Ponani Sukumar et al v. Nautilus, Inc., No. 7:2011cv00218 - Document 161 (W.D. Va. 2013)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 12/6/13. (med)
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c E rsoFlcusA mc v t R A Fc T iu R o dK ,A o iv FIE: L I THE UNI S N TED TATESDI CT COURT STRI FO R TH E W ESTER N DISTRICT O F V I G I I R N A R oanoke Di si vi on BE2 26 2 1 93 JUL . D cjppz ' ; PONANISUKUM AR, and SO U TH ER N CA LI R NI FO A STROKE REHABI TATI N LI O ASSOCI ATES,l C. N , Pl ntfs ai if , ) ) ) ) M EM OM NDUM OPI ON NI By:Jam e C .Turk s Se orUnie St e Dit i tJudge ni t d at s sr c V. NAUTI LUS,I , NC. Deendant f . Cas No. 7: c 00218 e : 11- v- N L ) ) ) Th s matr i b f r t Co r n co smoi n fr st r j d me t P an if i te s e o e he u to r s - to s o t mma y u g n . litfs Pona Stkuma ($ 1 r' a So hen Calf r a Sto Re bii i Asocae ,l ni z r t ma' nd ut r Suk1 ) ioni r ke ha luton s its nc. (; ûSCSRA' havefld arnewedmoi f pata s ' ) ie e ton or ril umma yj r udgme ,ECF No.1 i whih nt 36,n c t cie t ne e de i s e ng s hey t o w vi nce n e ki ome oft s m e r i asa ma trofl w t tt Cour he a ulngs te a ha he t p e iusyd n e . eECF No 1 3( e rnd Opno g a t i p r a d d n igi pat rv o l e id Se . 0 M mo a um iin r ni n a t n e yn n r ng Pl ntfs M oi f Pa tal Stmmay J me ,ECF No.80) Defnda Na ius l ai if' ton or ri l r udg nt . e nt utl , nc. (i u i s'ha fldiso s mma yj d me tmoin,nwhc i s e j d me ti isfv r ç tl ' s i t wn u r u g n to i ih t e ks u g n n t a o Na u ) e ast alc am s a s re by Pl i if ,prm a iy on t g o o l l i s e td antfs i rl he r undst tPli if ha i ufi i nt ha antfs ve ns tc e e denc of dn vi e mage c us d by Na ius s c s a e utl ' onduc .ECF N o. 1 The pa tes a gue bo h t 38. ri r d t m otons be or t Cour o Se e be 1 201 a t m otons a e now rpe f diposton. i f e he t n pt m r 7, 3, nd he i r i or s ii Ase pli e i mo e d ti b lw,s mma yj g n i a p o rae a t Plitfs x an d n r eal eo u r ud me t s p r p it s o anif' cai unde t fde a f s pae maki saut 35 U. C.j 292,b a e Pli if ha lm r he e r l ale tnt r ng tt e, S. ec us antfs ve p o u e i s fiin e d n e o a S o ei v ij y' whih i r q rd t s o sa dn r d c d n u fce t vie c f t mp tt e nur , c s e uie o h w tn ig c i ' unde t r vie sa ut Si ia l ast t rsa e 1w cli sunde Caio ni a W as ngt r he e s d tt e. m lry, o hei tt a am r lf r a nd hi on l w , he Cour c l s t tPl i if ha f l t putf t s t i ntevi nce f om whi h a a t t onc ude ha a ntf s ve aied o orh ufk e de r c j r c ud tn ta t e s fee a ijlyp o maey c us db Na tlssv oain o to e u y o l i d h t h y u fr d n n t r xi tl a e y uiu ' i lto s f h s r saut s Fort e r as ,e aned i mor de a lbeow,De enda ' M oton f Slmm a y tt e . hes e ons xpl i n e ti l f nts i or l r J udgm e ,ECF No.1 i GRANTED,a Pl i if M o i ECF No.1 i DENI AS nt 38, s nd antfs' ton, 36, s ED M O O T. FA CTU AL A N D PR O C EDU R AL BAC K G RO UN D A. Fact ualBackground Att oute ,t Cour not t tt c os - o i a r a e flngs a e vol i , he s t he t es ha he r sm tons nd elt d ii r um nous c an e e i e bis a a es a num be ofis t tt Cou twilnotr c i t s ont i xt nsve xhi t , nd ddr s r s ues ha he r l ea h n hi opi on.l Fo e m pl i wil be t ne es a y t a es Pl i if m oton f s m a y ni r xn e, t l m c s r o ddr s a ntf s' i or um r j d me t a a1 ( ih f c s s e trl o is e rltd t la iiy ,b c u e te Co r' u g n t 1 wh c o u e niey n s u s eae o ib l ) e a s h u ts t c usonsast da a r nde Pl i if moton m oot Ac or ng y,i dic sng t f ct oncl i o m ges e r antfs' i . c di l n s us i he a ual ba kg ound oft c e,t Cour f eson t ba kg ot mos pe tne t t i s s i t s c r he as he t ocus he c r md t ri nt o he s ue n hi opi on a om isa dic son oft ba kgr md r l t t m a ot rl li s r s d by t ni nd t s us i he c ot e aed o ny he ega s ues aie he pa te .Prmmiy,t Cour f us on t f c s r lt d t dn a s snce t lc ofpr of ris i l he t oc es he a t e ae o m ge , i he a k oof dn mage c us by Na ius sco uc i t ba i oft Co tsr i s a ed utl ' nd t s he s s he ur' ulng. Na ius i a publcy-r de Am e i a cop or ton, hea utl s il ta d rc n ai dqua tr d i Va ouver re e n nc , W a hi o ECF No. 1 6,M ur k Dec .a ! 2 l h s b e i te e rie a d ft e s s ngt n. 38doc l t . t a e n n h xecs n in s e pm e i ty f overt nt fve ye r a de l ,ma actr s and m a ke ss ve a qui nt ndusr or we y-i a s nd veops nuf tle , r t e rl 1 The pari 'bre i i t s cas has i uded notonl t usualr tes ifng n hi e ncl y he espons and r y t each e epl o mo in,b tas d u nt o j cig o va i sg o dst c rane d n e a t tmon s mitdby to u lo oc me s b e tn n rou r un o e ti vie c nd esi y ub te t op sngpat Alo,Dee da th sfldarq s frj diilnoiea t svea do u ns ECF he po i ry. s fn n a ie e uet o u ca tc s o e rl c me t, No.138- a 2- and a s a e sa ementofundiput f t wih s 7 t 3, epar t tt s ed ac s t uppori r d ci i Pl ntfs tng ecor utons. ai if obe tt t e spa ae sae n o f cso va iusg ou ,i l i t ti i f na t rz d'b t s j c o h e rt tt me t f a t n ro r nds ncudng ha t s x uho ie ' y hi u Cour' l r es ECF No.155 a 2.They f t ar t t s a e entl ksr eva and t i i ts ocal ul . t urher gue hat he t t m ac el nce hat t s ë mbg s u ne lgbl; se di ;a d c n ani dipue fcs'L. Th f c t tt lc lr e do I iuou ; nitli i e mila ng n o t i ng s td a t. d e a t ha he o a uls a ' a notcont pl e t flng ofsuch a s at sat entdoesnotr rt sat em at he ii epar e t em ende he t ementuna horzed and t ut i he Cou th sc nsde e i,b me ey a a g d t te rc d. wih a y s mmayj gme tr i t e r a o i rd t ut r l s uie o h e or As t n u r ud n ul h ng, Co t ssisde so o yo c tn smmayj g n e d nc .S eFe R. v. 5 urbae t ciin nl n ompee t u r ud me t vit e e d. Ci P. 6. difr tlne offt spr t bot domesi ly a d i e nai ly.I a ! 2- l slsis feen i s ines oducs h tcal n ntr tonal d, t ! 3. t el t pr t die ty t c lmer t ough t lvii a rii c t l ,and t l e net a as oduc s r c l o onsl s hr ee son dve tsng, a aogs he nt r , nd lo ofe spr f r oducs t ough a ne wor ofi pende r a lc t hr t k nde nt eti ompani wih sor s a we ie .1 es t t e nd bst s d. a !3. t Pl i if Pona Sukum a i a i vi ua and Calf i r sde . ECF No. 138antf ni r s n ndi d l iom a e i nt 3, 32 ounde Pli tf Sout r Calf i Stoke Re lt ton As ocit s d a n if he n iom a r habiia i s ae , Sukum arD ep.at1 . He f l c (SCS ' i 2 0 a d i isP e ie t 1 a 1 -4,4 W h n SCS wa e tbih d, n . : RA' n 0 4 n s t r sd n . d. t 3 1 6. e S I RA s sa ls e Suklma i e d t utlze t c po ai n t e nt ly ope a oxi a ey 70 sr ke z r nt nde o ii he or r to o ve ual n ppr m t l to r habiia i c nt r t te t el ry a m e c l pa int .1 a 63,66.Hi motvai f e ltton e e s o r a de l nd di a te s d. t s i ton or esabls ng SCSIA se med fom hi pe s le ince sa tng i 1 94,wih hi ede l t ihi I tm r s r ona xpere , t ri n 9 t s l ry ft e ' ile s s ECF No 1 0-0,S k ma De l a !6. Aspa to h satmp st h l hs ah rs l se . n . 5 1 u u r c. t 3 r f i te t o ep i f t r gai f aher e n undi lt he tc ona iy, iondud t t sr ngt tai ng e pm e woul f r t ed ha te h r ni qui nt d o m he nuclus'of hi f t r s r ha lt ton pl 1 W he he f mde SCSRA,he i e d t us e ' s ahe ' e biia i an. d. n ot d nt nde o e srngh tann e up n i S te t r iig q ime t n CSRA' c ne s a wel 1 a ! 1 s eas Am. mp . !2 S e tr , s l.d. t 3; e lo Co l ! 5 29 (xpli ng t tSCSRA wasf e ani ha ounde i or t ge rt pr i by ofei Cûrdii ' d n der o neae oft frng tta tonal physc l r habiia i i a ton t ot r te t nt modaltes i udi dit me a and i a e ltton n ddii o he r a me ii , ncl ng e , nt l s rt l wel s ';t physc l r ha lt to pr r m woul us s c fc t piiua lne s' he ia e biiai n og a d e pe ii ypes of e r ie xe c s 2 Ref e er ncest EsukumarDep.' her n r f t t exce pt a t hed t N a ius' m em or ndum , os ' ei e er o he r s tac o utl s a a ECF No.138- Pl ntf shave s r el fl a onet 3. ai if epa at y ied page excer fom t deposii s ECF No. pt r he ton, ee 1 7,butt page i i uded i ECF No.1 3,aswel. 50hat s ncl n 38l 3A sNautl poi sout Sukum a s deposii t tm ony i notal ys conss e wih hi l er ius nt r' ton esi s wa it nt t s at , fl decl aton, and Nautl has r ied ar i ius equesed t t t Cour srke t decl a i i is entr y or t ha he t ti he ar ton n t iet dir g r i.ECF No.1 3 a 6- ( ii Ba wikv. ltx Cor ,7 F.d 94 9 ( t Ci.1 4)a se a d t 5 t 7 ctng r c Ceoe p. 36 2 6, 60 4h r 98 nd ohe a t ort f rt pr posto t tapa t ma no c e t a ds t offc f rs t r u h iy o he o iin ha ry y t r ae ipu e a t o ummay j g n r ud me t d i yb s mit a a fd vi c ta ci hi o p irtsi ny'.TheCo t gre t t ri s û mpl y ub ti n fia t onr ditng s wn ro e tmo ' s ng ) ur a e s ha po ton of t decl aton contadit Sukum ar s s n deposton t tm ony a t ca he ar i r c ' wor ii esi nd hus nnot be consi r de ed. Bar c 736 F. at960.Some ofwhatNautl deemst be tconfitng' t tm ony,however a r wik, 2d ius o t lc i ' esi , ppea s t t Cour t sm pl be cl iyi orel atng on deposton t tmony.To t e entt tdeclr i o he to i y arf ng abor i ii esi he xt ha a aton smpl el at on Sukum arsde ii t tm ony,butdoesnotcontaditi,t Courtconsde i. i y abor es ' poston esi r c t he i rs t e pm e t woul wo k f %fai el ry clent wih lm ie physc lsr ngt 'an c an qui nt hat d r or lr l de l i s t i t d i a te h' d ont i c rans ft fau e t S r tc c mp o sdcins'. e ti a ey e t rs o t oe t o r mie l t' p e ) Suktm a e ai t the was ç ti e esed i t us of t Arhur J l r xpl ns ha t mos ntr t n he e he t ones i pie ns r d cor desgnsofNa iuss2ST a ( xtGe rto Cd ' lnesof ma hi s' bu t the e i utl ' nd Ne ne ain NG' i ) j c ne ,' t ha beleve t em a hi woul ha t be modiid i or rt pr ry s r t s ortt s i d hos c nes d ve o fe n de o ope l e ve he eni ines a d rh bl ain mak t 1 a ! 