Walker v. Mod-U-Kraf, Inc., No. 7:2012cv00470 - Document 48 (W.D. Va. 2013)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 12/19/2013. (lab)
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CL S OFFI U S. DI COUR) ERK' CE SX AT ROANOKE,VA FI LED I THE U N I N TED STA TES DI STRI CO UR T CT FOR TH E W ESTERN D I STRI O F V I I I CT RG N A RO AN OK E D I I ON V SI BEC 18 2, :3 1 J A . L ,C ULI D &/ BY: CL E RO BI L.W A LK ER, N Ci lA c i n N o. 1 vi to 7: 2CV 00470 Pl ntf , ai i f M EM O R AN DU M O PINIO N V. M O D- - AF HO M ES,LLC, U KR Hon.Gl n E. e Conr d a Chi U nie St t s Di t i tJ ef t d a e sr c udge Dee f ndant . Thi e pl ym e di c i i ton a i unde Til Vl oft Ci lRi sA d of196 i s m o nt s r m na i cton r te I he vi ght 4 s p e e tyb f r t ec u t nted fn a tsmo infrs mmayj d me t F rt era o sst r sn l eo e h o r o h e e d n ' to o u r u g n . o h e s n e f t bel ,t c tw ilg a tt de e nt sm o i orh ow he our l r n he f nda ' ton. Fact Backzround ual The f l i f ct a e pr e e i t lg m os f vor bl t t pl i if Se olow ng a s r es nt d n he i ht t a a e o he a ntf . e Andes v.Li rvLobby,nc.477U. 242, 5( 986)( i t tale de mus be ron bet l , S. 25 1 notng ha l vi nce t c nsr di t l h mo tfv rb et tepat o p sn s mmayj g n) o tue n he i t s a o a l o h ry p o ig u r ud me t. g Robi L. ake ,a5 yea - dwoma waspr vi l e o byM od- lr fHomes n W l r 2- r o1 n, e ousy mpl yed u-k a , LLC ($ U- a ', mo a ho ma acurngc (Mod- Kr f) a dulr me nuf t i ompa bas di Roc MountVigi a. ny e n ky , r ni W al rwor f M od- -or fon t dif r ntoc a i :f o 2007 t 2009, he s w a l i ke ked or u l a wo f e e c s ons r m o w n he s a d of due t t downt m i t e nom y;a f om M a 201 untlJ y 20 11 w he he f o he ul n he co nd r y 0 i ul , n r e pl e w ast nni t m oym nt e na ed. She ge r l w o ke i t fna f ni hi de r m e ,c ul ng ne aly r d n he i l i s ng pa t nt a ki a pa ntng t i i i e h ho e ori x' a i ne r d t e oft pr nd i i r m ns de ac us k ' s t a e he nd he oduc i lne. bo ton i Durng hers i econd per od ofem pl entwih M od- - r ,W al began datng one of i oym t u K af ker i hercow or s,Ray Cas dy. Cas dy w as al o t m i ed i Jul 201l. ker si si s er nat n y ' K Ca sdyha ahit y ofno getng aong wih a he cowor r Da dM uli . Durng si d sor t ti l t not r ke , vi lns i hi de ii Cas i de c i d M uli a a C oud f ulm ou h c r t rw ho di no hi buts i s pos ton, sdy s rbe lns s d l o t ha ac e d t ng tr uP toubl ' nd a Snui a e.' Cas i D e a 3 ECF N o. 2. Ca s dy t s i i d t tM uli r e' a t s nc ' s dy p. t 4, 28s i e tfe ha lns k sa waysvul a l a a ç l wa gar nd oud nd noga .' Ls a 35. W he a kedi hec dr cala s ii nt' ds t n s f oul e l ny pecfc vul rtes Cas i pr de t f l i e m pl ga ii , s dy ovi d he olow ng xa e: Iwaswoki onawaloneda a t r g rjac epe esandi aound r ng l y, nd hee wee oupl opl t ng r wih t i ha i t i poc t , nd la wor ng. Andhe la shi wor a ea t her nds n her ke s a m ki e ve s k r , c esove t r and he i s om r he e, s howi t m s m e hi o t s t e ng he o t ng n hi el phone, u know , m s m e phot ors e hi o os om t ng. They a e ove t r c r yi on a r r he e a r ng boutt t a la ha , nd m wor ng c s e wals ki m om l. And hecomesove t r a gr bshi c oth a l r he e nd a s r c nd ooksdown a s - and nd ays - lu h - gk hi y ua ed wnt r whyd n'y uj s . .(' Yo k o l a g s kW l o r o hee l e o t o u t . .' 1 u n w, j mp da dg tnh sfc . Is i, 'Be th n y uc nd i g t o rti b c u e n o i i a e ad (t s ti g o a o s e y u al a k j ove t yourwor ae a don' c ba kove hee,' a hec r ddown ro k ra nd t ome c r r g' nd owe e l a t of . nd ook f I at35d. 36. Ca s d a s de c i w ha he cons de e t be hi h s hool lke be vi by M uli a s i y l o s rbed t i rd o g c -i ha or lns nd anot cowor Jam esY oung: her ker, ( Youngjwoul grbhi c oc a s y,rdle t enut ael ngf you.'j d a s r th nd a j- y,hes s r ooki or l' l The woul c et my wor a e a us m y tbl s w a la abi m e sa y d om o k r a nd e a e a nd e ve g s nd t n,you know ,l ugh abo i. And t n a t ri c i d a co i d,1 he a ut t he fe t ontnue nd ntnue a oa hedt m a s i .. (ûlook,youknow, guysae ti hi shool ppr c he nd ad, . ' s l you rn' n gh c a y r . Yo n e t ce ny u me su o rh r, n ti i mywo ka e .' n mo e u e d o la o r s p ve ee a d h s s r r agj ' An te si , iW ha aey ug igt d a o tt () An lsi , 'Yo u td h y ad (l t r o on o o b u i?' q ' d ad gi uj s j youknow,cea yourmes up.' 1si rdYougotas ove t r Don' ln s g' ad, j j aw r hee. t comeove her a la yourmes i myara.' r e nd e ve sn e l' q And, u kno t swason a e r o he da l ba i. They woul c yo w, hi n ve y- t r iy ss d ome ove r teej s t -j s t g ts me o y sg a. J t op s p o e h r u t o - u t o e o b d ' o t us t u h e pl. I a 43d. t 44. 2 Ac di t Ca sd M uli mz You mad c udeco me st me a wom e alke: cor ng o s i y, lns d ng e r m nt o n nd n i Q. ( i Mr M uli syt enut a el ngf youorDld , lns a hes s r ooki or Tha wa g t s Young')fvort, Muli woul gorg aongwihi, ur s a ie but lns d iht l t tbl t i out.... t Q. Di M r M uli syt enut ael ngf youa wel...? d . lns a hes s r ooki or s l Ye ye h. ah, a H e s i t s m e t ng. a d he a hi Oh,ye ah. Y e h. Oh,ye h. a a A nd t e c ude c m e sm ad by M r Y oung a M r M uli wer hes r om nt e . nd . lns e die t d a m e a w om e alke? r c e t n nd n i Oh,yeah. Q. Di ts m t cae. dn' ee o r An tmet yha teo p ru t , e h. l wa j s terme tl y. yi he d h p o tni y a t s u t h i n ai y t Tha' tewa t e t ik. l'j s terme tl y y u k o Th y s e ts h y h y hn ts u t h i n ai , o n w. e e t a o r uniy t yo kno ,do s m e hi lke t tt y go f i. M os n ppo t t o, u w o t ng i ha he or t t pe pl j t l o b a ds y Oh ta' t wa t e ae J s d a wih o e us wak n y n a , ,h ts he y h y r . u t e l t i. Butw he t y sa tge tng i yourf c yo know , t stm e t s op. t n he t r ti n a e, u i' i o t I at89d. 90. A no he i i n oc ur e when M uli m a a vul rc m e t Cas i i t t r nc de t c r d lns de ga om nt o s dy n he pr e e ofW al r A s W a ke w a goi i o a d ' o w or M uli t ned t Cas i a es nc ke . l r s ng nt i box' t k, lns ur o s dy nd si $W e1g onu i t tbo i youwa abl o Andt nhet kof ar t c me.' ad,( l, o p n ha x f nt owj b. he oo f ound he ol r' 1 a 54. Casi tsiidt theltri i ( lns)fc 'a t dhi t it t smes.' d. t sdy etfe ha ae i n Muli ' a e' nd ol m o s op hi s' got s 1 a 55. d. t W he a ked i he had e rhe r M uli m a a ot rc m e st W a ke ,Ca s d n s f ve a d lns ke ny he om nt o l r s i y t i i t he once over d M uli say,io h,1betyou coul holerreall estfed hat hear lns t d l oud,coul tyou.' dn' ' I at56. d. 3 W a ke a Ca s dy r i l a e l h t t rdurng t rl h br k. W he t l r nd s i outne y t unc oge he i hei unc ea n he e pl esbr f l h on J y 20,2011 W a kerand Ca sdy w a ked a r st pa ki l tt m oye oke or unc ul , l si l c os he r ng o o Ca s dy' t uc M uli , ho w asw a ki i f o ofW a ke a Cas i t ne ar s i s r k. lns w l ng n r nt l r nd s dy, ur d ound a nd s i dW i ri yotrm ou h,wi ne i yo l m o h.' W a kerDe a 11 ECF N o.28- . I a d, t ene n t t e r n tr ut ' l p. t 3, 1 n r pons ,Ca sdyt dMuli t Cs g s mout up, a S ale hi as hi rdne k. es e s i ol lns o lhut hij h ' nd i ld m omet ng e c ' ' c ' Ca s dy D e a 60,ECF N o. si p. t 28 2. M i y t ough l h,W ake c le aco ke ,Sa aBur dwa hr unc l r a ld wor r ndr nopp, ndt d he t t l a ol r o e l t rs per s ,W a Cr ge ,o m e tW ake a Cas i a Ca sd swor t to whe t y hei u vior yne ai r t e l r nd sdy t s i y' ksai n n he gotba k f om lm ch, l c us t ss uf w ih Davi M uli i goi t sop t y. W a ke D e c r t t a e hi t f t be d lns s ng o t oda ' ' l r p. a 11 ECFNo. 