ii r bea st bur ofr buti t tpr um pton by tc e and c ttone r he den e tng ha es i t l ar onvi ng nci e i e e' 28U. C. 22 4 e ( ) Th c u tc nsd r asaec r' a j iain v d nc . ' S. j 5 ( )1 . e o r o i e s tt ou ts dudc to 6 cont ar t c ea l es a i he f de a l w i t s a e cour a rves a a concl i oppos t r y o l r y t bls d e r l a f he t t t ri t us on ie t t r c d by t Supr m e Cour on aquesi n oflw ,ori t sa e c tdec de a o hat ea he he e t to a f he t t our i s c e di f r nt y t t Supr e Cour ha on a s ofm a e i l i s i s bl f c s as f e e l han he em t s et t r aly ndi tngui ha e a t . W ila v.Tavl ,529 U. 362,412-1 ( lims or S. 3 2000) sa ecour decii unr s .A tt t son ea onabl y a i cl ary esabls d f al1 w i t c ti ii st cor e l lprnci e,but pples e l t ihe eder a f he our dentfe he r ct ega i pl unr ona y a i i t t f ct oft cas l a 41 eas bl pples t o he a s he e. d. t 3. l i i ufi e t ta s a ecour a id f r ll w i or ec l af der habea t s ns fci nt ha t t t pple ede a a nc r ty; e al s c tm ay gr ntr l e onl i i det r i t tt s a e c tunr ona y a i d f al our a e i f y f t e m nes ha he t t our eas bl pple eder l w. I a 411 I m a ngt tde er i ton,taha a d. t . n ki ha t m na i 1 beascour m us det m i wha t t er ne t a gument ort orescoul have s r s he i d uppore t s a ecour ' de s on;and t i m us as t d he t t ts cii hen t t k wheh ri i po sbl f i mi d dj rssc ul d s g e t a t o ea g n so t e re ae t e t s s i e ar n e u it o d ia r e h t h s r ume t r h o i s r i onssentwih t hol ng i aprorde sonof(heSuprmeCourl' Ha rngon v. nc it t he di n i cii t e t. ri t ' Rih e ,1 S. . 7 77 ( 01 ) Se to 2 4 d r viw, h r f r ,i lmie t te c tr 31 Ct 7 0, 6 2 1 . c in 25 4 ) e e t e e o e s i t d o h r or t tw a bef e t s a e c t Culen, 1 S.Ct a 1 ec d ha s or he t t our . l 31 . t 398. To e t bls a i f t ve as i t nce ofcouns c a m ,C l t e ba s a i h n nef ec i ss a el l i a t r ugh m us t d mo taet a hi c u e' p ro ma c wa d fce ta d t tt d fce c p eu i e e nsr t h t s o ns ls e f r n e s e iin n ha he e iin y rj d c d hi defns Stiklnd v.W as ngon,466U. 668,685(1 .To e t ihdeiint s e e. rc a hi t S. 984) sabls fce p ro ma c , atr a g mu ts o t a t o ns lsr p e e t to f l b lw a o j ci e e f r n e Clte b u h s h w h t Ã» u e ' e r s n ai n el eo n b e tv c sanda d ofr as t r e onabl ne s' c i i t cicum sa e s ,' onsderng he r t ncesa t y e se a t tm eoft s he xit d t he i he r pr s nt i I a 687-88. Ã§Bec e oft di f c te i enti m aki t e e e aton. d. t Ã§ aus he f i uli s nher n ng he eval t on,a c tm us i ge a s r pr um pton t tc ua i our t ndul t ong es i ha ouns l s conduc f l wihi t e' t als t n he wi r de ange ofr s bl pr es i ea ona e of sonalas it ssance;t i ,t def ndantmus over hat s he e t comet he pr um pt on t t undert c r s a es t c l nge a t on Ã§ i be c i e es i ha , he i cum t nc , he hale d c i m ght ons der d s oundtilsr t '' Stikl 466 U. a 689( tng M i v.Louii 350 U. 91, ra taegy.' rc and, S. t cii chel sana, S. 101( 955 ) Asi i $alt tmptng f adef ndantt s ondgue scouns ' a ssa e 1 ) . t s il oo e i or e o ec s els s itnc afe c ci ora r es e e,...