6, .Th s mo iiai n icu e fat e d sg e t a ss n e a itto r e .d. t ! 8 e e dfc to s n ld d e tl s e in d o sit i r el ry ori im paint t us t m s fl Se tk a !( - .Slu ra e st a sn et elt del nfr te s o e he aey. e t t !7 8 t ma v r h t ic h ae k . 1 990s he ha d or , s t med a c i ly r fne ve y s ik c f nd ontnua l e i d, r pec f once s a c ie i f r m a hi s pt nd rt r a o c ne i t es no fte smake. I . t 7 n h e ir i s r t' d a ! . n ' Aspa tofhi r s a ch,Sukum a pur has d anum be ofdif r nte r s m a hi sfom r s eer r c e r fe e xe cie c ne r a y Na iusa ot rma a t e s J.a !23c . SCS c re t o a p o i tl 1 0 1 0 utl nd he nufcurr .4. t ()4 RA u r nl wns p r xmaey 1 - 2 . N a ius m ac nest tha be plr has e t rdi e ty by SCSR A orpur ha e by Sukum ar ut l hi ha ve en zc ed ihe r c l c sd a owne s p ta f r e t SCSRA. Sukuma De a 96- Appr xi t l 50- of t nd rhi r ns e r d o r p. t 97. o ma ey 55 he ma hn s ta ae t e s be t o ti lws i wee p r h s d wi i te tvey a p ro c ie h t r h u jc f h s a ut r u c a e t n h i - e r ei d h pr c ng t flng of s t a a e t e or w ihi t a i a e s a ut of lm ia i .I a e edi he ii ui nd r her f e t n he pplc bl t t e i t tons d. t 148. Pe tne he e,Sukum a c am st ti t co s ofi tga i N a tl m a hi ,he ri nt r r l i ha n he ur e nvesi tng u ius c nes was s ve a tmes t d by Na ius e oye or r pr en a i t tN a ius m a hi s we e e rl i ol utl mpl es e es t tves ha utl c ne r pae e a t tNa iusvi ousy pr ec st m a hi sfom pae i rnge e .Suklma tnt d nd ha utl gor l ot t he c ne r t nt nfi m nt l r De l a ! 9 1 .Ad i o al,teNa tlsma h n sa is e i ti lws i c n an d p tn c . t ! - 0 dt n l h uiu c i e t su n h s a ut o tie ae t i y l be s A lhough N a ius r pea edl poi s t a por i of Sub l a ' t s i ony as hi a l. t utl e t y nt o ton m r s e tm m S once ng' t the di note n l a t pa en l bel untlafe he had pur has d t m ,t t û c di ' ha d ve ook t he t t a s i t r c e he ha 4 One oft or s f anot compa al o r uled i ltga i br he der rom her ny s es t n ii ton oughtby Sukum a See r. Su ma v. at Te hRe .l c.201 W L 93 9( lCtApp. a . 9, 3 . ku r He lh c s. n , 3 061 Ca. . M r 2 201 ) t s i ony c e tm nnnot be z t w e g N autl a s gns i.A s e a ned i Pl i i f 'r s a he i ht ius s i t xpl i n a ntf s e pons s e e, e ECF No.1 a 24- de e e couns lsque toni di notas Stkum a t i ntf ea h a 50 t 25, f ns e' si ng d k l r o de iy c nd e y i t ehe ha l d a t paentl l,nordi Sukum a t tf t tt onei t nc he ver nsanc d ooke t he t abe s d r esiy ha he nsa e me i ntoned ofr vi ng t l be swa t onl tme heha l e ewi he a l s he y i d ooked a t .M or ove ,t e i t hem e r her s a tonale de e (ncudi phot a ofpae l l tke aound 2003)t tSu ddii vi nc i l ng ogrphs tnt abes a n r ha kuma r l d a pa e l bel prort pur ha i t m a hi sati s i t sl w s t ooke t t nt a s i o c s ng he c ne s ue n hi a ui. Ast sCou tha ar dy nzed,a l s s hi r s lea l t ea t ome oft paen l l on t m a hi swe e he t t abe s he c ne r f le,i t tt y lse paen st tdi nota y t t tpa tc a m a hi Specfc ly,ni of a s n ha he it d t t ha d ppl o ha riulr c ne. ii a l ne t m a hi sNa iusmanuf cur d a is I he c ne utl a t e t t ndepe nce,Vigi a plnt sx sr ngt m a hi s nde r ni a - i te h c ne a t eeca di s ulrmac nes we e unpa e ed a f s l m a ked.Se ECF No.1 a 5nd hr r ova c a hi - r t nt nd aley r e 03 t 8 Th sx srngh ma h n sc nan d lb l r frn ig a la teg tia pl a l pae t (f . e i te t c i e o tie a es e ee cn t e s ih n p i be tn s o c t t f lsed on t lbe) Li wie t c r o ma hi c aned lbesrfrncng a weny-our it he a l. ke s , he adi c nes onti a l eee i t las eghti pplca epae s( sxt nlse ont lbel.d. e t i na i bl tnt of i ee itd he a ) 1 l addii t ptr hasng of-he-hel Nautl equi n ton o lc i ft s f ius pment SIIUmr alo plc s ve a , Zt s a ed e r l or r i 1 de s n 998 a 1 nd 999 f a nlmber of c t z Na ius mac nes t he cli s or z usomi ed utl hi hat am i o p rtd S e ti o gi)i v to s' S tna De l a ! 9 He wa ds aite wi t e nc r o ae t ran f h s l ai n . uku r c . t . c mo ' s is tsi d t h h ma hi sa delve e tl a 11 1 23,and e nt l fld abrac ofc r c acin ag ns c ne s i r d, ta t , 5, . ve ualy ie e h onta t to ai t t diti t of t e pr t ,M ed- t Syse s l ,a agans Na ius who Suktma he srbu or hos oduc s Fi t m , nc. nd i t utl , l r cl i e i ed M e Fi t br c is c r t w ih hi .Se m e. , Sukum a v.M e Fi Svs. a m d nduc d- t o ea h t ontac t m e a. r d- t . l ,2012 W L 15 nc. 34098,a *1( l Ct App.May 2,201 .Pori oft tc s wee tid t t Ca. . 2) tons ha a e r re o t d fe e t t isa d b t tme , h j r r ld a an tS k ma .1 ,a *1 Hea p ae , u wo ifr n jl e n oh i s t e u y ue g is u u r d. t . p e ld b t r tefn lu g n wa afnn d o a p a . et h i a j d me t s fi e n p e lSe t k . l hi de l a i Sukum a c ai st ta ound O c o r 2001 a aga n a ound Fe ua y n s c ar ton, r l m ha r t be nd i r br r of2002,heha at a t buid,de oy,a s l my mac nes't two d f th ( m)it d ç n o l pl nd el pl hi ' ha ul t c hi no pi drc c mpei o wih Na tls' ECF No 1 0 1 ,Su tma De l a ! 1 . Be a e o t ie t o tt n t u i . i u ' . 5 - 0 k l r c . t 15 c us f he pa e l l on t m ac ne ,how e r a t s a e e s by a f m e N a ius e pl ,he t nt abe s he hi s ve , nd he t t m nt or r utl m oyee t houghtt ai ng a lce e wasno onl r uied,but...a s ...t f ra pr de t ng t é ni obt i ns t y eq r lo he ai nd u nt hi o d ' I .a ! 1 -2.S u rt siid t a h t c s ug ta l e s fo Na tlss t a h o. d t ! 11 uk ma e tfe h t e wie o h i n e r m uiu o h t e ' c c ul u eNa tl ma hne a mo iyt e t hi stsa to ,S n ei 20 4, u tb fr t e o d s ui us c i s nd df h m o s aifcin ç c n 0 j s eo e h o Die tF c til a do ei 2 0 tr u h (ilJ n sDa lwy r . S k ma De a 1 0 At r c o us ra, n nc n 0 9 h o g h s o e y a es' u u r p. t 1 . ' l a t o of t s r e s ne he e equess was i t c e of a s tlm e dic son wih Na ius ove t n he ont xt e te nt s us i t utl r pe i ltgai n. See Ex. 1 t Sukum a De l nd ng ii to o r c .He now ca ms t t had he known t e li ha, hos ma hne weeno p tn e - a t esa i hecamsh ha j s r c nl r a h d a ar s l c i s r t ae td n md rtndng li e s u t e e t e c e s e ut y o t e Co r' Fe r ay 2 2 Or e- h wo l h v b i hi o ma hie a t a t f r f h u ts b u r 01 d r e ud a e ul s wn c n s t h t i o t me s lng t ot r a t c peed diec l wih Na ius Thi t tmony, howe r i eli o he s nd hus om t r ty t utl . s esi ve , s c r dit d by t t r s he ofe e i t s tl me lter fom hi a tr ys i whih he onta c e he e m f r d n he e te nt e t r s to ne , n c c am e hewan edt lc ns Nautl tc ogy s ey f us i SCSR A c nt sa make no li d t o ie e ius e hnol ol l or e n e er nd s me i ofs lng e r s eq pme .l alo c lc swihhi de ii t tmony i t sca e, nton eli xe cie ui nt t s onfit t s poston esi n hi s when he t sii d t the now hasa i t nton t m a a tle a s lhi c t ze m a hi s e tfe ha n n e i o nuf c tr nd el s usomi d c ne , buthasha t ti t ntonl s nce Fe t r 201 d ha n e y i brt y a 2. Add tonal a t ii ly, lhough Suktm a ave s he ha bee wor ng o hi m od fe e pm e l r r s n ki n s ii d qui nt de i s nce t l t 1 90s he a s a it a hi de ii a nlm be off c s t s s gns i he a e 9 , l o dm ted t s pos ton l r a t hat how t t ha neihe Suk a nor SCSIA i pr s nty a co pe ior of Na ius I pa tc a , Sukuma t r um r I s ee l m tt utl . n riul r r t siid t t e tfe ha : @ SCSRA hasnoot re oye ot rt n Stkuma ( p.a 1 ; he mpl es he ha l r De t 4) * ne t r he no SCSRA ha a t l c ea ed or ope d a s ni ihe r s c ualy r t ne ny e or 5 A sdi us ed bel , t salegaton contadi ssukumar' deposii t tmony. sc s ow hi l i r ct s ton esi 6 s c ntr ora sr rha ltton ce er t gl De a pa e e s ny toke e biiai nt s sul mar p. t 66- ; 67) @ neiher he nor SCSRA ha s d a s ii lyt ve ol ny pecfca l modii d fe N a ius equi ent or any m a hi s of hi ow n des g a l utl pm , c ne s i n td ma a t e ( nufcur SukumarDe a 1 1 ECF No.1 4,SCSRA p. t 67, 69, 38De a 253- ; p. t 54) * neihe he nor SC SR A hol a pa e s on ft s e pm e t r d ny t nt ine s qui nt ( u l rDe a 1 ) S kl ma p. t 90 ) * SCSR A has not r lze a pr k i a gi n yea s nc is ea i d ot n ny ve r i e t ic pto ( RA De a 2 9 , n n e i n SCS p. t 5 ) a d . * t pr ocolt t Stkum a ha deveope f as itng pate s i he ot ha l r s l d or ssi int s no wrte but$n ( s mi a ( lputi i efe ti t c s of t itn, i hi) nd nd he i t n fc n he a e ( s ft r'a dicuse iwihpe et hi) ahe ' nd s sd t t opl sukuma De a 1 ) r p. t 71. Na ius s utl umm mi e t s ad isons by des rbi Sukum a as a i vi z s he e m s i c i ng r n ndi dualwih a ç nt t no fmc i ng busne s'and c endst t e n i SCSRA we e i busne s i wo d no o r t t toni i s' ont ha , ve f r n i s , t ul t pe a e i t s n he nme c omm e cil m a k a Na ius. ECF No.1 a 1 1 50.Tha i,Na ius r a r et s utl ' ' 38 t 6, 8, t s utl m a a t esa s l e pm e ;SCSRA woul me el us equi e orm a i t us i is nuf c ur nd els qui nt d r y e pm nt ke t o e n t ow n cent s. er To c m t t e f ct ,Pl ntf s e phasze i t i oppos ton a lt e f t t y have ot er hes a s ai i f m i n he r ii l he f or s he made snc t Cour ' Feb ua y 201 opi o r i t m a hi s a is a e f lel ma ke i e he ts r r 2 ni n ulng he c ne t s ue r a s y r d. Suku a ' De a ai f e m pl cai s t t snce t s Cour' Fe uar 201 Or r on m rs clr ton, or xa e, l m ha i hi ts br y 2 de Pli t f 'p rils mmay j d me t moin wh n h lane f r c ran t a t e a c s d ani s a t u r u g n to f a e e e r d o e ti h t h c u e ma hi wer f s l mar d, Pl i if ha t ke se a i se tm e ene gy, a c nes e ale y ke antfs ve a n t ps nd nve t d i , r nd r o c t be om e a ft s eq pmen man a t e .Stklma Dec .a 1 1 The e i l es ur es o c ine s ui t uf c ur r l z r l t 4- 5. s ncude 'eang )te sr ie o J hn W ht n' t K ban u ae rs ac o te s no ft e s % ti i h e vc s f o r ng ima ' o t ti pd td e e r h n h e ir in s o m ar ' and w or ng t devel a com pr ket' ki o op ehensi bus ness pl t i udes tdesi ng, ve i an hat ncl t gni ma a t i a s lngmy own lneofft se pme .'