1. W he t yr t ne i i t lnswa l ngrg a g akera t 7, 28n he eur d nsde,û i s ooki iht t W l nd Mul Ca sd qlug i . I . t1 8 Co e u n l, ahe t a rt r igt Ca sd swo ksain s iy a hng' d a 1 . nsq e ty rt r h n eu nn o siy' r tto ' a wa tng f Cr ge ,W al ra Cas i we t M uli wor sa i t confo hi . I a nd ii or ai r ke nd sdy nt o lns' k tton o r nt m d. t W he W a kera Ca s d a oa he M uli ,Ca s d s i $ o you ha a pr e ? n l nd s i y ppr c d lns s i y a d, ; D ve obl m Thi ne t s op. 1 a l . l r pons ,M uli baled up hi f s sa s i ' i i on, s eds o t ' d. t 2l n es ' e lns l s i t nd a d, û ng t Br brng i on.' 1 W akert ig be wee t m , nd .. up i . . uli 'f c a . . nt d i t ' d. l hen 'ot t n he a . n . M lns a e, nd . poi e ( r fnge a hi 'andsi if sne dst so rghtnow. 1 W hieW ake d nist hi hej i r t m,' ad,ihi e o tp i ' d. ' l l r e e ouc ng M uli ,ot e pl yee ,i l i s r i orCr i r r pore t ts m a phys ca c a t lns her m o s nc ud ng upe v s a ge , e t d ha he de i l ont c wihhi Se Cr ge De a 1 ECFNo. 3($ga he tnge poki a hi ....gl t m. e ai r p. t 8, 28- i s wq r i r ng t m I lt l ke lkes wa hitnghi ont c s.) Cr i r7/ / lHa it Sttme , oo d i he s ti m he he t' ; age 20201 ndwrten ae ntECF ' No.28- a 3(û sw Robi W ake i Davi Muli glfc holei a poki he fnge a 9 t ;I a n l rn d lns' a e lrng nd ng r i r t hi ' , r J neJ hns Af. 3, No. 11a 2(ks g ake)punc nghe fngesi o m.'' y a o on f! ECF 28- t ( aw W l r ) Ma 1 hi r i r nt ( lnsqc s.) Ma yJ neJ hns 720/ 1Ha it Sttme , No.28- la 4 (i Muli ' het' ; r a o on / 1 ndwrten ae ntECF ' 1 t d I 4 . .. win se Ro i W ak rh vngwod i af si gg r r wi Da i M uln gn ls ewa t e s d bn le a i r s n u sn mame ) t vd lis a d h s h punc nghi i t c s wihhe fnges' ; vi Muli 7/ 11Ha itnSttme , hi m n he het t r i r.) Da d lns 20/ ' ndwrte ae ntECF No. 9a 5( . . satcke byRa Ca sd a Robi W ake . Sheputhe ha o mea 28- t 1 . wa ta d y siy nd n lr r nds n nd waspus ngme' . Bya1a co s Casi soodbe ndW ake hol ngupaha r See hi .' ) l c unt, sdy t hi l r di mme . W akerDe a 1 ECFNo. 1(û aypike upaha rt twa lyi onhi tbl a ha l p. t 24, 28- lk c d l mme ha s a ng s a e nd d iupi hi ha lket s';Casi De a 61 ECFNo.28- (û lpi dupt ha t n s nd i hi.) sdy p. t , ' 2i And cke he mmer... a lhe r Sa ag noppl...syi Ra dr t ha rnow. Drp i. Dr i.) nd ad ndr Bur a ng, y, op he mme o t op t' ; ' Bur De a 28,ECFNo.28- (û sw g al r upa Da dM uli 'tbl up i hi f ea nopp p. t 6 : a W kel t vi l lns a e n s ac nd Raywasbe ndhe wihaha r';Cr ge De a 1 20,ECFNo.28- (t ywa sa ng hi r t mme .l ai r p. t 9' 3û Ra s tndi be ndRobi wiht ha r' Ca sdyputt hamme downwhe heheadBur hi n t he mme . ). si he r n r nopptli elng hi t do s a afe he s w t tpe e w e e g t r ng a ound. m o o nd t r a ha opl r a he i r Cr i ri e v ned a die t d W al ra Ca s dy t g w ih hi t t br a r . a ge nt r e nd r c e ke nd s i o o t m o he e k oom W hie w al ng i t tdie ton,Ca s d g i o a ale c ton w ih a herc o ke ,Br d l ki n ha r c i s i y ot nt n t r a i t not ow r r a Ragans. On t day oft ale c tons t pl ntm a ge , i ky Adki , ec i d a r o c l he he t r a i , he a na r R c ns r e ve adi al a s ng hi t the w asnee d i t pl ntbe a e ofa f g . H e s e nty m e wih dvi i m ha de n he a c us i ht ubs que l t t Cr i r W al r a Cas i i t br a r ,a Cr i ra s d hi t tt r had bee t o a ge , ke , nd sdy n he e k oom nd a ge dvi e m ha he e nw at r a i le c tons. l r s ns t Adki 'i t a obs r to ,Cas i s d,C fyou ar goi t fr n e po e o ns nii l e va i ns s dy ai d l e ng o i e me, iem enow, a W al rs i i el,fyou a efrng hi ,Ia quitng. W al rDe a fr ' nd ' ke ad, k l i W r ii m m ti ' ' ke p. t l ECF N o. - Adki i c t t the ha no ye m a a de s onsa ad s W a ke 32, 28 1. ns ndi a ed ha d t t de ny ci i nd vied l r t go back t w or o o k. 5 Ad nsas oneoft ot rs r ior , e fM n ng, ot keCas i t t c e enc ki ked he he upe v s s J f nni t a sdy o he onf r e r oom a ob a n a sat m e f om hi . M a ng dr f e t f l ng sa e e , hi h Cas i nd t i t e nt r m nni a t d he olowi t t m nt w c s dy r vi w e a s g d; e e d nd i ne Ra s ys t Robi hasc pl i d t he s per i orbe or y a hat n om a ne o r u v s f e. Ra syste g g ti t erlteg o p gn l o ea dlu hl a dl o ) o r y a h y q e n h i i l r u s a d j k n a g l n o kg t wad t hi . m Ra syshehashadtoubl wih Br g ga lac eoftme beor a ya r e t ad Ra ns oupl i s f e nd num er tm esw ih Davi M uli ous i t d lns. Today' confo ai sated i t paki ltwaki outgoi t l hlq s r ntton trg l n he r ng o l ng ng o unc . Ra andRobnweewaki t t r. Da dwa c ngfom a he y i r l ng ogehell vi s omi r not r diec i waie untlhe go be i t m a gesur d s e hi a ti tng r ton, t d i t s de he nd t e om t ng bou t i put t we nei temo t'a lo e a t e a lu h dg Ra s i g1 D. he e i n h uh' nd o k d t h m nd a g e . y ad ; G. q : Re kne dg)t ke phis mout s .' Lae at l hRa a oa hed dnec e s o e g! h hutg' tr fer unc y ppr c ) Da d a t d hi ,iv younee t ' nd Da dbac d u br he u a s i vi nd ol m t ook t d o'a vi ke p, us d p, nd ad gibrngion.' Ra syst si nott frttmeheha a kgd)Da dt kee hi i i t (' y a hi s he is i l 1 s s e vi o p s co m e st hi s l a s op t B , m nt o m e f nd t he S. Ra Ca s dy 7/ / 1W rte St t m e , y si 20 1 it n a e nt ECF N o. 1 a 2. W he M a ng a ke Cas i i he 28- 0 t n nni s d sdy f ha a hi el e t ad Ca s d w r t t f l w i a tonalc m e s: d nyt ng s o d, s i y o e he olo ng ddii om nt Da dM uli ma armakast t tbo ( r Robi wa wor ng)wa whee vi lns de e r o ha x whee n s ki s r t g tab o j b. o e lw o Brd g ans mal sxua i ndosi myfce. ( iki t ueou a a Rag l del e lnnue n a Stc ng ong t nd lug ng(ndjj ei ) a hi a e rng . I w oul s e t m e t ti e pl ee woul m i t i own bus nes m or wor t d em o ha f m oy s d nd he r i s e k wo l g t o e 1h dt l Da i Mulnsb f r t th slu higa dj kiga d u d e d n . a od vd l eo e ha i a g n n o n n i c ryigo a o t a wa b igs i a dj k da o tn e e t so ar n n b u wh t s en ad n o e b u e d d o tp. 1 a 4. d. t M a ng t n obt i t f l ng sa e tfom W ake : nni he aned he olowi tt men r l r L boutMa 201 (1Da dM uli woul makea c ai a mell lwas Al y 1 , vi lns d c ustons bout . goi i t bo t woka Da d si (ji youwantabl obgou i t t ng n he x o r nd vi ad d f owj p n ha boxg' 1t nkIwast onl pes i t tboxgl W hen1wal e pas hi .q hi ' he y ron n ha . kgdl t s t e,he w oul s s uf lke t-- e s goes,t abl d ay t f i tlher he here i i '- 2 or3 tm es a week. t s' i 6 Toda wewe ewal ngo t l h,mea Ra . Da da J Crf weei y r ki ut o unc nd yll vi nd ohn a t r n fontofus. Da dke s yi t e ri t mout ' ra ove,lug ng. r gl vi pt a ng,t ne n he wi h'ove nd r a hi Dur ng l h It d Ra lw astr d ofD a d' m out lca l d Sa r a t d he i unc ol y ie vi s h. le nd a