()f ra s s ntofator y pe f ma e tr onviton dve s entnc a ai s esme t ne ror nc r quie t te y efor be m a t elm i t t dit tng efec sofhi i ,t e r s ha ver f t de o i na e he sori f t nds ght o r consr t cic sancesofcouns lsc l e tuct he r um t e ' halenged c onduc ,and t eva ua et conduc t o l t he t fom couns ' pe s ctve att tm e.' St ikl r els r pe i he i ' rc and,466 U. at689. Eve i he s S. n f howst t ha c ouns lsper or e' f mancew a defci ,Cl ter s i ent at baugh i note ild t habe r i funl she s ntte o as ele es s tsi t s ond Sti kl nd pr by s a ifes he ec rc a ong howi t c ng hat ouns ' er or ta t l ha a els r s tc ualy d n a reefe on ( s def e.'I a 693.Atmi mum,Cl t ba mus de dve s fct hil ens ' d. t ni ater ugh t monsrt tae t r s bl pr bi iy t t butf c & ea ona e oba lt ha , a or ouns ' unpr e s ona er or ,t r ul oft els of s i l r s he es t he pr edi woul ha be dif r .'l a 694-95. tA r s bl pr biiy i a oce ng d ve en f e ent' d. t E ea ona e oba lt s pr biiy s fci t unde m i c i oba lt uf i ent o r ne onfdencei t out e. n he com ' 'Spence v.M ur a 1 F. r r y, 8 3d 229,233( h Ci.1994) l i i cl rt tnoprj c r s t fom a alege e r ,t 4t r . f t s ea ha eudie e uled r n l d ror he cour ne noti r whet rt e r amount t de i entr pr ent ton. Sti kl nd, t ed nquie he he r or s o fci e es a i rc a 466 U . a 697. S. t W he eva ua i d a m s ofi f tve as i t nce ofcouns ,a f der lha n l tng i nef ec i ssa el e a beascour t may gr ntr lefonl i t s a e c tde son unr s bl appled t m or ge r a ei y f he t t our cii ea ona y i he e ne al sandar f i f tveas it nc ofc t d or nefec i ss a e ouns c ai se t bls d by Sti kl nd. Ã§And, el l m s a ihe rc a l beca et Sti kl nd s a r i agene a sandar a sat cour hase n m or l tt t us he rc a t nda d s rl t d, t e t ve e a iude o r s bl de e m i t ade enda hasnots tsi t ts a r ' Knowl v. ea ona y t r ne hat f nt a ifed ha t nda d.' es M iz r ayanc 556U. 111,11 ( e, S. 2 2009) Therf e,t r vi ofaSti a cam unde j . e or he e ew rcklnd li r 22544 i %doubl defr nta.'l d) s Ã§ y e e il' d. 8 W ih t s pr ce si m i Cl te ba t he e e pt n nd, a t r ugh' cl i t the i e il d t f r lhab s s a m ha s ntt e o ede a ea r l fb c u ehi c u s l aldt t l mo f ramitil ro h r s p e e v o j cin ei e a s s o n e f i o i y ve o e e me sra o t ewie r sr e be to s f r viw on die ta or e e r c ppea i anon-t re .Thetilco tde e t miti lmotonso t ls sa tr ra ur nid he sra i n he m e is a on ha asr viw t Supr m eCour ofVigi ae s taly c l rt , nd be e e he e t r ni s en i l oncudedt t ha Cl te ba hadf ie t de onsr t t tt ti lc r nze i r c l on t me is Ast a tr ugh al d o m tae ha he ra ou t ld ncore ty he rt. he sa ecou tofl tr s t t Supr m eCour ofVigi ai uni l postone t de dea tt r as e or, he e t r ni s quey ii d o ci q e to o p eu iet a i go n e o aq eto o saelw.( No 7 7. Isi lct u sin f rj d c h t s r u d d n u sin f tt a ECF . - ) t mp ii 7 c ncu int th tmeie so t emo in wa ic nsq e ta a dn t rj d ca i o lso ha te i ln s f h to s s n o e u nil n o p eu iil s unas a l bl I f l t tCl te ba hm f ie t a s ia e. t olows ha a t r ugh s a l d o dvanc a vi bl i f ec i m s s a e e a e ne f tve s i t nc cl i ,a t c tw ildi m i shi pe ii a m nd he our l s s s tton. 1 . 11 Fort a he bove- t t r s ,t c tdim is Cl te ba s a ed ea ons he our s s es at r ugh' ha aspe ii s be tton. EN TER :Apr l26,201 i 3. s SAM UEL G. I / W LSON UN I TED STATES D I STRI J DG E CT U 7Thoughon die a alheCou tofAppe sofVigi aopi d t tt m itilmoto we euntm ey, r ct ppe t r al r ni ne ha he sra ins r i l ialof t s oundt moto t bewiho mert he ins o t ut i. 9

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