#aa 1 SCSRA i as wor ng nufcurng, nd eli i ines qui nt'J .t 5. s lo ki w ih a desi house i U t and t o over t gn n ah w seas m anuf urer t devel pr ot act s o op ot ypes and ma a tzea lneoff se pme bas on Na ius' c e de i .l Pl ntfsa ei t nuf ctr i hnes qui nt ed utl s or sgns d. ai if r n he pr e s ofr t ni ot r i ty pr e sona s a ha Ge oc s eai ng he ndusr of s i l nd ve tngage wih Gr gg Hn n 't d t e m nn' o pur ha e l nd f a Ca i om i m a a t i f c lt w ih s c f ç tce , r s a c & c s a or lf a nuf c ur ng a iiy, t pa e or ç i s e e r h of de l nt pr tt ng f s eq pme , a manufcurng tt s e pme . L. veopme , ooypi hne s ui nt nd a t i ines qui nt' ds ' , Ac di t Pl i if ,t e r e e f t s cor ng o antfs hes ec nt fors uppo tt i c am t t we e i not f r t f lt r he r l i ha , r t o he a s patnt lbel, t c d a wo d ha e e a s hey oul nd ul ve ngage i s h e f t pr vi l 1 a 1 d n uc fors e ousy. d. t 5 16 ( ai ngt tt flemaki i dedPli if Sr buidi mac ne ba e upont c e cl mi ha he as r ng mpe antfs ç om l ng hi s s d f he or des gn e em e s of Nautl s N G a 2ST lnes of equi e ,t r by del yi our e r i o i l nt ius' nd i pm nt he e a ng nty nt t smake byneal 15yeas'. hi r t ry z' l Pl ntfs alo c e t tt y ha s f r d a d it ofcogni bl har die ty ai if s ontnd ha he ve ufe e t ey var za e ms r c l be us ofNa ius' vi ai oft f lem a ki sa ut 'ECF No.15 a 5.The s ik al ca e utl s ol ton he as r ng tt e.' 0 t y ptct ly ie tf t ef lo n a t eiieij re 'a dd ma e : d n iy h o lwig s komp ttv n u is' n a g s Na ius s f le m a ki de e r d a de a utl ' a s r ng t re nd l yed Pl ntfs ai if ' e r i o t ft s e pm e m a ke ; nty nt he ine s qui nt r t Pl i if i ure unne es a y e ns s i a tmptng t antfs nc r d c s r xpe e n te i o lc e N a iuspa e s i ens ut l t nt ; Pl i if i ur e unnec s a y e ns s i a tmptng t antfs nc r d e s r xpe e n te i o pur ha eN a ius pa ent / s t ; c s utl t s as e s Pl i i f i ur ed ul e s ar e a ntf s nc r m ce s y xpens i e orng t es n xpl i he pot n i lpur ha e ofM ed Com or ton,a pr m i ft s e ta c s x ai e um ines e pme ma a tzer t en e t busnes of qui nt nuf clr , o t r he i s ma a tli a s lngt se pm e ; nuf ctrng nd eli knes qui nt v. Pli if i ure unne es a y expe es i a yzng t a ntfs nc r d c sr ns n nal i he va i t a e or ea lt of t f s l m a ked pa e s ldiy nd nf c biiy he al e y r t nt ; Md Pl i if i ur e t ne es a y e ns s i s orng a ntf s nc r d m c s r xpe e n t i m a ne t a qui e chi s hey c r d. = I d 8 l a dto t S k ma' d caain a t te e alg d ijzis Plitfs h v as n d iin o u u rs e lrto s o h s le e nt e , an if a e lo r s ubmit t a fdavi a r por of a pu pore vaua i expe t J m es Pa ne l 6 ted he fi t nd e t r td l ton r, a mpi la. Pa ne l opi t t a a r s t of t N a ius s f le m a ki Pli tf s ha i ur e mpi la nes ha , s e ul he utl ' a s r ng, a n if ve nc r d bewee $94, t $1 700 i ç ce s r l ga coss' $1 000 i t unnec s r t n 000 o 42, n i unne s a y e l t s' 32, n he es a y pur ha ea m odii ton o M e M a hi s a $242, i lnne es a y sor ge c t ,f a c s nd fcai f dx c ne , nd 000 n l c s r t a oss or taa ot l mountofe tm aed da a sof$468, 64 t $51 679. si t m ge 1 o 6, B. Pr e alH i t y oc dur s or Asa l d t above, hi l ws ti no t tr tbewe n t pa tes nori i t onl one lude o t s a ui s t he i s t e he ri , s t he y c r nty pe ng.l t d,t r i a t re ye r hi t r ofltga i b oug by o o bot of ur e l ndi ns ea he e s hi ten- a s o y ii ton r ht ne r h t e Pli if a ns Na ius? Pror c h a ntf s gai t utl . i ompl i sbr ught i bot sa e a f de alcou t ha ant o n h tt nd e r rs ve i l d cli sf br c ofc r c ,br ac sofwa r nt a fa SeeECF No.1 a 1& ncude am or ea h onta t e he r a y, nd r ud. 38 t c s s c t d i n. . a e ie n 1 The Pli if o i naly fl d t i t nts tagans N a tl i t Ce r Diti tof a ntfs rgi l ie he nsa ui i t u ius n he ntal src Ca iom i ac usng i off s y m a ki a ntmberof is m a hi s i vi a i of 35 U . C. lf a, c i t alel r ng l t c ne n olton S. j292Ci ci 292' .Se Compl,ECF No.1.OnNa ius' moton,ECF No. t caewa se ton ' e ) . utl s i 20,he s s t a f r e t t s D i ti t i pa tbec us t ac us d m ac nes wer m a a tle a a f m e r ns e r d o hi s r c , n r a e he c e hi e nuf c tr d t or r Na iuspl ntl at i I pe nc Vigi a.Se ECF No.34.Thi Cour t n sa d t utl a oc ed n nde nde e, r ni e s t he t ye he 6Na tl o jcst Pa nel srp to vai s go s The Coutha c nsdee te uius bet o mpi la' e or n rou rund . r s o i rd h a fda t bu c cud st ti d sn tp o d a y c mpee te de et tPlitfs alg d ij re fi vi, t on l e ha t oe o r vie n o tn vi nc ha an if ' le e n u is wer caus by Nautl ' f s mar ng.Thus,i does notpr ventt gr ofDef nts s e ed ius s ale ki t e he ant enda ' umm ar y j gme tmoin. ud n to 1The Cour mentonst e prorl uisnotbe e i a eswih De endants alegatonst t i hes i aws t caus t gre t f ' l i hat Pl ntfs ar s ng tpayback' orengaged i a tl ltga i warof atii ' ECF No.l38 at9,but ai if e eeki d ' n dong ii ton trton,' becaus s e ome oft cl m sPl ntf smade i t eot rl uisar i he ai ai if n hes he aws t e ncons sentwih cl m sas ert i it t ai s ed n t i t cas as dicus ed her n.I he nsant e, s s ei ndeed,t Cour does notacceptN a ius' i em r aton oft he t utl s nt et i he i t lw s tasPl ntf s a t s atSpa nsant a ui ai if ' tempt k yback' orvende t ltga i pari ary gi t Cour' ' ta ii ton, tcul l ven he ts pror r i t t some N autl m ac nes wer i f f s y m ar i ulng ha ius hi e n act alel ked.But t pari ' r a i hi i he tes eltons p s ce ai y nota fi y one--even Sukum aracknow l rt nl rendl edges t the i Idee y aggreved' a pe s l ha s t pl i ' nd r onaly o fnde b Na iu ' c nd t l hi de lz to hea r t a ç u iu ha r p ae yde g ae g s fe d y utlss o uc. n s caai n, ve s h t l tls s e e tdl nir td hi) Na atmpt t pu s ( s g l. S uma De la 1 te s o rue hi) oas' uk r c. t 7. ' 9 a ton f a oxi a ey t mont i 2011,pe ng fna Cong es i la ton on lgil ton c i or ppr m t l wo hs n ndi i l r sona c i e sai t tc d a f c t o co eoft c e.SeeECF No.51 ha oul fe t he ut m he as . On Se e r 1 201 , Pr i nt Obn sgne i o lw t Le hy- ih Amerc pt mbe 6, 1 esde ma i d nt a he a sm t ia l nt Ac (( A',whih a nve s t i ' c mende Se i 29 t elmi t isquit pr sonsa i l A1 ) d cton 2 o i nae t am ovii nd ncude a c mp t ie ij r rq ie n f rp iae plitfs Th a n me t a ple t a1c s s o ei v nu y e u rme t o rv t anif . e me d n p id o 1 a e t ha y, ie fe ha y. n es e he a ntf s ie pe di on t tda or fl d a tr t tda 8 l r pons , t Pl i i f f l d a Fi s Am e n ng rt nded Co lite p iil algn c mpeiieij r a d a dn Caio aa W a h n t nsae1w mp an x lcty l ig o ttv n u y n d ig lfmi nd s i go tt a e cli .l t rFis Ame d Compl i ,Pli if a s r f ca esofa ton: a ms n hei rt nde ant antfs s e t our us ci ( )flepae maki i vi ai of35U. C.j29 1 as tnt r ng n olton S. 2; ()flea rii unde Calf ni 1w ( . & P. 2 as dve tsng r ior a a Ca1B. Code j1 7500) 4 ()unf runlwf lbusne sprci unde Calf r aLa ( 1B. 3 ai/ a u i s a tce r ioni w Ca. & P.Codej1 7500) a ; nd ( vi ai oft W a hi onCons rPr e tonAc ( a h. 4) olton he s ngt ume otci tW s RCW j1 86.20 . 9. 0 ) ECF N o. 69.l a pror or r gr ntng i pa t a de ng i pa t Pl i if ' pa tal s m a y n i de a i n r nd nyi n r a ntf s r i um r j dg n mo in teCou t ue a amatro lw i Plitfs fv ro s mea pe t o to e u me t to ,h r r ld s te f a n an if ' a o n o s cs f h s c a m s i l ng a r lng t t s e oft a c ed m a hi s we e f s l mar d. ECF N o. l i , ncudi u i ha om he c us c ne r aley ke 9 8 The Supr e Cour r nty deni ce i r i a cas t t sought r ew of t Feder em t ece l ed rtora i n e ha evi he al Cicui' r i t tt r r i elm i i ofqui t sat di notvi at due pr s rght .See r t s ulng ha he etoactve i naton t am t us d ol e oces i s Publ Pae Fou to l .v. c i- l ,1 S.Ct 3l ( t 7,201 )( d rd n ngpeiin i tnt ndai n nc M NelPPC. nc. 34 c . 9 Oc . 