nd ol r t t l W a t m e tus a Ra s t bl a tr l h. Co i ba k f o l o e l yne o e t y' a e fe unc m ng c r m unch, goi t Ra stbl ,wehadt goby Da d' a e . Da dt ne andsa td ng o y' a ell o vi s r alj vi ur d tre lo ig a dlu higa us. Ra we to ra da k e jhm wh th wa o k n n a g n t r) y n ve n s gd i a e s lughi a. Ar ume g ns d. Plntma ge gott r a t dust got a ng t g nt el ue a na r hee nd ol o o bra r e k oom. W epase b Br d( ga )a pus ng(q ue Don'know s d y a Ra ns nd hi ens d. t who pus d tr t he i s. W al r7/ / 1 W rte St t m ent ECF N o. 1 a 6. ke 20 1 i tn a e , 28- 0 t W hie M anni o a ne s a e e sf om W a ke and Cas i Adki be i e vi wi l ng bt i d t t m nt r l r sdy, ns gan nt r e ng o he e pl es H e obt ne s gne m i t n s a e e sf om D a d M uli ,Br d Rag ns t r m oye . ai d i d te t t m nt 'r vi lns a a , Sa r Bur nd a nopp,M a y J ne J hns a W a ne Cr i r He a s t l d t J Cr t J m e r a o on, nd y a ge . l o ake o ohn af, a s Young,and Regi Chaney. na Ca s d w a i m e a el s pe d f t ee da pe ng f t ri s i to s i y s m di t y us nde or hr ys ndi urhe nve tga i n. Be us W al ra Ca sdyr t wo k t e he ,Adki a s d W al rt tCas i ha be n ca e ke nd s i ode o r og t r ns dvie ke ha sdy d e s pe d butt the c d pi k he up t tda f om w or A dki i or ed W a ke t ts us nde ha oul c r ha y r k. ns nf m l r ha he w oul nee t dr ve t w or f t ne c e ofda . d do i o k or he xt oupl ys Adki t npr e dt dic st r s t ofhi i si to wih Ka hy M c nil ns he oc ede o s us he e uls s nve tgai n t t Da e fom Huma Re our e J n l t d i t tW ake a Ca sd ne dedt bet na e r n s c s. oity, hey ecded ha l r nd s i y e o enni t d. W he a ke t pr de t r a on f r W a ke ' t m i ton,M c n s d o ovi he e s o l r s er na i Dani t tfe t tW a ke was el es ii d ha l r tr nae f mic e mi td or s onduc,s ciialyf ' gi he ha onDa dM uli .' Mc nil t pe fc l or t tngl r nds put vi lns' Da e De at36,ECF N O.28- Li w i e Adki t s ii d t tW a ke wast r i t f rtfghtng p. 7. ke s , ns e tf e ha l r e m na ed O ti i w ih D a d M uli on- ie. A d nsD e a 26,ECF N o.28t vi lns st ' ' ki p. t 4. On Thur da J y 21 20l1 Adki a M c a el led Ca s d a notf e hi t thi s y, ul , , ns nd D ni ca l s i y nd ii d m ha s em pl entw ast i ed. A dki pl oym erm nat ns anned t notf W al ,i per o iy ker n son,oft deci i t he son o t r i t he e pl e ,butW al rc l d i s c o J l 2 1 20l1a J y 22, 1 and e m na e r m oym nt ke ale n i k n u y , nd ul 201 , M c nilwa outoft ofi ont s c da The ef e,hede ii wasm a t wa tuntl Da e s he fce he e ond y. r or t cson de o i i W a ke r t ned t w or o M onda J y 25,2011 l r e ur o k n y, ul . On Frda J y 22, l1,W al rw a e m i d by Dr St ven Le i a Sm ih M ount i i y, ul 20 ke s xa ne . e w st t an La Fa iy Pr c i . Dur ng t e m i ton,W a ke i ca ed t ts w asha ng ne ve ke m l a tce i he xa na i l r ndi t ha he vi r p o e . Dr Le sda n s dh rwi o srs a dd p e so , n is e ap e cito fr r blms . wi ig o e e t b te s n e r sin a d su d r s rp in o hj Cial am , an antdepr sant. t opr l i es On M o y, ul 25,2011 W a ke l f a m es a i c tng t ts w o d be ou f rt o nda J y , l r e4 s ge ndi a i ha he ul to w we due t ne e pr em s A d nsa M cDa e c l d he l t rt tday and advied he t t eks o n, obl . ki nd ni l ale r a e ha s r ha s had be n t r i t d f rm i c he e e m na e o s onduc . t A tt e ofJ y,W al rc l t phone num be ls e i t M od- Kr e pl he nd ul ke aled he r it d n he u- af m oyee ha book f rr pori ha a s e . Af e l a ng s ve a m es age , a ke e nt ly s nd o e tng r s m nt t r e vi e r l s s W l r ve ua l poke t o am a whos na s c d notr ca la he d poston. W ake t tfe t ts t d hi t t n e me he oul e l t r e ii l r esiid ha he ol m ha s ( t mi tdf wr ra ons... nd(he t ug t ti ne dt bec c di o. he t er nae or ong e s was a s l ho ht ha t ede o he ke nt ' ' W al Dep.at85,ECF N o.30ker 20. O n Augus 1 2011 A dki i s d Da d M uli aw rten r prm a f r vi a i t t 2, , ns s ue vi lns it e i nd o ol tng he co pa s a i ha a s e polc on J y 20,20l1 The di c plna y f m w asi s d a t m ny' nt- r s m nt i y ul . s i i r or s ue t he diec i ofLe Thelm a ,M od- - af sV i e Pr i ntofHum a Re olr es The f m s a es r ton s i r u Kr ' c esde n s zc . or t t t tt ompli sweema ag ns g uli qdurnga i si tona g r notrporeduntl ha t c ant r de ai t M lns i n nvetgai nd wee) e t i l t r' a t tM uli i C t m a a c m e st o he e pl ye s ' Pl' Ex.1 ECF N o. a e , nd ha ' lns s ' o ke ny om nt o t r m o e .' .s not 7, lThi wasnott fr ttmet tW al wasdi s he is i ha ker agnos w ihdepr si . An exhi ts it by ed t es on bi ubm ted W al ri ca est ,i Dec berof2005,bef es eve wor f M od- Kr f W al was ke ndi t hat n em or he r ked or u- a , ker p e c ie Cymbat a trc ann t th rç r e ( rjs b dt a s ewoul no h v teme tlt r s rb d la fe ompliig ha e s v s we e o a h t h ne d t a e h na i y ort per onalt t be agood empl e. ECF No.30- Exhi t s it by t def nda i cae he s iy o oye ' ' 8. bis ubm ted he e nt ndi t t t pl ntf waspr crbed Atvan f Cner 'i Febr r of2010,bef e s r t ned t wor f hat he ai if es i i or d ves' n ua y or he e ur o k or Mod u- a , n t ts wa p e c i dAlr z lm ( na b ginigi Aug t 0. ECFNo . 3 - Kr f a d ha he s r s rbe p a oa Xa x) e n n n us 20l s 36at3,36- a 3. 4 t 8 30- 7. Durng hi de ii n, 1 i s posto Adki t tfe t The i ri tucedhi t is t ns esiid hat lma nsr t m o s ue he di plnar f m and t d hi whatt f m shoul say, A dki Dep.at35- ECF N o.30sci i y or ol m he or d ns 37, 22. Bot W al and Cass dy s h ker i ubsequenty fl char ofdi i i i w ih t Equal l ied ges scrm naton t he Empl me Opporu t Commison(' oy nt tniy si C EEOC' . l he c r ofdici nai W ake ' n r hage ) srmi ton, l r c ai ed t ts wass xualy ha as e by D a d M uli and J m e Yol g. She a s c a m e lm ha he e l r sd vi lns a s m lo l i d t ts r pore t s xualha a s e t he lnela r San a Bt op a t he s r s , ha he e td he e r s m nt o r i e de , dr mz p, nd o r upe vior W a Cr i r a t ts be i ve t ts wasdi c r i r t la i n f rr pori t yne a ge , nd ha he le d ha he s ha ged n e a i to o e tng he harass ent m . W al fl t i t acton on O ct ker ied he ns ant i ober 31,20 1 I he a e d c pl i ,W al r 2. n r m nde om a nt ke camsta s wa s be tdt ah si wo ke v rn n b c u eo h rsx. Th cam i li h t he s u j ce o o tl r n io me t e a s f e e e e li s bas on t f l i m i co ctby M uli az Young: ed he olow ng s ndu lns ld M uli k oul gr b hi s fa woul s The e nut a e l ng f you.' W al r lns t d a m el nd w d ay, s s r ooki or ' ke Dep.at88,ECF N o.28-1. H e di t skt ort ee tm es a w eek.' 1 at 89. d hi cwo hr i ' d. Ononeocc son,M uli i tu e Casi t ' onupi t tbo r r W ake was ai lns nsrctd sdy o t go n ha x whee l r wo kn ji ( siy wa td t g tabo o . Ca sd De . t 4 ECFNo. - . r ig f Ca sd n e j o e lwj b' siy p a 5 , ' 282, W a ke 7 20 1l Handm i t n St t m e ,ECF N o.28- 0 a 6. l r / / te a e nt 1 t Tw o ort c tm e pe w e k,whe W a ke wal d by M uli ,he w oul s y,'û he e s hr e i s r e n l r ke lns d a i- r he f goe ,The e i i .' W a ke 7 20 1l Ha rte St t m e ,ECF N o. -l s r t s '' l r / / ndw it n a e nt 28 0. On one oc as o M uli l d ove t w he e W a ke w asw o ki a s i t h,1be c i n, lns ooke ro r l r r ng nd a d, ; O t you coul hole r all d l r e oud,c d tyo ' Cas i D e a 56,ECF N o. oul n' u. ' s dy p. t 28 2. On one oc as o M uli gr bbe hi c o c i f ontofano he f m a e em pl c i n, lns a d s r t h n r t re l oyeea s i nd a d, iW hieyoua edownt r whydon'youj t.. .' 