3 or e e yi tto f r wrtof c ri a i;s e as Br ks v.Dunop M f I . 70 F.d 6 4,6 - 6 ( d.Ci.201 ) o i e torrl e lo oo l g. nc, 2 3 2 25 2 Fe r 2 (xprs i holi ofFe e a Cic i) e e sng dng d r l r ut. 9speciialy, t Cour r ed t t fc l he t ul ha : ( )De e a tf ley make u pae td atce (e ti ofte a c e l f nd n as l r d n tn e rils c ran h c us d ma hies wi n t e me ni o Se ton 29 o Til 35 oft Unie c n ) t h a ng f ci hi 2 f te he td St esCode; at ( )De e da ti e de t dipo e o r a o pes a pr pe t wihi t 2 f n n ntn d o s s f e l r ron l o ry t n he meani of Sec i 17500 of t Calf ni Busnes and Pr es ons ng ton he ior a i s of si Code; 10 1 Net rpary i as ng t Cour t r vii t e r i ,a t y have no bea i on t 03. ihe t s ki he t o e st hes ulngs nd he rng he is e o d ma e o whih t Co r g a t s mmayj d me t Pu dfee ty b c u eo t su s f a g s n c he u t r ns u r u g n . t if rn l, e a s f he l k of a a t da a s or ha m t Pl ntfs ca e by N a ius s f l e m a ki i i ac ny c ual m ge r o ai if us d utl ' a s r ng, t s i m a e i - f pur es of t s opi on whe her D e e nt f l el m a ke t i pr uc s m t ral or pos hi ni t f nda s a s y r d he r od t a whehe t y di s wih a i e t de e ve and whehera oft sa el w sa u eswe e nd t r he d o t n nt nt o c i , t ny he tt a t t t r vi ae by Na ius sc ol td utl ' onduc . t I. l STA N DA R D O F R EV I EW f- h fncin o amoi n f rsl r j d me ti t s k o ti te ei a y c s , çf e u to f to o t ll mma y u g n s o mo e u f h r s n a e ie, n g n i d s u ea t a maeilfc, nd i t r i n c s , oc n e v j d ca tme ..a y e une ip t s o ny tra a t a ,f hee s o a e t o s r e u iil i a e r y by a di a unne s al ti la by pr di a s dy a e fcints ma y nd ne g voi ng n ce s . ra nd y ovi ng pee nd fi e um r diposton. Blnd v.Norol & S.R.R.Co. 406 F. 863,866 (t Ci.1 .Summay s ii ' a ' fk , 2d 4h r 969) r j dg n i p o e whee çh r i no g n i is e a t a y mae ilf c a d te mo a ti u me t s r p r r é e e s e une su s o n tra a t n h v n s t e tte t j dg n a a matr o lw. Fe R.Ci P.5 () I e lai a sl r n ild o u me t s te f a ' d. ' v. 6 a . n vau tng l mmay j g n moin,te c u tmu tc n ie te e d n e i t e rc r a awh l,s eRic v. ud me t to h o r s o sd r h vie c n h e o d s oe e ci De e a o 5 7 U. 5 7 5 6( 0 9 , n mu td a ç l ra o a eifr n e . .h rfo i stfn , 5 S. 5 , 8 2 0 ) a d s rw t l e s n bl n ee c s . t eer m n a t lghtmos fvor et t nonmovi pa t 'He yv.Pur ls65 F. 5 531( h Ci. he i t a abl o he ng ry.' nr nel 2 3d 24, 4t r 2 1 (n b n ) S mmayj d me ts ul b e trdi teCo r c n l d st tn r a o a l 01 ) e a c . u r u g n ho d e n ee f h u t o cu e ha o e s n b e j l c u drt r av r c frt en n mo i gpat Se Ev nsv. c s Ap lc to s& Sev u' o l eu n edit o h o - v n ry. e a y Te h . p iain r. Co.80F. 954,958- ( hCi.1 . , 3d 59 4t r 996) ( )Det n ' flemaki wa c mmitdi t ec nd to a yta 3 fnda ts a s r ng s o te n h o uc f n rde or c omm er e,wihi t m eani of Se i 1 86. of t Revied c t n he ng cton 9. 020 he s Code ofW as ngt and hi on; ( Dee a ts f s ma kng i a td t e p i i e e twihi t 4) fnd n ' ale r i mp ce h ublc ntr s t n he meani ofSec i 1 86. oft Revied Code ofW as ngt ng ton 9. 020 he s hi on. ECF N o.1 03. 11 11 1. D I U SSI N SC O A.TheFas M a ki S aut ( U. C. 29 ) le r ng t t e 35 S. j 2 An e t y v oae S cin 2 2 wh n i ( )f ley maksa t ae td a t l;a d ( ) ni i lts e to 9 e t 1 as l r n mp tn e ri e n 2 t c doess f t pupos ofdec i ngt publc.35U. C.j292() Ast Cour ha notd,t o or he e evi he i S. a . he t s e he sa ut wa r vied i 2011 t r uie t t whe e a he e, a prva e a t i t d of t tt e s e s n o eq r ha r, s r i t cor nsea he gove nm e i s ng t e or a vi a i of t sat e t t a t mus ha s f r d r nt s ui o nf ce olton he t ut , ha c or t ve ufe e i o eiieij r . 35U. C. 2 2 b . t mp ttv n u y' c ' S. j 9 ( ) The Congr sonal hit y of t A1 i cea t t t pur e of i l ng t es i sor he A s l r ha he pos nc udi he S o eiie ij r 'wa t ei n t q itm a to sb c u e o t e p e ae ta us o s h l mp ttv n u y' s o l ae u a ci n e a s f h rv ln b e f uc c mi a to .Aso e S n tre plie ,t re ty s c L u tmjs isaeo tn b o g tb pate cins n e ao x an d s rn l, u h q i a ut r fe r u h y ris cu a s ri g n a t a c mp ttv ij r fo t makng - r wh dd n t e e p tn o se t o cu l o eiie n u y r m he r i - o o i o v n ae t r n ma a t e a hi i a r l va i ty.M a c e ha be n br nuf cur nyt ng n e e nt ndusr ny as s ve e oughtby pa e l wye s t nt a r t m s l s c am i t rg t e or e a fne of $500 f e r m a ke pr uc . 1 Cong. he eve l i ng he i ht o nf c i or ve y r d od t' 57 ' Rec 5531 5321 a 5320 (aiye Se .6,201 lsae ntofSe Kyl;s eas Fihe- i . . 9- , t d l d. pt l tttme n. ) e lo s rprce l .v.Ki s 1.I c,2 1 W L 6 9 6 ,a * ( . N. De .21 z ltiig sme ;RB nc d l n . 01 40 6 5 t 9 W D. 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ECORE I tl l c, 01 W L 4 68 5 ,a * ( Or Se . 4 z l lctn n 'e n .2 2 0 5 7 t 9 D. . pt 1 , o z ti g i sme .Ce ti y,t sc imst tt a ndmentwa itnde t ei naepli if wih no a ) ranl hi onfr ha he me s ne d o lmi t antfs t c ci t t f s maki a t lmi prvaepl ntfspe mitd t s unde j292 t a onne ton o he ale r ng nd o i t i t ai if r te o ue r o s e ii go p: ro o e t iswho c ud s w ac mpeiieij r fo t eflema kn p cfc r u pes ns r ni e t o l ho o t v n u y r m h as r ig. t Thequesi be or t Co ti whehe Pl i if he ea ei ude i t tgr up. ton f e he ur s t r antfs r r ncl d n ha o Na tl c ne dst a Plitfsc n ts o aç o t ie ij r ' a d tust tt i u i o tn h t an if a no h w ç mpei v nu y' n h ha her us c t 12 f le m a ki c am sf i a a ma trof1w .0N a iusf us prm a iy on t f c t tnet r as r ng l i a l s te a 1 utl oc es i rl he a t ha ihe Suktma nor SCSRA i a c pe ior of Na ius l a s c ends t neiher Pl ntf ha l r s om tt utl . t lo ont hat t ai if s s frd a i ur asar s tofa f lemaki l s ufee ny nj y eul ny as r ng. n uppor oft s poi s Na iusrle t he e nt, utl eis he viy on t s r deposto t si on of Suk r a on hi t si ony a t c or t a l he wo n ii n e tm y uma nd s e tm s he om a e desgne of SCSRA.I pa tc a ,Na ius f us on hi ad isons t tnet rPl i ifha i e n riul r utl oc es s m s i ha ihe antf s e r m a a t e or s d a sngl pi e ofe r ie e pme a t tt y hol no pa e s ve nuf c ur d ol i e ec xe c s qui nt nd ha he d t nt r l e t any s h e pm e . Thus N a ius c lenge Sukum ar s a s ton t t Pl i if e at d o uc qui nt , utl ha l s ' s eri ha a ntf s d om pde'wih Na iusbo h a dii e usa a de yi c é c ' t utl t s sng nuo nd s f ng omm o s e. n ens Nautl a gue t tPl ntfshavef ie t i ntf a s ii i tnc ofc ius r s ha ai if a ld o de iy ny pecfc nsa es ompeii ttve ls a d,npa t u a, a efie t p o et ti wa t p tn lb l ta c u e a yij r t o s n i ri lr h v ald o r v ha t s he ae t a es h t a s d n nu y o c t i busnes . tl e phasz st tt pae lbel t s l swe e nott s zceofa her i s Nau ius m i e ha he t nt a s hem eve r he olr ny i pedi e t Pl i if 'busne se nson. utl f rhe post t ta as e to Pl ntfs m m nt o antfs i s xpa i Na ius u t r is ha ny s rins ai if l r d' f a gi m a hi bec us t y be ived i wa c r d by pa e t a i wa s pai ' or ny ven c ne a e he le ove t s ove e t n s nd t s no, u ts ws te wee c ns me s n tc mp ttr .Na tlsas man ansta P an if' tj s ho h y r o u r, o o ei s uiu lo iti h t litfs o ar ume t tt pa e lbe spr ven e t m f om e t rng t m a ke i co r dit by t i g nt ha he t nt a l e t d he r n e i he r t s nta c ed her cli sm a i o he ltga i aswe la Suk r st tm o he e. am de n t r ii ton l s uma ' esi ny r l r s ns , anif a sr t tte s fe e al o ei v ij r 'wihn teme nn n epo e Plit s se tha h y u fr d s mp tt e nu y' t i h a ig f c i o t f lemakn sau eb c us a apoe ta c mp t o ,te wee c mpeiiey ij r d f he as r ig tt t e a e s tn il o ei r h y r o t v l nu e t t when t we e i hey r mpede i t refors t entr t ma ketand i r d ç d n hei f t o e he r ncure ç c s r coss' unne es a y t . 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Bo To Co.5 0F.d 1 95 1 0 ( d. r . 5 t - 0 ctn rs o p.nc v. n ol , 9 3 2 , 3 3 Fe Ci. 2009).The as poi t t caegoresofda sdes rbedabo a t i s cii a no ) y lo nt o he t i mage ci ve s her pe fc nd ns ul tve l s alege y c us by t f s m a ki pec a i os es l dl a ed he al e r ng. 1 I lghtofis r i , t Cour doesnotaddr sNautl ' s r e ar 0 n i t ulng he t es iuss epa at gument t tSukum ar s ha , as an i vi ,hasno s a ng a no da ages i lghtoft f tt he doesnotper onaly ow n a ndi dual t ndi nd m ni he ac hat s l ny oft acc ed m ac nes he us hi . 13 l s n uppo to t rposton,Pli if r l m os hea l on For s Gr r f hei ii antfs e y t viy e t oup,s a a pr upr , e A1 de son fom t Fede alCicui.I dic sng t pur e a polcis be nd t f le A cii r he r r t n s us i he pos nd i e hi he as m a ki sa ut , heFor tGr Cour e ai d: r ng tt es t es oup t xpl ne The m a ki a f le m a ki saut s e s t gi t publc r ng nd as r ng t t e xit o ve he i notce of paentrg s d i t i ht . t cong e s i e r s ntnded t pu i t r l on he blc o ey m a ki a a te dy m e ns ofdic r ng t sa us ofi elecua r ng s r a a s e ni he t t nt l t l pr pery e bodid i a ari e of manuf c ur or de i '' o t m e n n tcl at e sgn.' Cl ne h La s ( .l i o e Co ,4 6 F.d 1 4 ,1 6 ( d. o tc b . v nvt g n p. 0 3 3 7 35 Fe r Ci.2 05) ( u tn Bo i Bo tsI c v Th n e Crf Bo t. r 0 ) q oig nt as n . . u d r a t as o l . 