1 a 35. s l r hee t us .' d. t 9 6. M uli r f re t new f m aee oye sa k r h mea . W al r1 / 2/ 1Type it n lns e er d o e l mpl e s ' es f t' ' ke 0 1 1 wrte St em ent ECF N o.30at , 5. Ont da oft at r a i wihM uli , uli t nedt W al ra Ca sdy a Ske he y he le c ton t lns M lns ur o ke nd s i nd t pt s yi W i ne i yourm out w i ri yourm out ' W a ke D e a 11 ECF N o. a ng, e r n h, ene n h. ' l r p. t 3, 28-1. 8. Jme Youngwoul C a ( ms f'andsyif enut a el ngf yo ' l a 94. a s d ' b hi ell' a ihes s r ooki or u. d. t gr ' Youngwoul dot stg veyda be nni i M ac orAprlg 2011.7 1 a 96. d hi cej r y gi ng n rh i of 1' d. t Se Pl' Re p.i O pp' a 2- ECF N o.30. e .s s n n t 3, W a ke al o c endst s w a t r i t d i r t la i f c pl i ng a l r s ont hat he s e m na e n e a i ton or om a ni bouthe r . i ton co or r 'm i co ductz Dur ng herdeposii , W a ke t s ii d t ta t be n ng of20l1 w ke s s n l r e tf e ha t he gi ni , s bega c pl i ng t Cr i r e r w e k, bo M uli 'ç hes nut ' c m e s W a ke he n om a ni o a ge , ve y e a ut lns t e s' om nt . t l r D e a 91 ECF N o. 1. W a ke t s ii d t tCr i re ua l s ket M uli ,a t tt p. t , 28l r e tf e ha a ge vent ly po o lns nd ha he c omme sC ontnue gobema j bu notasofe ' I a 92. W ake aloempha iest ts nt c i d t c de , t tn. d. t ' l r s sz ha he co pl ne a m ai d boutM uli be vi r o J y 20, 1 t d be or t de i i wasm a t lns' ha o n ul 201 , he ay f e he c s on de o t nat herem pl ent enui e oym . Th c s i p e e tyb fr t ec u t nt d fnd ns moi nfrs mmayj d me t e a e s r sn l eo e h o r o he ee a t' to o u r u g n . The c 'hel a hea i on t m otc on N ove be 1 201 durng w hi t pa tesc im e oul d t rng he im m r 9, 3, i ch he ri onfr d t tt moton ha be n f l bref a wasrpef rr viw. ha he i d e uly i ed nd i o e e St andard ofR e ew vi An a r o s mmayj dg n i a p o rae'f h mo a ts o ta te ei n wa d f u r u me t s p r p it é t e v n h ws h t h r s o i g nedipueast anymae ilf ta t mova i enildt j me a amatroflw. enui s t o tra ac nd he nt s tte o udg nt s te a ' ' 2 Thi cl m i nots fcaly pl i W al ' amended compl nt N one hel s,M od- Kr s ai s pecii l ed n kers ai . t es u- af Iber l c tuedt am ended c i aly onsr he ompl ntt r s acl m f r ala i and bot pari bref d t cl m ai o aie ai or et iton, h tes i e he ai as i i had bee pr l pl i t amended com pl nt ft n opery ed n he ai . 1 0 F d R. v. 5 () l d tnniigwh t e t g a t mo inf rs mmayj d me t tec u t e . Ci P. 6 a . n ee nn eh r o rn a to o u r u g n,h o r m us vi t r t ew he ecord i t lghtm os f abl t t non- ovant A nders 477 U . at255. n he i t avor e o he m . on, S. Towihsa as t tnd ummayj r udgme moton,henon- ntmus pr es fce e de fom nt i t mova t oduc ufiint vi nce r whihar a o a l j r c u dr tr av r itnh rf v r I . t2 8 f ncus r o c e s n be u y o l eu n ed c i e a o . d a 4 . k l o y r co s ultvealgai donots fc ,nordoe a( r sitlaofe de 'i s pec ai le tons ufie s mee cnil vi nce n uppor of(he t t non- nts c e' Thomps n v. oma Elc Powe Co.31 F. 645,649( hCi. mova ') as .' o Pot c e . r , 2 3d 4t r 2002) (uoi Philpsv.CSX Tr p.l ,1 F. 285, 7( h Ci.1 ) l ase snga q tng li ans , nc. 90 3d 28 4t r 999). n s s i s mmayj g n moin, c u t yc n i e o l tee d n et a wo db a misbea u r ud me t t a o r ma o sd r ny h vie c h t ul e d s il t o t i . Se M a y a Hi ral e r l nd chway Co r c o sA s n. nc. St t ofM a vl nd, F. 1 s nt a t r s' I v. a e r a 933 2d 246,1 251 ( hCi.1 ) 4t r 991 . Di scussi on 1. H os ie W ork Envi tl ronm ent Til Vl pr hi t a e oye fom tdsrmi ti lag ns a i vi lwihrs c te l o bis n mpl r r iic i na gng ai t ny ndi dua t epe t t g r compe ai tr , ndii ,orprvie sofempl ntbec us ofs h o heq nston,ems co tons i lge oyme , a e uc l 1 dlls e 'd''ta' ...s x. 42U. C.j2000 2( ( ) Si ea e oye swor en r nti a n V1 S. e- a)1. nc n mpl e' k vionme s tr orco ton ofe oy e , te V1 pr desaca eofa ton f hosiewo k em ndii mpl m nt Til 1 ovi us c i or tl r e r nt EEOC v. nvionme . R&R Ve ur ,244F.d 3 338( hCi.2001)( tngMe iorSa nt es 3 34, 4t r cii rt v. Ban FSB v. ns 477U. 57, ( 986) Toma outs hacl m, fmal pl ntf mus k, Vi on, S. 73 1 ). ke uc ai a e e ai if t de taet tCheofe ngc monsrt ha s fndi onduc ( )wasunweco ,( wasbaedonhe s x,( wa t t1 l me 2) s r e 3) s s fci nty s r orper s ve t ale t c tons ofhe e pl ym e a c e t a a i uf i e l eve e va i o t r he ondii r m o nt nd r a e n bus ve wor e r k nviomne ,a ( wasi a et he e oye.' Oc lrev.Sc l Pr .l , nt nd 4) mputbl o r mpl r' hete olon ods,nc. 335F. 325,331(t Ci. 3d 4h r 2003)(nba ) I t sc e,hec tc l st tW ake ha e nc . n hi as t our oncude ha l r s 11 f ie t s a l d o how t the c o ke s co uc k ass f c e l s ve e orpe a i t a t rt ha r ow r r ' nd t ' w ufi i nty e r rv s ve o le he c tonsofhe e pl e ' a d,t , ha he c ai f is u rt t r el m e . I . ondii r m oym nt' n hus t t r l m a l nde he hid e nt3 d Thet r ee ntofahosiewor e r hid lme tl k nviomnentcam ha bot s j ci a ob e tve li s h ub e tve nd j ci c m pone s 1 a 3 o nt . d. t 33. tfhe e r nm e m us be per e ve by t e pl û ' nvi o nt t ci d he m oyee a hos ie or s tl a i ,a t tpece i mus beras bl.' Ziki v. i t,547F. 220,227( hCi. busve nd ha r pton t e ona e' s e M nea 3d 4t r 2 08 . W h n d tr nngwh t r h o fn i c n uc wa o j cieyS e eeo pev sv , 0 ) e eemii ehe t e fe dng o d t s b e tv l k v r r r a ie' s ' c t ' ons de a loft cic s a e ,i l ng She f e nc oft di c i i t y co ours t i r l he r um t nc s nc udi t r que y he s rm na or nduc ' c t , is s iy'whet i i physi l t eat ng orhum ii i ora m er of ens ve uter ,and t evert , her t s caly hr eni latng, e f i t ance' w he he i unr s bl i e f r w ih a e pl e' wor pe f m a e.' Oc tee 335 F. d t r t ea ona y nt r e es t n m oye s k r or nc '' helr , 3 a 333( i Harsv. klf Sys.I ,51 U. 1 23( 993). Coursalo c i rt t quotng ri For it . nc. 0 S. 7, 1 ) t s onsde he co pa a i pow e be w e n t ha a s r and t vi tm . Se Zi ki ,547 F. a 227m r tve r t e he r s e s he c i e s e 3d t 28. The U nie St t s Cour ofAppe s f t Fou t Cic thase pha i ed t tû a n if td ae t al or he r h r ui m s z ha i i t fs pl m us cl ra hi bari or rt s ts y t s ve e orpe vasve t t' EEO C v.Sunbel Re a s t ea gh n de o a i f he e r r i es . ' t nt l . l , F. 306, 5( hCi. nc.521 3d 31 4t r 2008) l odert beacina e,k ha a sngçonduc mus be . nr o to bl dhe r si c t t t go e te gs t a u t oac a ei tetr a dc n iinso e o me t' I s l xr me a) o mo n t h ng n h ems n o dto f mply n .' d. ' ( i Fa a rv.CivofBoc Raon,524U. 775,788( 998 . û tvii lkesmpl quotng r ahe t a t S. 1 ) t i tes i i e Ac t sng,ofha c ea i t nd omme s a of-ol j ,whieofe rgrta e donotcr st lneit nt, nd fc or okes l tn e etbl, os he i no a tona emico uc. EEOC v. ibr M e Clni,609F. 320,328( hCi. 0) ci bl s nd t' ' Far ook d. i c 3d 4t r 201 . A fe c r ulr vi w , he c t oncl st tW a ke ' e denc ofm i c t r a ef e e t our c ude ha l r s vi e s onduc by M uli t lns a Y oung i i uf i i nt asa m a t ofl w ,t m ee t hi ba r qui e t s v ve s m a y nd s ns fc e , ter a o t he gh r e r d o ur i um r j udgme onahosiewor e r ntcai W hies meoft c nt tl k nvionme l m. l o he omment mad byYoung s e and M uli w er cl l i lns e eary nappropri e,and t courthasno r at he eason t doubtt W al f o hat ker ound 3I lghtoft sconcl on, t c hi usi he ourtneed notaddr st def n i es he endant sar ' gumentt W al has hat ker al f ld t de onsr et t ofendi conduc wasbas on he s so aie o m tat hat he f ng t ed r ex. 12 t m ofe i ,he co ke s'be virwassmpl notoft s me ma t ast twhih t he fnsve r wor r ha o i y he a gniude ha c he Fourh Ci thas f t rcui ound s fci l s e orper i t constt e actonabl s uf i enty ever vasve o iut i e exual h rsme t Se Ziki, 4 F.da 2 7(mp a ii t tt s r ies mmayj d me t çhe a a s n . e s e 5 7 3 t 2 e h szng ha,o u vv u r u g n,d t alege haasme ,e n i be a eo g nde, tsilbeobeci ya s veea t ti c e l d r s nt ve f c us f e rmus tl j tvel s e r s ha n ass t tgheCour hajalowe t got aj y'. ha t t s l d o o ur ' ) Fori t e,nsmihv. rtUninNai lBank,202F. 234( h Ci.2000 ,he nsanc i s Fis o tona 3d 4t r )t FourhCic tr re t e r ofs t r ui eves d he nty ummayj me tf t dee nt wheet pli ips r udg n or he fnda , r he antf maes p r io û u j ce reqt abarg o tr asa dg n e -a e is ls's meo whc l u ev s r s b e td h r o ra e f h e t n e d rb s d n ut, o f ih s ' weema mor t nt rytme dzi t frtwe ksunde hi s per ii J.a 238. The r de e ha hit i s lrng he is e r s u vson. -S t I J s r s r i l m a de e ni c m en s a tw o e t lng t pl i ift ta her upe vi or outne y de m a ng om t bou m n, eli he a ntf ha not f m a e e pl e l m oyee who a a ed ups ti e d a t ood ba ng,'t tûhe onl w a f a w o a ppe r e d de ne g ngi '' ha t y y or m n t ge a ad a Fi s U ni n w ast s e d he l gs ''a t tk w i he he ha be n a wom a s o t he t r t o o pr a r e n' nd ha t he s d d e n o t thec d ( ha oul whor hi w a t oug lf '' I I a to t s r s ' be vi rwas e s y hr h ie.' d. n ddii n, he upe viors ha o t t n t e e ng. I H e w oul f e nty s a ove t pl i tf s c c e ba ki o de s a ç e hr at ni ' d. of ' d r que l t nd r he a n i f ubi l r ng r r t he a C oncudeg hi or r ... t t r mak,ç es you'ls wha wilha nt you.' r nd k l ) s de s wih he e r or le l ee t l ppe o '' c l O n a he oc s on,a rt pl ntf e e t d nott r ai on t s r i or st a ,he d. not r ca i he he ai i f l c e o em n he upe v s ' e m l a t ha e of( r c r'is he aoundt f ehi 'a si t tû co dSee i bbed he ndls hej hai,'tpun r r gr o ac mp' nd ad ha t ul s he w hy a m a w oul s i a w om a s t oa .' I n d lt n' hr t'' d. l Oc teev. olon Pr tons t Fourh Cic ta tr e t de a oft n helr Sc l oduc i , he t r ui fim d he nil he d fn a tsmoi nfr u g n a amatro lws eeteplitf wa s j ce t at al ee d n ' to o j d me t s te f a wh r h an if s ube td o t iy d sr m ' ofs ba e di c s on a c tea ' ex- s d s us i nd onduc by he m a e cow o ke sa s r s i a c t e t r l r r nd upe vior n osum pr oducton shop i w hi s w as t onl f al em pl i n ch he he y em e oyee. Ochelr 335 F. at328tee, 3d 29. The m e r pe t dl us d a f m a e m a qui a a pr t de ons r t s xualt c q si f o n e ae y e e l nne n s op o m t a e e e hni ue n r nt o t pl ntf ,a pr e e he w ih a ponz a c book c ai ng pi t esofm e w ih f he ai i f nd es nt d r t ogr phi ont ni c ur n t pi r e ge t la 1 a 328. The a s us d i xplci s xua i uls'n fontoft pl ntf, e c d niai . 4, t y lo e ' i t e l ns t 'i r e he ai if w hi h i l d co m e sr a di ana s x a çs x wih a dog. l a 329. Addii ly, he c nc ude m nt eg r ng l e nd çe t ' d. t ' tona l t pl i ifsma ec antf l owor r C onsa l dic s t i s xua e oiswih t rwi sa ke s û tnty s us ed her e l xpl t t hei ve nd c gi lrendsi extem el gr c t s,'4 and,on one occasi ,t pl ntf ssuper sorexpress rf i n r y aphi erm ' on he ai if' vi ed a i e e ti S vi s x w ih young boys ' l n nt r s n û ng e t ha . d. ' l EEO C v.Fa r oo M edi alClni ,t Foulh Cic tr ve s t e r ofs m a y n i br k c i c he ' r ui e r ed he nt y um r t j d me tnfv ro t ed fn a twh r tealg to s i p o e , ho dt th s l o r f u g n i a o f h ee d n , ee h l ain ,f r v n s we ha te oe wne o e t media ci cttr e ( fmal physca wihhi ype s lz c he c l lni 'agetd a e e iinj t ghl ronaied omme sde i dt nt sgne o dem ean and hum ii e her.' Faibr M ed.Clni 609 F. at328. Fori t lat ' r ook i c, 3d nsance: W hieghefmaephysca wa prgna ,gheownejfe ue l c l t e l iinj s e nt t r r q nty omme ed nt a boutt szeofhe br ss Ahe s ga bit hea ke t s e he br assa he i r ea t . r he ve rh, s d o e r e t nd t pum p t m ,s a ed t the w a e t lc u he br as m ik,i uie a utt o he t t ha nt d o i k p r e t l nq r d bo he s a usofhe lbi and o ne t ts w aspr bl a ( id t ng' i be tt r i do, pi d ha he oba y i l hi ' n d. w J- Thephysca t tfe t tt fe nc oft owne ' c #. iin esiid ha he rque y he rs onduc es ltdahe s rt ne t caae r he eur d fom ma e niy l ve, ndt tbyhere tm a in, ma c r t r t ea a ha si to he de omm e sa nt bout rbr ssa l a to e he ea t t e s nc ort ceawe kdurngat mont pe i L a 330. TheFourh Cic te wi e i wo- h rod. (a t t rui mphasz dt t ie ha ûll i c oft s c ithe mpa t he e omme sma havebe nagg a t byt fc t tgheo r ha nt y e r vaed he a t ha t wne ) d prvi l ma co nt t (hefmal physcinqa thi ge tl andt eofhi wie. 1 e ousy de mme s o t e e i a bou s nias hos s f ' d. ' a 329. W ihrs c t hi own a t t owne ha prvi l i s a e a i t t epe t o s naomyshe r d e ousy t plygdj n mageofhi di s 4 Fori t nsance: Them en t ke e yday aboutt rs al d ver hei exualexperenc oft ni bef e,maki i es he ght or ng c omme t a u t erfmaep rn r s has( hes l d s eg veg h a (r I ns bo t h i e l a te s uc t wal s owe , h a ood e d, o l f ked heral ni l ' One e pl uc l ght ong. ' m oyee a nnouncedt hi gilrend çgave good hat s rfi t he dglt ts elk st s lo t ts lk di fo b hid,(n t ts ewo d d i a , ha h ie o walw,ha he ie t r m e n a dl ha h ul o t anywher wih hi . e t m' ' Oc elre 3 F.da 32 (n en ctto o te ) h te , 35 3 t 9 it ral iains mitd . 14 peni t nt fvet t rytmesa rfrl t i a C r Ha py'onfvet tnoft e s we y-i o hit i nd eered) o t s M . p i o e hos oc s ons ' I a 330. A lhough t r wasno i c ton t tt owne ha e rt he t ca i . d. t ' t he e ndi a i ha he r d ve ouc d he physca i ppr praey,heFourh Cic te iin na o itl t t rui mphasze t tShe eg s evi nc t the, t i d ha t r wal de e ha a t l s i plcil pr ea t m i ty, opos d t tt y e ge i s xuala tviy, w he t owne s i t ts ' e e ha he nga n e ci t ' ' n he r a d ha he ' d ow hi S g'f hi hepi g pa tc a)matra as di s woul 1thi pumphe br ss' m bi or s l n a riulr te nd ke f he de m r ea t. ' I d. M os rc nty,n Okol v.CivofBatmor 6 F. 21 (t Ci. 1 ,heFou t t ee l i i t li e, 48 3d 6 4h r 201 ) t rh Cic t a ae t ee tyo s ruiv c td h nr f ummayj g n i fvo ofhee l y ro t plitf' h sie r ud me tn a r t mp o e n he anifs o tl wo ke vr n n cam, eet ep anifsb s , u i as a o j s f u mo t , r n io me t li wh r h litf' o s d rng p n f u t o r nhs pr ii ne he t ha s x w ih hi i a J c zion m uli e oc as o , ke ques i a t opos to d r o ve e t m n a uz tpl c i ns as d tons bou he unde w e r a de c i ed s xua e r e est the ha pr ous y e ged i w ih a t r r r a , nd s r b e l xpe i nc ha d evi l nga n t no he woma a t woma sda htr J=a 217- Durngt s metmepeid,hepli ifs n nd he n' ug e . #. t 18. i he a i ro t antf bos f ed he l unde a c e e t bl t o ort e tm e durng m or ng m e tngs a s ondl r egs r onf r nce a e w hr e i s i ni e i , nd f c bl g a d a ki s heri a co e e e r . 