489 U. 1 , 16 ( 989). Acs of f s maki dee nc, S. 41 2 1 ) t ale z ng tr i nnova i and sil c peii n i t ma kepl c 7 Do l S. ton tfe om tto n he r t a e. nad Ch s m,Chs m o Pae t j2003 7 g)vi ( 0 ) l a a t l iu iu n tn s . E1c ( i 20 9 . f n ri e 1 c t t i wihi t publc domai i f lel m a ked, po ental ha s t n he i n s as y r t i com pett s m a be di s ior v s uade f om e er na t s e m ar t d r nt i he am ke . Fa s m a ks m ay a s de e s e ii r s a c whe a i nt le r l o t r ci ntfc e e r h n n nve or s es a ma k a de i t f ego c i e r nd cdes o or ontnued r s a c t a d e e r h o voi pos i e i rnge e . 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Alho h Pl i if sr i t ur t tt e t ug antfs tan o ge ha he mpha i d lng sze a uage a bove i a i bl he e s pplca e r a s nd uppors t rca ms t tlnguage mus be unde sood i ispr pe c ext Pe ha m os t hei li , ha a t rt n t o r ont . r ps t i poranty, For t G r m t l es oup w as deci bef t AI , and t i s bef e t court w as ded ore he A he s ue or he whehe t $500 fne i t saut s d bea i on ape a tcl ba i.Thus i no wa wa t r he i n he t t e houl ppled r ri e ss ,n y s t is pr e t he e i iatd i t tc e.Addii nal i was undiput d t tt r t he s ue es nt d r mplc e n ha as to ly, t s e ha he e, he 1 4 pa tes wer i f tc ri e n ac ompeior . l Se 590 F.3d a 1 tt s l e t 299.Not bl m or over t dic son i a y, e , he s us i n t tpori oft opi on wa f us d o t ce r lha m sfom f s ma ki l e s ha ton he ni s oc e n he ne a r r ale r ng. nde d, ome oft pr cie ha m s t Pl ntfs c am he e e. ,ur ce s y i sm e i desg a ound he e s r hat ai if l i r , :. me s ar nve t nt n i n r c t ,or c t i ure t a l e t va i t or e or ea lt of pa e s a e de c i i oss oss nc r d o na yz he ldiy nf c biiy t nt , r s rbed n Cl e hLa a huri ç me roft publc( )de ir lt pa tcpat i t make f ontc bs s tng $ mbe he i who sres o rii e n he r t or a t e make a t l. 4 6 F.d a 1 5 n. (mp a i a d d .Th e h r wo d n t be h r d ri e' 0 3 t 3 7 6 e h ss d e ) os ams ul o c ' c mp ttv ij re ,t ee o e b ti ta hamss fee b t e g n r lp bl .Fial ,wha o eiie n u is h rf r , u nse d r u fr d y h e ea u i n ly c t t te er doesno s y i a s s gnii a .W hie t For s Gr cour r ogni d t ta ha m ha xc pt t a s l o i fc nt l he e t oup t ec ze ha r fom f le m a ki i t t pot nta m pe ior ma be dis d fom e e i t s r as r ng s ha e i lco tt s y s uade r nt rng he nme mak t id dn tsaet ts c aham wo l c n ttt aS o t ieij r . r e,t i o tt ha u h r u d o siue ç mpei v nu y' c t ' Att or la gum e shed bef e t Cour,bo h pa te a knowl d t tt i s of he a r nt l or he t t ris c edge ha he s ue whe he a po e ilco pe io c n as e ta c am unde t n e d saut ha notye be n t r t nta m tt r a s r l i r he m nde t t e s t e a r s e e iil by a co ta t ti i t a is oftr ti es i Alho h t y dd e s d xplcty ny ur nd ha t s hus n s ue ls mpr son. t ug he h ven ta d e s d die ty wh t e apoe ta c mpeio c n s fra G o t ie ij r , a a o d r se rcl eh r tn il o t r a ufe E mpei v nu y' t c t ' num be off der ldititcou t ha atm pt t de i ordicus whatt t r m e nsi t r e a src rs ve te ed o fne s s he e m a n he c e of Se i n 1 ont xt cto 292. Fo e mpl, i Gr ne v.Ab Coa t Hol ng s l , 201 W L r xn e n ee ser di s nc. 2 4 4 7 9( D. i S p . 5 2 2 ,h Co r e plie : 4 2 4 S. Oho e t 2 , 01 ) te u t x an d Th saue d e n t d fne c mp ttv ij r , h we e , e ttt o s o ei o eiie n u y o v r to ttv ij r 'ha b e g neal d fne a ça wr n f l c mpeii e n u y s e n e rly ei d s gJ o g u e no i l s a t hands ofa c m e ci lrval..'' U . e r l co m c os t he om r a i .. ' S. x e . FLFM C .LLC v.TFH Publc tons l ., N o.10-CV -5477,2012 i a i s nc . - W L 1 3 5 7,a * ( N..Ap 1 ,2 2 (iig Blc ' La 3 7 5 t 4 D. J r 8 01 ) ctn a ks w Dito ay 3 2 (t e 2 0 ) Se as Rog r v Co ar Co p, cin r 0 8h d. 0 4 . e lo e s . n i r . No.1 -1 9 ,2 2 W L 1 43 0 ,a * ( D. .Ap .2 ,2 2 0 4 7 01 4 9 5 t 4 E. 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Y. c , 01 ). t r ltd ifrnl, F c mp ttv ij r i a b i e s ls c u e b a c mp ttv o ei e nu y s usn s o s a s d y o eli e i m e ns i l ng f le pa e m a ki t t t 1w f r ds' a , ncudi a s t nt r ng, ha he a o bi . ' A dva d Carr dge Te h. LLC, 2011 W L 671 nce ti c s 9725, a * t 2 (iaino te ) ctto mi d . t Or e 201 W L 4442749,a *11 e nç, 2 t . See i pa tc a lnguage fom any oft e ca esct d i Gr eneabove orfo a lctng riulr a r hos s ie n e , r m ny oft c esct d by t pa te ,ca e iy r ul i a s ns t teiherPl i if orN a tl a e he as ie he ri s n asl es t n e e ha t antfs u ius r ç i ht'on t 1w c sg ' r he a once ni potntalc peior .Fore mpl,s e c esco an lnguag r ng e i om tt s xn e om as nt i a e t t s m s c e ry lm ied t t e a r a c pe i i s e way. See e. , FLFM C .LLC, ha ee l a l i t o hos l e dy om tng n om s g. 201 W L 1 37 5 ,a * ( c mp ttv ij r ç a b e g n r l d fn d a $a wr n f l 2 3 5 7 t 4 a o eiie n u y i s e n e eal e ie s () o g u h y ec onomi l sa t ha ofac c os t he nds ommeca rva ) RB Rubbe Pr .1 ,201 W L 406855 ril i r'; r odss nc. 2 7, a * (u v yn p s- A d cso s a d c n l dn t a ç o eiie ij r e sswh r t t 9 s r e ig o tAl e iin n o cu ig h t f mp ttv n u y xit ee he c pa te a e i com pe ii i t r e nt m ar t a t a l ged f l e m a ki ha m s t ris r n tton n he el va ke nd he le as r ng r he pli ifsa lt t c antf biiy o ompee' TheRB RubberPr Cour as notd t tc t ha d a t ). ods. t lo e ha ours ve r wn ana ogis t t La m Ac,whc c e ts a rb ta e p e u to o c mp ttv ij r l e o he nha t ih r ae e u tbl r s mp in f o eiie nu y w he e t pa tes a e c r he r i r ompeior a t a lged c tt s nd he le onduc has t tnde y t c u e t he e nc o onf s CO I Um C S 1 a #9;2 S e a S I a G r n, I v.J L.D a lng Coo . 2011 W L 621 46,a * IS C . d. t 1 e l 0 r ee nc. . ri , 81 t 4 ( . W a h.Dec 5,2011 (ppl ng,i fle maki cone ,Ni h Cic tsdei ton of W D. s . ) a yi n as r ng txt nt rui' tnii c pe ior unde t La m Ac as t e who t e f t s m e dola s fo t s m e om tt s r he nhn t hos f or he n vi lr r m he a c ns me g o p'(iain o te ) o u r r u ' ctto mitd . ) 1 RB Rubber Pr . i ved t pa i who we e cl l compe ior beca e dt y 2 ods nvol wo rtes r eary tt s us she ma f cu egjsmia a c e ig p od t. 2 2 W L 4 5 a * Thu , wiht o h rc s s nu a tr d i lr nd omp tn r ucs' 01 ' 0685 7, t 9. s as t he t e a e ctdhe en, h Co theeha nooc aso t a r s wh t rac ttveij r c ul o c rwheea ie r i t e ur t r d c in o dd e s ehe ompeii n u y o d c u r pa y i apot i com pett onl rt s ental ior y. 16 Ot r c es c an l ngua t t a l a t doe note l pot nta c he as ont i a ge ha t e s s xcude e i l ompeior .Se tt s e. ec. Ro es 2 2 W L 1 43 05 a * (o ttv ij r r q ie n i s tsid i plitf . , c r, 01 4 9 , t 4 c mpeiie n u y e urme t s aife f an if s f r a S i s l s' c us by a f bi n c m pe ii m e ns û . , t f le pa e ufe s t nes os ' a ed bus or dde o ttve a , ç e. he a s t nt i maki '.l a l s t c e ,morover dititc t e oye ra oni s si t a r ng' n t ea t wo ass e , src ours mpl d e s ng ugge tng hat ) panif c ul s fe a c mp t ie ij r b b ig p e e td fo e trn a mak t li t o d u f r o ei v nu y y en rv ne r m nei g f t r e. Spect a l i bot Gr ne a Ki I,t pa t as e tng t f le ma ki cli wa a ly ik ly, n h ee nd ds 1 he ry s ri he a s r ng am s dua l s lng apr uc t tw a aco pe i pr t I bot c es t c t deer nedt tbe us eli od t ha s m tng oduc . n h as , he ours t mi ha ca e t pary s e ng r i ha nots w n ç twas a t ly de er e f om c pe i i t m a ke by he t e ki elef d ho t i c ua l t r d r om tng n he r t a ij r c u e b alg d y fle p tn makng , n c mpeiie ij r h d b e s o . n nu y a s d y le e l as ae t r i s' o o t v nu y a e n h wn ' t Gr e 201 W L 4442749,a *1 1 Ki 1,2011 W L 6 9665,a *9- 0.Putdif r n l e ne, 2 t 3- 4) ds 1 40 t 1 fe e ty, bec us t pli ifa t l e e e t m a ke pl e a s d c peii pr t ,t ha a e he antf c ualy ntr d he r t ac nd ol om ttve oduc s hey d not s hown t t t y we e pr nt d fo e t rng t r l va m a ke and not s ha he r eve e r m n e i he e e nt r t hown a c mp ttv ij r .Plitfsp itt t o ed cso sa s p rig t i camsb c u e whi o eiie n u y anif o n o h s e iin s u po t her li e a s , l n e Pli if a e no yt c pe i w ih N a ius t y ha al ge t tt y we t pr ve t d fom a ntfs r t t om tng t utl , he ve le d ha he r e ne r doi s be aus ofN a ius s a i i c a m i pa e pr t c i f m ac nesvi t i l bel ng o c e utl ' ctons n l i ng t nt o e ton or hi a he r a s whe e t e wa no s h pr e ton.Tha i,Pl ntfs c e t y we e una e t e e t r her s uc ot c i t s ai if ont nd he r bl o nt r he ma kepl cea t t tt rst ton i t c r t a nd hus ha hei iua i s he onve s oft pl ntfs st ton i Gr e a r e he ai if ' iua i n e ne nd Ki l . ds 1 The Cour t de s a t m r t nds t t t i s of w he he pot ntal c pe ior m a s f r a ha he s ue t r e i om tt s y uf e c mp ttv ij r u d r Se to 2 2 i b t a is e o frt i r sin a d p r a a o eiie nu y n e ci n 9 s oh n su f is mp e so n eh ps n i er si l lis .l t ca e be or i,howe r t Cour nee notr l t ta potnta nt e tng ega s ue n he s f e t ve , he t d u e ha e il c mp tt