1 a 218.s a s H a r sv. a a or i y r bbe nd s ed n nf r nc oom d. t , ee l o r i M yor nd CiyCounciofBali e, F. x 1 ,1 89,20 ( h Ci.2011 (e ri ga of t l tmor 429 App' 95 982 4t r ) rvesng rnt s mmayj dg n o ah si wo ke vr n n cam, e ewo nç r r g lryrfre u r u me t n o tl r n io me t li wh r me i e e ual eer d e we t a ç ic e ' a d Su t,' maec wo k rSe ae l rfre t gh plitfla aCic o s bth s jn l c n s' a l o r e û pe tdy eerd o te an it s bth' ' r wihoutc mnai by (hepli ifs s r s ,' ndbot e rmeygrphi dic sons t onde ton t antfhj upevior'a h xte l a c susi be w e n co or sa uts xua ac i t wih w o e a di c s ons a t e w ker bo e l tviy t m n, nd s us i boutf m a e a t y, e l na om occ rdr ulry) ure eg al . H er unlke t f egoi cas ,W al doesnotalege t M uli orY oung ever e, i he or ng es ker l hat lns t ouched heri nappr at y,orear ty pr opri el nes l oposii toned her f s or exualact She doesnotalege s. l t t w entoutoft rw ay t di gus herand m ake herf uncom f abl by engagi i hat hey hei o s t eel ort e ng n de monsr tonsofs xua acsore r l g a cdic sonsr r ng t i s xua a tviy. ta i e l t xteme y r phi s us i ega di her e l c i t Shed snots oe ugges t ts wass j ce t fe ntc t ha he ube td o rque omme sa he body. Shedoesnot nt bout r cam t ts wa e e t de a ng,g nde- s e t t ors j ce t physca t eas li ha he s xpos d o me ni e rbaed pihes ub e td o i lhr t. l t d,W al rdes r be a wor a e i whi h i w a notunc m on f t o ofhe nsea ke ci s kpl c n c t s om or w r c wor r t ac i aboors mor cma r ll l l noonec o- ke s o tn ih, oni nne . dW hie ondonesboorsmes,heei a il st r s l eb t e wha c nj tfa l b c l dsx a h r sme ta dwh ti meeycud b h vo . i ewe n t a usiib y e al e u l a a s n n a s rl r e e a ir' n e ' Zi ki 547 F. a 228. The a tonst toc ur e m os f e nty - M uli a Y o s e, 3d t c i ha c r d t r que l lns nd ung' k hes sk e t n s'a i s - we e c e r y i ppr i t a unpr e s ona , t y w e e nots e r m e ast ut ' ntc - r l a l na opra e nd of s i l but he r o xte o a ountt a c nge i t t r sa condii nsofW a ke ' e pl ym e . A ddii ly,i i m o ha n he e m nd to l r s m o nt tona l t s undiput d t tt e c s e ha hes omm e swe eno diece atW al re usvey,a t tt y we e nt r t r td ke xcl i l nd ha he r i t a m a t m al a f m a ee pl esalke. Se Faibr M e Clni , F. a 328ns e d de o e nd e l m oye i e r ook d. i c 609 3d t 29 (1 eha prvi l rc ze t tt r i adifrncebewe n C ne ai d'sae nt t t çW ve e ousy e ogni d ha hee s fee t e ge r lze ttme s ha polut t w or e r nm e a d r onalge r ba e r m a ks t ts ngl outi vi s f l e he k nvi o nt nd pe s nde - s d e r ' ha i e ndi dual or r di ul Co m on e re t c t tt l te ha a g ea e i pac on t i ls e r a i c e. m xpe i nce ea hes ha he a t r ve r t r m t he r i t ne s nd t ar mor sveef msofhaa s nt') Thec tlke s c l st tMuli 'l o hus e e e r or rs me . . ' our i wie oncude ha lns ç w bl j b'a i e ri t mout 'c o ' nd ç ne n he wi h' omme t,a hi rmakt thet t( akelc dhole r l n s nd s e r ha t W l r oul lr ea be l ud, e ch ofwhi h w e e m a i f ontofW a ke a he boyf i nd on one occ s on, r no o ' a ' c r de n r l r nd r re ai ae t s tc e t e t bls a w or pl c t ti t r ea e w ih di crm i t y i i i ton,rdi e ufi i nt o s a i h k a e ha s û m t d t s i na or ntm da i i cul , pe a i ul ...ha i s fcinty sve eorpe v svet atrt co to ofg r e oyme nd ns t t t s ufi e l e r r a i o le he ndiins he ) mpl nt a c e t a a i woki e r nd r ae n busve r ng nvionmen.' Hars 51 U. a 21(ntr lctto a t' ri, 0 S. t i ena iains nd quottonmaksomitd) l ta t y aee mpl oftheki ofr be vi ,t sng,a ai r te . nse d,he r xa es s nd ude ha or ea i nd t ofha c f nd omme st tgheFo t Cic tha jhedaeno s fce l s veea pevasvet nt ha t urh rui s l r t ufiinty e r nd r i o cons iut actonabl s tt e i e exualhar sm ent' Si et v.D ep' ofCor .Educ. 115 F.A pp' 119, as .' ngl on t r , x 1 (t Ci. 22 4h r 2004) s as Cze r v. r ng.I , CCB- 13 201 U. Dit ; ee lo meda Bacodi nc.No. I -244, 3 S. s. LEXI 1 S 03282,a *9( M d.J y24, 3)( di t tamaee o sofe i rmaks t D. ul 201 hol ng ha l mplyee' fnsve e r , whi h i ude of e i t g vet f m a e pl i tf a i p s e r' nd a he c l gue a d ow c ncl d f r ng o i he e l a n if û pa m a ' a not r olea c bl j b'we en ts fiin l sveeo p r a iet ce t a a usvewo kige vr n nl S a r o , r o u fce ty e r r ev sv o rae n b i ' r n n io me t; rve v.Sur calM oniorng Ser ,I ,N o.CCB- 01331,2006 U . D i .LEX I 55222,a *14-15 gi t i vs. nc. 05S. st S t ( Md. ul 27,2006)( di t talowi t pli ift purueahosiewor e r nt D. J y hol ng ha l ng he antf o s tl k nvionme c a m unde t cic s a esd oul notbe c i t n w ih co r lng Four h Cic tl w ,' li r he r um t nc s d w ons s e t t nt oli t r ui a ' w he e t pl ntf a l ge t the bos r gul ry que to d he a r he ai if le d ha r s e a l s i ne r bouthe s lf a onc r ex ie nd e a sdhert ts woul 'ge abonuswhe g golabl j b''. dvie ha he ds t s n he t ow o ' ) W ak rh sas fi dt p of re ie efo whc ar a o a l j r c ul fn ta le a lo al o r fe vd nc r m ih e s n be u y o d id h t e M uli a Young' a tonsunr s bl i e f r d w ih he w or pe f m a e. A lho h lns nd s ci ea ona y nt r e e t r k r or nc t ug W a ke t tted t ts t l r es ii ha he houghtt tM uli 'be vi s ow e dow n he pe f m a e a w o k, ha lns ha or l d r r or nc t r s ac he know l dge t ts d t l s peo e doi t s m e a ountofwor 'd i t s m e e d ha he t wo e s pl ng he a had m k' ur ng he a tmepei a t the i e s dwor oa as c rbutdt he it i be nd. W ake i rod, nd ha r ncra e kl d lo onti e o r l aygngl hi ' s ' lr De a 1 65,ECF N o.30p. t 6420. A d to ly, hie t r co d r ve l t tW a ke hasa hit y dii na l w l he e r e a s ha l r s or ofa e y a de e son, hi m a ha bee a a t d by he c or r 'c nxi t nd pr s i w ch y ve n ggr va e r ow ke s onduc ,d td not eve y w or pl ce a ava i g ve r s t a ac i bl l lcl i .' Andr v. a e t r k a ggr ton i s i e o n tona e ega a m ' ews St pl s he OfieSu rt eEa tl , 7: 1 fc pesor s. nc.No, 1 CV00037, 3U. DitLEXI 92011 a *3 ( . Va. 201 S. s. S , t 2 W D. J y 1 201 (ii EEOC v.SunbetRe as I , F. 3 31 ( hCi. ul , 3) ctng l ntl.nc.521 3d 06, 6 4t r2008). knse d, ) d ta l t obeci pr oft ts i S sgne t dif vo camsbas ona i vi ls he j tve ong he e t s de i d o sa r li ed n ndi dua' hype -e ii t '' 1 ( i Far ookM e Clni,609F. a 328) rsnstviy.' d. quotng ibr d. i c 3d t . Thi case i al o di tngui s s s s i shabl f e rom a num ber of e s i Fourt Cicui cases,snce t xitng h r t i he r atve pow erbet el i ween W al and heraleged har ker l asser doesnotconti e t m aki t r s rbut o ng hei c onduc m or s ve e. A st Cou tobs r i Zi ki hos ie w or e r en c est tha t e e r he r e ved n s e, tl k nvionm t as ha ve s ce ded i t