rc n n v rsaea cam f rc mp ttv ij r ,o t a apli t fmu tara y be a o eio a e e tt li o o ei e nu y r h t ani s le d i f c ttr o c ompeio r ommecil rva t s f r a co ttve ij y. l ta t Cour smpl r a i l o ufe mpeii nur nse d, he t i y 17 c n l e t t r, s do t es cfcfcsb f r i, o ra o a ej r c u dfn t a te e o cud s ha hee bae n h pe ii a t e o e t n e s n bl u y o l id h t h s s e i Pli tfsha es fe e ac mp ttv ij r c u e b Na tl ' flemakng T ti; p cf anif v u fr d o eiie nu y a s d y u i s as r i . ha s k us t Cour i fr l c nc t tPli if he e ha notmade a s h s he t s im y onvi ed ha antfs r ve ny uc howi a t tno ng nd ha r a o a l j r c u dfndta Plitfs fil et c mp t o a yo t ercame d ma e ae e s n be u y o l i h t an if ' alr o o ee r n f h i li d n g s r z al o eiveijzy' e utngfo Na tl ' f lemak n s mp tt nl 'r s li r m ui s as r i g. c i r us To expl n why,t Cour a e s sfr tt ove alcli t tPli if we e pr ve e ai he t ddr s e is he r l am ha antfs r e nt d fom e erng t m a ke a c r nt i he r t nd ompei wih Na ius a cai t t unde le a 1 of t i tng t utl , l m ha ri s l her d ma e camsa afcu l t r I wilh n a d e sPlitfs rmanngcame ij re . a g s li s a ta ma t . t l te d rs an if ' e ii li d nu is e Pre nton ofEnt y i o t M arke ve i r nt he t Gr e and K i I ,t t o c s s of e i s e i plc ts e ne ds l he w a e f rng om m i i uppor f Pl ntf s a gum e t or ai if ' r nt ta bengp e ne e ty it temak tc ud c n tt t ac mp tt ij r ,iv le a ta h t i rve td n r no h r e o l o siue o eii nu y n ov d cu l ve c ompe ior .Thus t di notaddr s wha beng pr nt fo e e i a m a ke mea i tt s , hey d es t i eve ed r m nt rng r t ns n t c e of a pot nta c pe ior At a m i m um ,ho e r t Cour beleve i m us m e n he ont xt e i l om tt . ni w ve , he t i st t a t tt e iy wa c pa e ora e t c ha he ntt s a bl bl o ompee ( ra tvel tyi t do s ,bu t tt f s t o ci y r ng o o) t ha he ale m a ki i r ng mpede t e efors i s m e c r t wa A co pe iormus do m or t n s d hos f t n o onc e e y. m tt t e ha how i t ha a desr t c d ie o ompe e,a t t i di not at mpt t co t out of a f r of i rngi t nd ha t d te o mpe e ea nfi ng a herspa e .Thi m i m a s not ' t nt s ni l howi i alt tPli if ha m a howeve ,a t t i ng s 1 ha a ntf s ve de, r nd hus her cl m ofbei pr ve e entyi o t m a ke a ar s toft f lem a ki f is ai ng e nt d r nt he r t s e ul he a s r ng al . I i tuet tM r Sukum a hasalege t tNa iussf le ma ki de e r and de a d t s r ha . r l d ha utl ' a s r ng t red l ye Pl i if f o e e i t m a ke pl c and t tfed ge r ly t t hi f a of i r ngi on a ntf s r m nt rng he r t a e, es ii ne a l ha s e r nf i ng wha hebei ve t be va i pa e so va i m a nesdetr e a deay Pl ntfs Buthi t le d o ld t nt n rous chi e r d nd l ed ai if . s c l or tsi oncus y etmony i note h t deea s s noug o f t ummayj me .Se Da hv.Mav aher 731 r udg nt e s we t , F. 303,325 ( h Ci.201 Cs l or al tonsand s ultve a s rins ..wihou 3d 4t r 3) concus y legai pec ai s eto . t t f t r l tmae s urhe egii t uppor clal do nots tc t ce t a ge ne is ofmae ilfc.) t e ry ufi e o rae nui sue tra a t' ' 18 (iai a atrto omitd) l smpl defesc nmons ns t c l t tf mo et cttons nd le ains te .t i y i or e e o oncude ha, or r han t n ye r ,Pl i if have note e e t m a ke t c pee wih Na iusa t tt s e ie e a s antf s nt r d he r t o om t t utl nd ha he ol t m hol ng t m ba k wa t i f rofi rngi pa e s t twe e f s l lse on t a c ed di he c s he r ea nfi ng t nt ha r aley it d he c us m a hi s'pa e lbe s1 c ne t nt a l .3 Mo e ve,hes be tv fa t a, y e trn amake y uma i rn eu o a ohe' r o r t u j cie e r h t b ne ig r t o y nfig p n n t rs p tn , sis fiin t etb ihaç o eii eij r . l i wees fiin , ci n2 2 wo l ae t i n u fce t o sa ls t mp ttv nu y' f t r u fce t Se to 9 u d c ' alow a ve y br d ca e y o pl i if i d- nyone who smpl sa e t tt y ha t l r oa t gor f antfs ndee -a i y t t s ha he d he nmbii orde ie t c ton sr o ompee,butwer a r i ofi rngi apae t ttu d outt be f lel t e fad nfi ng tnt ha tme o as y ma k d.n e t eF d r lCic i h srj ce as b e tv fa o apae tifig me ta to r e lde d,h e ea rut a ee td u j cie e r f tn n rn e n cin a a s fiin ij r t c n e sa d n .S e ec,P a c sLLC v. e ii Ph r Co p,5 7 s u fce t n u y o o v y tn i g e . .. r s o M d cs am. r . 3 F.d 1 2 ,1 3 - 9 ( d.Ci.20 8 (d llg to o a s b e tv çh l'ae n ta a e uae 3 3 9 3 8 3 Fe r 0 ) ta l ains f u j cie c il r o n d q t g e s bsi t f ra cam o s e ii p e e to j cie ham o a tr a o s cfc f tr h r ' u tt e o li f p cfc r s n b e tv r r h e t f pe ii uu e a m' u s t e t etbls sa ng ( i Larv.Ta m,408 U. 1,1 1 ( 9721)l um Cor ufkint o sa ih tndi ) dtng i bl S. 3-4 1 9 ndi p. o Am.v. S miAl ys I e, 7 F.d 8 9 8 3 ( e .Ci. 1 8 ) ( t trl s be tv f e - l s n . 81 3 7 , 8 F d r 9 5 a i tey u j ci e o p a e nso ofa i rng m t s ti i ufk intt s ts y t a t lcontove s r uie e t' ppr he i n n nfi e nt ui s ns t e o a if he cua r r y eq r m n ' t etb ih sa dn ) l s o t fn ig a ç o ttv ij r ' b c us a p an ifs b e tv l o sa ls tn ig . n h r, i dn l mpei e nu y' e a e litf u j ciey c i f ae ifi gn a d t u d d n te trt emake,wo l e ic rt te S o eiieij r ' e r d n rn ig n h s i o n e h r t u d vs eae h t mp ttv nu y' c r q ie n .Th s t i frtc tg r o s p s d S o tt ij r 'i n t o e ta c n e urme t u , hs is ae o y f u po e ç mpeive nu y' s o n h t a c i s uppor Pl i if 'f s m a ki da m . t antfs ale r ng i Slkum a m a we lha t bes ofi e i ,a gr nd de i ,pl ns a e ele t z r y l ve he t nt ntons nd a sgns a , nd xc l n 1 Na iusdecie t si mor saktr :S antfs p r re ij isa e r rltd 3 utl srb s hi n e tr ems s i if' upotd nure nd vey eae pl alegaton ofddamage' depends on a si emunr onabl pr umpton: t i onl Nautl had pl l i t ' ngl eas e es i hat f y ius aced a c rt lbes o te e ecs ma hi s Plitfl)wo d ha e ()satd a mao busn s;() c uae a l n h x rie c ne , anits ul v 1 tre j r ies 2 s c e d i ce tngt bu ie s ( )e tr dNa tl ' makeplc i t ft e si usr ( s iet uc e de n r ai he sn s ; 3 n ee uiuss r t a e n he in s nd ty de pt he f tPlitfscam t betyigt e e a e tr l difr n ma k t;a d ( )wo dha ete b c mea ac anif li o r n o ntr n niey fee t r e) n 4 ul v h n e o tpowerul'compe iorofNautl ECF No.151at3l f ' tt ius. 4. 1 9 i as a de bout how t c o ompee wih Na ius And i m a wel be t t he has now beg i t t utl . t y l ha un n e r t s nc t s Cour ' Fe a y 201 opi on- t t n t e dr m s i o r lt But a nes- i e hi ts bnz r 2 ni o ur hos ea nt ea iy. c n e td ef rsatralws i i fldo ap rild cso r n ee i n tp o faj r c n rl o c re fo t fe a ut s it r a t e iin e d rd s o r o u y a ey a on t deenni t tt r s t e e f t we e no t n s o t ne ha he ea on hos fors r t ake oone wa be a e off le pa e r s c us as t nt lbe s1 Thi i pa tc a l t' be a e Sukum a has r pe t dl bl d o he a tons of a l. 4 s s riulry l ue c us r e a e y nme t r c i N a ius not any f s pa en l bel- f r t yea s of de a i a com pls ng hi bus ne s utl al e t t a s o he r ly n c i hi s i s o j cie a d h h s d n s b t i p ir l iain a d i h sd po iin i ti c s .F r b e tv s n e a o e o o h n ro i g to n n i e sto n h s a e o t e mpl ,Sukuma ' de ii t si ony con ai r pe t d r f r est hi f r n be ift t xn e r s poston e tm t ns e a e e e enc o s e ve t le ha N a ius s c utl ' onduc ot r t n f l e m ar ng,i l ng is u li ne s o i biiy t pr vi t he ha a s ki nc udi t nwilng s r na lt o o de s ts a t iy- odi e pm e ,ha i ded hi pr r s a e f rs t r e t bls ng a a if corl m fed qui nt s mpe s og es nd f o t owa d sa ihi s c e su b sn s. S e eg. S k ma De a 6 ( lmi Na tl ' n n d lv r o u c sf l u ie s e - . , u u r p. t 8 b a ng uiuss o - eiey f e up n frçt mgn j' antfs ef rst c e t d cl nsc mpaig tep o e td c ss q ime t o l y i g 'Pli if' fo t o r ae o t t o rn h rj ce o t s me or e ns ofsr rha ltton f iiis ve s sni s c ntrl i a 1 ( n ng xpe es toke e biiai aclte rus e or pa e es; d. t 70 blmi Na iuss lt delve y a f iur t dei rpr t a pr ie o i naly f delyi hi utl ' ae i r nd a l e o lve oduc s s om s d rgi l or a ng s ft rste t nt;c .i a 1 4 (li n heh st n itn t n w's l ma hn st c mp t ahe ' rame ) f d. t 8 cami g a d ne t o o ' el c ie o o ee a wih Na tl atrbeng dhwa td f 1 yeasl;t. a 1 9 (eatr nghi ti tsi t uius fe i t re or 2 r' t, t 93-4 r fimi s ral etmony t t fom Se e r pt mberof201 t tt r as he di tgo f r r wih hi sr r ha ltton c nt 0 ha he e on dn' o wa d t s toke e biia i e er plns( c ha b n onhol f rcos t ei orni ye r a t tpoit wasbe a ehehad a whih d ee d o l e o ght ne as t ha n) c us no r ceved s n ne ge r ton mac ne and t n e ani t tt r a e a t o ofis s te i eve xt ne a i hi s he xpl i ng ha he e r ç t sue l i ved i goi f wa d' and t ti wilnow fnal ha n bec us he knowst mac nes nvol n ng or r ' ha t l i ly ppe a e he hi aenotpae e ;d.a 1 (l mi heS dupedfralt stme'. r tntd) i t 94 cai ng l was o 1 hi i ' ) W hie Suk a m a snc r l beleve t tN a tl ,t ough is c uc ,hasr pe t dl l um r y i e ey i ha u ius hr t ond t e ae y 1 They ar alo i uf i ent i a oft ms ve ,t e t bih a ij r snc q esins of 4 e s ns fci , n nd he el s o sa ls n n u y, i e u to s a ng a e viw ed asoft tme t com pl nti fl SeePayne v.TR A s ocs.LLC,880 F.Supp.2d t ndi r e he i he ai s ied. s . 70 70 ( D. C. 2 . 2, 6 E. N. 201 ) 20 s bot ged SCSRA' deveopm e ,i r quies a g e ta ou ofi na i a l ps wholy a a S l nt t e r r a m nt magi ton, nd ea l uns uppore by t f cua r c d be or t Co t t c ude t ti no f Na iuss f le td he a t l e or f e he ur, o oncl ha f t or utl ' a s m a ki of is m a hi s he r d t Pl i if d ve o e of c r n: t c ne ,t oa o antfs' e l pm nt ompei m a hi a tng c nes nd r ha ltton or s ce e s wo d ha be n s f a e s a t t SCSM e biiai pa ntr ul ve e wit nd a y nd ha woul be d c mp tn wi Na tls t d y.An ç o eiie ij r ' i smp y no s p o td b t e o eig t uiu o a h y t mp ttv nu y' s i l t u p re y h c e de ebef et Cour a woul r uiet j yt e gei i r si es cultonand vi nc or he t nd d eq r he ur o nga n mpe misbl pe ai c ne tr . ns o tPlitfsa en i e c re tc mp tt r n rs fiin l co et c mp tng o j cu e l h r, an if r et r u r n o eio s o u fce ty l s o o ei h (nd c ranl n ta t e tme t e Fis Ame e Co litwa tld ta te c n prve a a e ti y o t h i h rt nd d mpan s ie ) h t h y a o 1( )r!e ii ilt1y' $ (r1) ttve lll: ) - ' Plitfs c mpan so c mpeiie ij r b sd o b ig d tre fo e trng t e an if' o lit f o t v nu y a e n en eerd r m nei h t m a ke f i f t a tona r s t t t e i i ufi e e denc a i f o Sukum a ' r t a l or he ddii l ea on ha her s ns fci nt vi e s de r m rs pr e t tons i hi de a a i s t tPl i if e r i e d t c ot sa i n s clr tonl ha antfs ve ntnde o ompet wih Na ius i t e t utl n he r l va m a ke of m a a urng a s li e r ie equi e e nt r t nuf ct i nd e lng xe cs pmentpror t flng t s lws t i o ii hi a ui. l t d,Stkum a cai s he be n t c nsea t r lm ga o ompee afe lam i fom t s Cour' pro or r on t tr e ng, r hi ts i r de Pli tfs moi nfrs mma yj d me tt t u i ' pae t a esweefle S e i c ly h anif' to o u r u g n ha Na tl s tn lb l r as . p ct al , e us i t tfed at hi de ii n t t he pr vi usy s es ii s pos to ha e o l ought a lce e f o N autl t m a a t e i ns r m ius o nuf c m mac nes t twoul be S e e usvel i f iiis owne b SCSRA' (.. nots d t hi ha d t d xcl i y n aclte us d y ' ie, ol o oh r) b t h t d cd d atrt i Co r' Fe r a y201 o d rta h wo l d k g ilo t e s, u t a he e ie fe hs u ts b u r 2 r e h t e u d t e hs wn ma ma hn s(o r s l)a d frh r( s b sn s p o p cst t y. S k rDe a 1 . nte c ie f r t ae n u te hi) u ie s r s e t ha wa ' u uma p. t 61 l h ' s m e a we ,he c usngl saest tm a ng m a hi s f r s l wm as pa to hi ç he n ns r onf i y t t ha ki c ne or e a e s lo r f s d r ot prori e s buthei s a y sa e t tt lc i f e m pl wa s hts ey t ha i nt nt' ' ndiputbl t t s ha he iensng, or xn e, s oug ol l o ve 1 The e i al t tm ony f om M r. Sm ih5a f m erNautl r es nt i t t Sukum a t d 5 r s so es i r t or ius epr e atve, ha r ol hi i 2001 and 2002 t he want t desgn,manuf t e,and s l s or f s equi e .But m n hat ed o i ac ur el eni hnes pm nt Sukum a hi s fhas admitd t t was nott c e untlafer t lw s tw as fld.Hi adm i i i r m el te ha he as i t he a ui ie s sson s contoli r lng. 21 mac ne t us i SCSRA f ciii s Thi t tm ony esa ihes t t net r a t tm e t y hi s o e n a lte . s esi t bls ha , ihe t he i he fld t i lws t norwhe t y frtn nded t sae a çc ttve ij y,'di Pli if ie her a ui, n he is me o tt dompeii n ur ' d antfs i e t compe e i t r lva m a ke i whih Na ius ope a e -t s l of e r s nt nd o t n he ee nt r t n c utl r t s he a e xe cie e pm e .1 qui nt 6 W hie Pli tfs'ai s m a no ha mor l a n if m y w ve phed i o wa i t manuf c tr a s l nt ntng o a tle nd el e r s equi e ,t e rcha ng am sa g sofSCSRA a e f t pr t tPl i if xe cie pm nt he ve - ngi i nd oal r urher oof ha antfs wee n ts fiin l e tbihe a a b ie sta t y s frd a t o eive ij r ' a a r o u fce ty sa ls d s usn s h t he ufee ç mp tt nu y' s c i r ul ofN a ius' f le ma ki l Alhough SIt es t utl s a s r ng.? t I Umr a lgest the ha be n dee r d fom I le ha s e tr e r c tng wih Na ius make be us of t pae lbes ( c he now knows ae ompei t utl r t ca e he tnt a l whih r i o rc) i i n t t 1 ce rt teCo r ta, v ni al fS nc re t,t s o a al la o h u th te e f lo CSRA' p a sha b e r aie ,t S ln d e n e lz d i woul be c d ompe i i t s m e ma ke a N a ius Putdif r nty,at tng n he a r t s utl . fe e l lhough he now cai she lm wa s t ma a t r a s l e pm e die ty t c ume s or r a lr ,hi t si ony i nt o nuf c u e nd el qui nt r c l o ons r etie s s e tm n ot rlws t a i hi de ii i t sc e,s he a uis nd n s poston n hi as ugge tt twa notPl i if 'a m ori e i s ha s antfs i ntnton, a l a tnotuntla trt slws twasfld. haeve t lm iso apotnta c t es i fe hi a ui ie W t r he i t f e il ompeiorscai tt ' l m o d o eiie ij r , s c a ij r c n o icu e a e t y t td e n te e d cd i f t mp ttv nu y' u h n n u y a n t n ld n ni ha o s o v n e ie t c ' t w a s t c pe e i t r l ntm a ke untla t r is f s m a ki l w s ti f l d.A pl i if nt o om t n he e eva r t i f e t al e r ng a ui s ie a ntf c n tce t al o ei v ij r 'b itni n o b i e spa so t ehrn o c n utns n no rae t mp tt e nu y' y n e to s r usn s ln r h ii g f o s l t, c i a whe t e efors begi a tr a l ws t ha bee tl Fo a1 of t e r as ,t Cour n hos f t n fe a ui s n ied. r 1 hes e ons he t 1 Sukum a a1eges i hi de ar ton t SCSRA i ends t alo s l and manuf ct e is 6 r l n s cl a i hat nt o s el a ur t m odii equi e ,butt twasnott f fcd pm nt ha he ocus oft SCSRA as des i i pr ouscase oras f ry he crbed n evi s ail gl eaned fom hi de ii t tmony.A s not s a a not 2,t t ext t t hi decl aton i r s poston esi ed upr t e o he ent ha s ar i s i nconsit wih hi depostont tm ony,t l t contol sent t s ii esi he ater r s. 1 l t r r pl , N a ius r i on t l k of any i enton t com pet i t r eva mar 7 n hei e y utl eles he ac nt i o e n he el nt ket untlafert Cour' Fe uaz 201 Or as a l of sandi See ECF No.151 at33- Howeve i t he ts br . y 2 der ack t ng. 36. r a lz d ( t ra alc o saut y o p ud n ilsa i ,s e z ne al Ad nc d Ca tig Te hs. nay e whehe s a k f tt or r r e ta tndng e e r l va e rrd e c . y LLC v. xmak I '.l .201 W L 6 97 ( . Fl.De .2l 2 1 ,o a lc ofe de et tte Le r ntl nc, l 71 25 M D. a c , 01 ) r a k vi nc ha h da ge we ep o maey c us d b f lema ki ) t Cou ti fr y co vice ta t cam s ul ma s r r xi t l a e y as r ng , he r s iml n n d h t he li ho d notproceed t ti . o ral 22 concudes t t Pl i if ha not s l ha antfs ve hown t y we e pr ve e fom e e i t m a ke of he r e nt d r ntrng he r t m a a t i a s li e r i e e pm e by N a ius s f l e m a ki nuf c urng nd e lng xe c s qui nt utl ' a s r ng. Ot r Cl m e Dam a s he ai d ge Asnot Pl n if as a l e t tt y ha s f r d ava it ofot rha msa adie t ed, aitfs lo leg ha he ve ufe e rey he r s r c r ul ofN a ius' f le m a ki l pa tc a ,t y con e t y ha de e S es t utl s a s r ng. n ri ul r he t nd he ve vot d t unnec s r ' es a y' e ns st 1 a tmptngt lce eNa iuspae s 2)a t i t pur has Na iuspae s xpe e o: ) te i o i ns utl tnt; temptng o c e utl tnt o a st;3 e plrn tep rh s o Me - 4 a ay i tev l iyofNa tlsp tn s a d r ses ) x o ig h u c a e f d x; ) n l zng h ai t d u i ae t; n u 5)sorngNa iusma hi sPli if owne l ti utl c ne antfs d.8 Fort s m e t he a ypes of r s dic s d i t pr c ng s c i none of t e ot r ea ons s us e n he e edi e ton, hes he alg d d ma e a e c mp ttv iju e . I s o t Plitfs ae n ih r c mp ttr n r le e a g s r o eiie nti s n h r, an if r et e o ei s o o s fce ty co et c mp tn t sae av l cam f rç o eiie ij r ' i wo l rq ie uf inl l s o o eig o tt ai li o ç mp t v nu y' t ud e ur d c t ; t o mu h s c lto o t ep r o a yj r t d sg t a y o t e ed ma e a ac mp tt o c pe u ai n n h a t f n u y o e inae n f h s a g s s o eii ve 1 nJ . The e c t gores of al ge da a s f l f a tona r s ns a we l a t s s ae i le d m ge ai or ddii l ea o s l, nd he e a tona r as ns ar e ly a i bl t t sa e lw c am s Fis,a t t at mpt t ddii l e o e qua l pplca e o he tt a l i . rt s o he te s o lce e t a t m p st pur ha e N a ius pa e s a t a t m pt t pur s M e x , he Cour i ns , he te t o c s utl t nt , nd he te s o cha e d- t t ha ale dy e ai d t tPl i if unde t lc nsng a r aed e f t t o an a c st s r a xpl ne ha antfs rook i e i nd elt fors o bt i c es o ' A lhough not lsed as one of t r cl m ed dam ages, Pl ntf s al o com pl n t t ' t it hei ai ai if s ai hat hey çover d' f Nautl machi t t y t ç pai ' or ius nes hat he houghtwer pr ect by pat sbutwer not To t e ent e ot ed ent e . he xt Plitfsa ecami t s a d ma s t Co tc ncu sta s mma yj dg nti a r praea t an if r li ng he e s a ge , he ur o lde h t u r u me s pp o it s o t e al hes leged dam ages f t i or wo ndepende r ons. Fis, t r i no e de nt eas rt he e s vi nce, based on anyone' s per onalknowl dge,t tt prce ofNautl m ac neswashi asa r ul oft pa e l saf i s e ha he i ius hi gher es t he t nt abel fxed t t ;i t t e i uncontove t afi vi t tm ony t i nott cas See ECF N o.138o hem nsead, her s r red tda t esi hat s he e. 6, M u do k De l a !!7 8.Se ond e e i t e ewee s c e de c ,s chda g wo dno c t ue a r c c. t r - c , v n f h r r u h vi n e u ma es ul t onsi t t c ttv ijr S e eg.Stufe v.Br ksBr .lc.2 2 WL 6 37 * ( D. Y.De .1 ompeiie nuy. e . . , a fr oo os- n , 01 621 4, 4 S. N. c 9, 201 )( c mp ttve ijr i on sfee a adee a tsc ttr no a isc t r t ,a 2 a o eii nuy s e ufrd s fnd n' ompeio, t s t usome; hus n alegaton t tdeceptve m a ki pr i çchil compe ii and t i lat t prce pl ntf pai ' l i ha i r ng actces i led tton hus nt ed he i ai if d' frt pr uc i n tac ttv ij r) o he od ts o ompeiie nuy . 