scic tt ve ofe i ve a di pa iy i pow e be w e n t har s e and t uc e n hi r ui û ha t n nvol d s rt n r t e he a s r he vitm. l a 227. Fori tnce i J ngsv. ve st ofNorhCaolna 482F. 686( h ci ' d. t ' nsa ,n enni Uni riy t ri, 3d 4t Ci.2007)(nba ,heCour e r e nc)t t mpha i dt tt haa s r' saf t fveye rol ma sze ha he rs e ' wa ory-i - a - d n pr ng i o a com m en i abo t s xua a tvii s ofyoung w om e s e ofwhom ,lke obi nt nd tng ut he e l c i te n, om i J nni , e e a you a s ve t n. J nni ,482 F. d a 697. I Oc tee t vi tm ' e ngs w r s ng s e n ee ' e ncs ' 3 t n helr , he c i s s r s pa tc pa ed i t i iy sr a ' ofs x- e dic s on a conduc a l ge by t upe vi or r i i t n he û l t e m ' e bas d s us i nd da t le d he vi tm . Oc lr e 335 F. a 328ci he t e , 3d t 29. l r ve s ng t di ti tco ts g a ofs m a y n e r i he s r c ur ' r nt um r j d me t oted f n a tnR&R Ve tr s teF u t Cic t o n ta t eo j cies v rt of u g n t h ee d n i nu e ,h o rh ruif u d h t h be tv e eiy t har sm entw as com pounded by t f t t har erûw as an adul m al i a s vi or he as he act hat he ass û t e n uper s y pos ton ove young wom e ba el ha fhi a ' R& R V e ur , F. a 3 ii r n r y l s ge. ' nt es 244 3d t 40. Li w i e i ke s , n Far r o M e ia Cl i,h Co r o e v dt t'j r c ud l e s c n ld t a gh l ib o k d c l i c te u t bsr e ha i u y o l i wie o cu e h t t e n a k s rt ofghehaa s rs co uctwase ebae byt f tt thewasnotonl (hevitm'j eveiy t rs e 'q nd xac r td he ac ha y t ci s i dit s r s butas t s eowne of(heme c lci ca whi t vitm woked .' mme ae upevior lo he ol r t dia lni t ch he ci r l' Far ook M e Clni 69F. a 331. He e t co uc al ge by W ake t sno r m o e y ibr d. i c, 3d t r , he nd t le d l rd doe t e t l r s m bl t r pe t d ha as i co e e e he e a e r sng nduc by s eone i a poston ofa ho iy t tw a de c i d t om n ii ut r t ha s s rbe i ot c s s' Ziki,547F.da 228. l t d,W akeral st ts wass jcedt n her a e .' s e 3 t nsea l lege ha he ube t o ha a s e by t cowor s nothe s r s s. r s m nt wo ker , r upe vior l s m ,t c tc l s ba edupon a loft r l va tf t s t tt r i note ug n u he our onc ude , s l he e e n acor , ha he e s no h evi nc fom whihaj yco dfndt tt c de e r c ur ul i ha he onduc a is wa s fcintys ve eorpe v sve t t sue s ufi e l e r rai t cr a e a a i w o ki e r e . The e i no que to t tt c o e t n busve r ng nvionm nt r s s i n ha he onducte ag i by ng ed n M uli a Young w a i ppr i t and i m a ur N one he es ,t wor a e W a ker lns nd s na opr a e m t e. t l s he kpl c l des bes,tt cri 'hough cr ude,i nott helih envionm entagai tw hi Til V I prot s.' s he ls r ns ch te 1 ect ' 18 Gr nev. Dui Pyl l ,371F.Supp. 75 763( M d. ee A. e e.nc. 2d 9, D. 2005) Acc di y,whiet . or ngl l he c u t o sn t o d n h rc wo k r ' h vo ,t s ga ts mmayj d me tt M o - l a o r d e o c n o e e o r e s be a ir imu t rn u r u g n o d u- f fr on t hos ie w or envi he tl k ronm entcl m . ai II . Ret i i alat on W al ra s c e t M od- -or t r i t d he i r t i ton f c pl i ng abo ke l o ont nds hat u l af e m na e r n e ala i or om a ni ut s xua ha a s en . l ad ton t pr bii di c i i ton o t bas sofa pr e t t a t Til e l r s m t n dii o ohi tng s rm na i n he i ot c ed r i, te VI ma siunlwf f a empl rt r tlaea i ta e oye E c us (hee oye l ke t a ul or n oye o eait gans n mpl e t a e t mpl e) be ha oppos da pr ciema a unlwflprci byt ss ha e . 42U. C. 2000e 3() s e ny a tc de n a u a tce hi ubc ptr' ' S. j - a. W he t r i no diec evi nc ofr t i ton,a pl ntf m a pr e unde t b de s fi n he e s r t de e e ala i ai i f y oc ed r he ur n- hi t ng fame ks tf t i M c nelDougl Cop.v.Gr n,411U. 792( 973) Se Prc v. r wor e orh n Don l as ee S. 1 . e ie Thomps 380F.d 209, 2( hCi.200 . Thi fa on, 3 2l 4t r 4) s rmewor rquie t pli ift i tal k e rs he antf o niily etbls byaprpo rnc oft e de ( )t ts e age i apr e tda tviy;()t t sa ih, e ndea e he vi nce: 1 ha he ng d n otce ci t 2 ha t dee tt amaei l a rea tona i the ; nd()t tac uslconne tone sed he fndan ook traly dve s ci gans r a 3 ha a a ci xit be w e n t pr ec e a tviy a t m a e i ly adve s a ton. EEO C v. a Fe Cr t t e he ot t d c i t nd he t r a l re c i N vy d. edi Uni 424F. 397, - 6( hCi. ) W ihr pe tt t ca ainee ,heSupr on, 3d 405 0 4t r2005 . t es c o he us to lmentt eme Cour r c nty cl rf e t ta Til Vl r t la i c a m r quiest pl ntf t s t e e l a ii d ha te I e a i ton l i e r he ai if o how butf - or ca ain. Uni ofTx.Sw.Med.Ct. Nasa,1 S. .251 ( 3 . Tha i,aTil Vl us to v. rv. s r 33 Ct 7 201 ) t s te 1 r t la i pl ntf m us e t bls t tç rpr t c e a tviy wasa but f c us oft a l ed e a i ton ai if t s a i h ha s he o e t d c i t - or a e he leg a r e a ton by t e pl yer' a notm e e y a û otva i f c or' 1 dve s c i he m o ,' nd r l l i tng a t . d. m ' O nc a pl i ifes a i heshe prm a f c e c e, he bur n s f st t e pl rt e a ntf t bls r i a i as t de hi t o he m oye o a tc a e a l tm a e non e ala or r a on f t a r e ac i n. Prce 380 F. d a 21 tl r i ul t egii t , z t i t y e s or he dve s to i , 3 t 2. tf t em pl he oyers s f t a l tm at nonr alat y expl i t pl ntf t m us s et orh egii e, et i or anaton, he ai i f hen t how t hat t e oyerspr f e ras aeprtxt lorg r cam wilfi.' l l ot rwor ,t he mpl ' oferd e ons r ee ua hel li l al' d. n he ds he bu de s fsba kt t pli if(o s t tt (mplye 'qr s n i meepr e fr r n hi' c o he antf i how ha he e o rs ea o s r etxt o t t r t i ton by pr vi bot t tt r as w a f l e a t tdi c i i ton w a t r lr as f e ala i o ng h ha he e on s a s nd ha s r m na i s he ea e on or t c lnge c he hale d onduc.' Hola v. as ngonHo s l ,487F. 208,21 ( hCi. t' lnd W hi t me .nc. 3d 8 4t r 2007) (ntr lciai a q ai makso te . i e na tton nd uotton r mitd) l t sc e,e n as um i t tW a ke hass tf t a prm a f i c e ofr t la i n hi as ve s ng ha l r e orh i ac e as e a i ton, M od- - a ha a tc a ed a l gii a e, u Kr f s r i ul t e tm t nonr t la or r as f t r i tng he e pl e , e a i t y e on or e m na i r m oym nt na el he i vol m enti t fghtw ih Da d M uli Be us M od- - r fhascl a l m e m y, r n ve n he i t vi lns. ca e uK a e ry t isbur n ofpr f r ng a pe m i s bl r as f ist r i ton de i i W al rm us s t de of e i r s i e e on or t e m na i c s on, ke t how t t ha t a s red r as i pr t xtf rr t la i he s e t e on s e e o e a i ton. W hie W al ra nc s s r a gum e s i a l ke dva e eve al r nt n n atem ptt est blsh pr ext t cour concl t o a i et , he t udest s hasf l t cr e a genui i ue of hat he aied o eat ne ss m a e i lf c wih r s c t t s is t ra a t t e pe t o hi s ue. W a ke fr ta guest ts ç ve t he M uli , a t tt e de de onsr t l r is r ha he s r ouc d ne lns' nd ha he vi nce m ta es ' t ts m e e y f s d a M uli a ha he r l us e t lns boutt c m e t t the m a i t pa ki l t he om n s ha de n he r ng o . Pl' Br i Opp' a 8,39, .s . n n t ECF N o. 30. Thi a g e , s r um nt howe , i c t ue W a ke ' bur n. ver m s ons r s l r s de W he a e pl ra tc a e a l tm a e, n n m oye r i ul t s egii t nonr t la or bas sf t r i tng a pl i if t s e a i t y i or e m na i a ntf , hi co tdoe noti i whe he t r a on w a w i e, a r oreve c r t uli a el s l ng a i ur s l de dec t r he e s s s f i, n or ec , tm t y, o o s t t ul wast r as f t pl n if st r i ton. Hawki v. ps co. nc. 203 F. d 274, 9 r y he e on or he ai tf ' e m na i ' ' ns Pe i l , 3 27 ( h Ci.2000)(ntr lciai a quottonmaksomit ) l a s si whehe a 4t r i ena tton nd ai r ted . n s e sng t r n e pl r spr f r r a on i pr t xt l ( ti t pe c pton oft dec sonm a rw hi h i m oye ' of e ed e s s e e ua , s s he r e i i he i i ke c s rlva . Hola 487F. a 2l (nt na quottonmar a ale ai omitd) ee nt' ' lnd, 3d t 7 i er l ai ks nd tr tons te . I t i tntc s ,W al rha fie t pr fre de efo whihar s na ej y n he nsa a e ke s ald o ofe vi nc r m c ea o bl ur c d tnd t tt M od- - r of i i sr s oul i ha he u K af fc al e ponsbl f t r i tng he e pl e di not i e or e m na i r m oym nt d hone ty be i ve t tW a ke ha e ge i m i c s l le ha l r d nga d n s onduc on t day i que to i key i r t he n s i n. ' The nquiy 20 i a s s i whehe a e pl rhol s h a hones bele i whehert e pl rm a a n s e sng t r n m oye ds uc n t if s t he m oye de r easonabl i or ed and cons der deci on bef e t ng t com pl ned- acton,' M i y nf m i ed si or aki he ai of i ' chael v. tr ilrFi Se vs Cor ,496F. 58 598- (t Ci. 7)(ntr lcttona Cae pla n. r . p. 3d 4, 99 6h r 200 i ena iai nd quottonmaksomitd) Hee,her or esa ihest tRi Adki i si tdt mate , ai r te . r t ec d tbls ha cky ns nve tgae he tr a ked one ofhi s pe v s st c l c s a e e t f o W a ke a Ca s dy,a t n pe s na l s s u r i or o ole t t t m n s r m l r nd s i nd he r o ly i e vi w e e g ot e pl e i or rt de e m i why t tghto ur e a w ho w a nt r e d i ht her m oye s n de o t r ne he i cc r d nd s r ponsbl Afers rng t r s t ofhi i s i ton wih K a hy M c a e , dki a es i e. t ha i he e uls s nve tga i t t r ni l A ns nd M c a e de e m i d t tW a ke , ong w ih he boyf i nd,ve baly a phys c ly a t c D ni l t r ne ha l r al t r re r l nd i a l ta ked M uli ,a t tt rc lns nd ha hei onduc wa r nt d t nni ton. W hie W a ke m a di a e w ih t t r a e e na i l l r y s gr e t he ou c t omeoft i si ton,s hasf ie t r s atibl is off c ast whehe Ad nsa he nve tga i he al d o aie ra e s ue a t o t r ki nd M c ni lho sl be ivedt tW ake des ve t bedic r d f he i ve ti t Da e ne ty le ha l r er d o s ha ge or r nvol men n he ale c ton. Eve i s co d s tr a i n f he ul how t tt i unde s a ng oft ale ca i n w a m it en,s h ha he r r t ndi he t r to s s ak uc a s i i nots fci ntt de o ta e pr t x . See G i on v. uorD a elSe v .Com . 281 how ng s uf i e o m nsr t e e t bs Fl ni rs , F.App' 1 1 ( hCi. 08 (mphaszi t tigl e oye who fr sa e oye unde x 77, 79 4t r 20 ) e i ng ha tan mpl r ie n mpl e r t m it ke buthones i pr s on t tt em pl e vi a e a w or r e i no la e f he s a n t m es i ha he oye ol t d k ul s t i bl or dic i naor c srmi t y onduc' (ne a ctto a quoai makso te ;s as Du rv.M d. t' itnzl iain nd tton r mitdl ee lo nba ) PrmavCaePhyscins LLC, 0 2663, i r r ia s No. 42005U. Dit LEXI 1 ,a *1 ( M d.May S. s. S 0291 t 0 D. 27, 2005)(çpl ntfls mst c e t tbee us he co- ke wasnotdici i di sg ai if ee o ontnd ha a e r wor r s plne n c e nc oft c r ai whi ldt g antf'ltr nai age neis ofmaei ons que e he onfontton ch e o pli ifs emi ton, nui sue tral f c i pr s nt d. She i w r ats ee e s ong. Th r co d s si s a y t tde enda ca e uly a e e r how ndi put bl ha f nt r f l nd t oughl i si tdt i de , ma t ra ona ej hor y nve tgae he nci ntand de he e s bl udgme t tg antfji tgae nt ha pli if nsi td i a wa ... es i e.) t nd s r ponsbl ' . ' 21 Thec tmus alorj c W al rsarume t tAd ns i si tonoft i de i our t s ee t ke ' g ntha ki ' nvetgai he nci nt n que ton w a i de t A st Fourh Cic thaspr vi usy e a ned, oc i on t q lt si s na qua e. he t r ui e o l xpl i f us ng he ua iy oft i si tonl se t poi , snc il f rlc r C notsta aki of he nvetgai k s s he nt' i e dal edea ou t does i s nd mi ' s - r o lde rm entw e ghi t pnl nc ofe pl e tde s ons m a by fr s uperpe s nne pa t i ng he de e m oym n ci i de im char wih em pl entdi i i i '' Cuppl v.A m san,LLC,282 F.A pp' 205,210 ged t oym scrm naton.' es x (t Ci. )( i De anetev.Coni l . 1 F. 293,299( h Ci.1 ) l tad, 4h r 2008 quotng l r t r ng. nc, 33 3d 4t r 998 . nse t c ts i ol co e n i w he he t r as f w hi h t de e ntdi c r ed t pl i if he our ' d e nc r s s t r he e on or c he f nda s ha g he a ntf wasgeait y .' De ar te,1 F. a 299. Thus e ni Adki 'i tgai was rtlaorl' l net 33 3d t , ve f ns nvesi ton s tndad,Sha doesltl t hel (hepli if etbls t tt ra onsgi nf he ubsa r k t t ite o p t antfl sa ih ha he e s ve or r t r i ton w e e nott a t lr as , nd i c r a nl doe notgi r s t ar a ona e i er nc e m na i r he c ua e ons a t e t i y s ve i e o e s bl nf e e t tgealai wast r lr s f t tr nai ' Bondsv.Le t,629F. 369, 6 ha rt itonl he ea eaon or he emi ton.' avit 3d 38 ( hCi. 11 . Li wie,hefc t tAdki wa ltri tucedt dicplneMuli f 4t r 20 ) ke s t a t ha ns s ae nsr t o si i lns or vi a i t c pa san iha as m e polcy i no pr tve ofpr t xt Si pl s a e no ol tng he om ny' t- r s nt i s t oba i e e . m y t t d, ra o bej r c u difrfo t se ie c t a t era o gv n frW ak rstr n to wa e s na l u y o l n e r m hi vd n e h t h e s n ie o l e ' emiai n s f s ,ort tr t la i n wast r a r s f t e pl ym e d i i al e ha e a i to he e l ea on or he m o nt ec son. Fi l t m e e f c t tAdki a M c naly, he r a t ha ns nd Dani lG w ofW a ke ' c pl i spr o t e k kne l r s om a nt i r o tr nai he 'i i ufi e t wihsa s emi tng r's ns fcint o t tnd ummayj r udgme t Bri Opp' a 38, No.30. n . .n n t ECF The Four h Cic tha m ade c ea t ti er know l dge on t pa tofa em pl t r ui s l r ha i e m e he r n oyert ta ha n empl i i a t fr hasL ladici nai c r i nots fcen e de eof oyee t s bout o ie made srmi ton hage s ufii t vi nc r alaton t count subs antalevi et i i o er t i dence ofl tm at r egii e easons f di char ng t em pl or s gi hat oyee.' ' W ila v. r r c .I ,871F. 45 460( h Ci.1 ) s as Nahanv. ked lims Cebe onis nc. 2d 2, 4t r 989 , ee lo t . Ta a Phamac utc l Amerc I .890F.Supp.2d6 648( D. .201 (tAj t Fourh r e ias ia- nc, 29, E. Va 2) i( s he t Cicui hass at t por pr m iy al w hieper r t t ed, em al oxi t one, l hapss t entt es ablsh causaton f t ufici o t i i or he 22 pur e ofaprmaf i c s ,c nno ce t as fce i ee eofpr ext' . pos s i ace a e a t rae ufiint nfrnc et .) ' Fora 1oft e r s , he c t onc ude t tW a kerha f ie t r butt l gii a e, l hes ea ons t our c l s ha l s al d o e he e tm t nonr alat y r et i or eason M od- u Krafpr f ed t s of er o uppor isdeci on t t m i e herem pl ent tt si o er nat oym . Ac o dn l M o - Krfi e tte t s mmayj d me to h rcam o rtlain c r igy, d u- a s n ild o u r u g n n e li f eaito . C oncl on usi Fort r a o sae t c twilg a tt dee ntsmotonf s he e s ns ttd,he our l r n he fnda ' i or umma yj r udgme . nt The Clr i die t d t s nd c tfe c esoft sm e a e k s r c e o e erii d opi hi mor ndum opi on a t ni nd he ac om panyi or rt a lc c ng de o l ouns lofr c d. e e or sx - :r s rER. 'hi ' qNda o De e e, 2013. y f c mb r lys- (zx.4 , ,x % . . , Chi fUnie St t D it i tJ e t d a es s rc udge
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