23 Na ius t hnol onl t us t m a hi s i is plnned c nt r .The lc nsng a tmpt,i utl ec ogy y o e he c ne n t n e es i e i te s n pa tc a ,wer pa tofa e f tt s tl pendi ltga i Thi ltga i wa unr a e t a riul r e r n for o ete ng ii ton. s ii ton s elt d o ny cl i s of f l e m a ki Pl i if sm pl ha notpr e e e de e fom w hi h a r as bl am as r ng. a ntf s i y ve es nt d vi nc r c e ona e juy c u d fn t tt s c tg re o c ssic re wee c usd b t flepae tlb l o t' o l id ha he e ae o is f o t n u rd r a e y he as tn a es n t a cus mac nes I ed,i hi de ii Sukuma a ar t be a ti i hi beleft t he c ed hi . nde n s poston, r ppe s o trbutng s i ha t ma hi we eco r by pa e sa al t al ge or lr pr s nt i by N a iusr ga di he c nes r ve ed t nt t l o le d a e e e atons utl e r ng pae pr t ton ge r ly o is mac nes butnot by t f l e lbel t m s l .Se e. , tnt o eci ne al n t hi , he a s a s he eves e. c. Sukuma De a 11 11 ( fl t tceti modii ai t Na iusma hi sar a i hi r p. t 0- he et ha ran tc tons o utl c ne le dy n s pose soncoul i vehi i aNa iuspaenti rnge ssi d nvol m n utl t nfi mentlws tçl a e onGrgW ebb' a ui dbls d e s a a whol hos of o he pe e fom N a tl t li hi 't t i co d i rnge Na ius nd e t t r opl r u ius elng m' ha t ul nfi utl pae t t ma s c modtc to ' tn s o ke u h i ains). i W ih r gar t t so a f es a l ga f s i r e i a l zi t va i t oft t e d o he t r ge e nd e l ee ncu r d n na y ng he ldiy he pa e s t r i lke i e no e de t nt , he e s i w s vi nce t t t s e ns s i u r d w e e c us d by t f l e ha he e xpe e nc r e r a e he a s m rki Ast t C t a f e s't Cour not t Pl ntfsha c nge t r as ove ng. o he ç or ge e s' he s t es hat ai if ve ha d he e on, r t c r e ofva i l uis a t t aleg ca e oft e da a .Tha i,a notd a he ou s rous aws t , s o he l ed us hos m ges t s s e nd s uppored by Na ius s ECF N o. 1 a 28 31, Sukum a ha pr vi usy blm e o he t utl , ee 51 t r s e o l n d t r pur td c us i s e ng t s pr cie da a ,i udi N a ius sbr c ofc r tor pore a es n e ki he e e s m ges ncl ng utl ' ea hes ontac wara is l e i a flng wih a he c tfld a t t s lws t Slkuma c amed he r nte . nde d, n ii t not r our ie fer hi a ui z r li i ur e t s sor ge f s a a r s tofNa ius sbr a h ofwa r nt Se ECF N o.1 a 30nc r d he e t a ee s e ul utl ' e c ra y. e 51 t 31 1 - a 1 . Ad iin l , S k ma tsiid ta h c n iu d t pu c a e Na tls ; 515 t 6) dto al u u r e tfe h t e o tn e o rh s uiu y e pm e - i l ng t ffy m a hi s pur ha e snce 2005 des t be ivi he c d not qui nt ncudi he l t c ne c sd i pie le ng oul m odiy t m- smpl t l e wha ' t lt s a gr at ti t te d ofN a ius' Suklma f he i y o s e s ts he a e t nd e es n he i l utl . ' z r D e a 1 48.I he be i ve he co d notm odiy t m , p. t 47- f le d ul f he how e r and c e nty be i d he ve , ons que l leve 24 c d no us t m i hi busne s he c nnotr c rsor ge f e i ure f sorng e pme oul t e he n s i s , n e ove t a e s nc r d or t i qui nt he ha no i en i n ofus ng i hi busne s To a l r ove y oft te em e ofdn a s woul d nt t o i n s i s. low ec r ha l nt m ge d be f rai l fom t die tc us ton r quie unde bo h Seci 292 a t sae 1 .9see a te d r he r c a a i e r d r t ton nd he t t aws1 . eg,Ki s tCo p.v.S e irCt,2 6 P.d 8 7 8 8 & n. ( 1 2 1 (o s o c u ain .. wk e r un ro . 4 3 7 , 8 9 Ca. 01 ) t h w a s to unde Calf i s Unf i Co pe ii La i a ca e w he e t r i a alega i of r iom a' a r m tton w n s r he e s n l ton m ir pr e a i o de pton,a pl n if mus de onsr t acualr i e o t de ep i se es nt ton r ce i aitf t m ta e t elanc n he c tve sae n sa dt a tesae n wa ç ni daec us o t eij r o u igc n u f). ttme t n h t h ttme t s s mme it a e f h n u ppr d cn o d c a Si ia l a t wheherPl ntfs i r d ç r c s r 'a t neys f es t y c e m lry, s o t ai if ncure ç me es a y' tor ' e , he ontnd u (hr h t de lrton ofJ mesPa nel a 15 t tt feswee f E k pef me t t oug he caai n mpi la t ) ha he e r or t wor ror d o de e m i t valdiy and e or a lt ofN a ius spae s'Agan, antfsha no s t r ne he i t nf ce biiy utl ' tnt .' i Pl i if ve t hown h w ti i ac mp ttv ijly o a fce t i a ii t c mpee l se d i se ta fe o h s s o ei e nt r fe td her blt o o t. n ta , t e ms h t e s i r y i r d i de e m i ng t va i t ofpa e sar a ge rc t pe ofha m a be t a notpr ncure n t r ni he ldiy t nt e ne i y r t s, nd oof h r ta Plitfsweec mp ttv l ij r d Ad iinal t s fe weeno t n e e sr ' e e h t anif r o eiiey nu e . dto l he e e s r t t n c say' y, u coss t y f r e t bass oft s l ui.W ih r ga d t t Caior a saut ,m o e r t- he o m d he i hi aws t t e r o he lf ni t t es r ove , at ne 'f esar notr ove a e i s h a a ton.Se Ce - e h Comm s.I .v.LosAngees tor ys e e ec r bl n uc n ci e l- c f . nc l Cel a TelCo.97 P. 5 539( l 1999 .Thus t al t esmefesasa eeme of lulz . , 3 2d 27, Ca. ) ,o low hos a e n l nt ( m a ' woul do a e nm a ound t tsa ut spr bii on r c r ofa t ne 'f es t dn ges' d n ndr ha t t e' ohi ton e ove y tor ys e . Al oft har ale d he e a e smpl t r m ove fom t f lepaentlbel t be a 1 he ms l ge r r i y oo e d r he as t a s o c mp t ie ij r --ra y o h rtp o die tij r- ca s d b t flelb l. h rc u t o ei v nu y -o n t e y e f rc n u y - u e y he as a es Ot e o rs t have he d t s h a s ultve ca a c eci wa i ufi e t s l hat uc pec a i us l onn ton s ns fcint o how a c ompeii ttve 1 N autl alo poi st Sukum ar sac 9 ius s nt o ' knowl edgementt the pl ha aced a r ve anot r or nd ecei d he der of Nautl m achi about a year afe he fld t s l ius nes tr ie hi awsui.The Courti consr ned t a ee wih t s tai o gr t Nautl t tt s f s sPl ntf sar pur ius ha hi act how ai if e chasi N a ius e pmentf (t rpur es wha e r ng utl qui or khei pos t ve t t may be- r r es a ir pec i of any pa e l s or ale t ha ega dl s nd r es tve t nt abel lged decei.' ECF No.138 a 48. t'' t W hie Pl ntf s r pons cl m s t pur ed t e machi t i tga e f her f s mar ng l ai if ' es e ai hey chas hes nes o nvesi t urt ale ki alega i agai tNautl ,t cos oft e machi a t cos ofs orng t l tons ns ius he t hos nes nd he t t i hem ca nnotbe de ed a em c ttveijr o a ij ycusdbyt lbes ompeii nuy r n nur a e he a l. 25 ij r . n Ro esv. n i Co p.2 2W L 1 4 9 5 * ( D. . r 2 2 2 , o e n e n u y l c r Co ar r , 01 4 3 0 , 4 E. Pa Ap . 5, 01 ) f r x mpl, t di t i t c t di m i s d t pl i if s f s m a ki cl i a s cii ly he d t t t he sr c our s s e he a ntf ' al e r ng a m nd pe fca l l ha he c ait fie t alge a acua c ttve ij y.I patc a,t pli ifha no ompl n ald o le ny t l ompeii n ur n riulr he antf d t a lged a f t fom whi h t Cour c d fnd C pl usbl c us c le ny ac r c he t oul i Y a i e a al onneci be wee ton t n (ifc lisi hsb i s , uc a d ifc ly o t iigr ti s efo s lighi p o u f)a d dfiute n i usne s s h s ç fiut b ann eal h l r eln s r d c ' n d Conarsmaki pr ci s'J Ot rc esar i a co d.See e. ,TwoM o a aToy.LLC i' r ng a tce . #. he as e n c r ' s c. ms nd v l tlPlyt n s LLC,8 8F. u p. d 1 3 1 7 1 ( Coo. 01 )(ee tn f lemakig . n ' a hig . 9 S p 2 21 , 21 - 8 D. l 2 2 rj cig as r n cam b an n c mp ttrb c u etep an ifha n talg da a ta c mp ttv ij r , u li y o -o ei e a s h litf d o le e n cu l o ei e n u y b t o i o y t ti tc d l e orco d ha ar a l tpotnta lc ns e ' Advanc d Ca ti nl ha t toul os ul ve le dy os e il ie e s); e rrdge Te hssLLC v.Le r I sl ,2011 W L 671 c . xmak nfl ne. 9725,a *3 5 ( . Fl De 21 2011 t - M D. a. c. , ) (d r sig c mp t ieij r a o o t retpe o û tndn 'a d c ncu i gt talc o a d e sn o ei v nu y s ne f h e y s f ' a ig' n o ld n ha a k f t s die thar pr c ude t pl i ifscli a m uc asa l k ofdie tcompe ii a s hol ng r c m e l d he antf ' am s h ac rc tton; lo di t te n i pli ifc d pr l tlc i m one be aus off le m a ki t ha m woul ha ve f antf oul ove os iensng y c e as r ng he r d beCoo dei tveori r tt s t t rvai ndiec o uppor pr dentalsa ng' M c be v.Fl Ros Guias t u i tndi l; ca ovd e tr, 201 W L 1 0 6 7( D. lAp . 3 2 2 ( s sigcam b c u ep an iffie t pla a 2 4 9 2 S. Ca. r 2 , 01 ) dimisn li e a s litf ald o e d c mp ttv ij r ) o ei e n u y . i Fo t f r g i r a o s t Co r wi g a ts mmayj g n i Na tlssf v ro r he o e ong e s n ,he u t l rn u r ud me t n uiu ' a o n l Plitf cam u d r35U. C. 2 2. anifs li n e S. j 9 B. St eLa Cl i s at w am l i tu ta n n o Plitfs sae1w camsr q ieac mp ttv ij r , u te d t s r e h t o e f an if ' tt a li e ur o eiie n u y b t h y o a 1r uie da a s ca e by t m im a ke l be s The Co te a ns t e e en s of e c of l eq r m ge us d he s r d a l . ur xpl i he l m t ah t s a e l w c a m s brefy bel ,butr le on is r as ng f om Se ton A ,s a as t t he t t a l i il ow ei s t e oni r ci upr , o he lck ofpr of c us ton.Tha i,f r t s me r as t tt Cour ha ar dy e aned, a oof a ai t s o he a e ons ha he t s lea xpl i 26 Pl ntfs ha f ie t s ai if ve al d o how t t a of t i c am e dn a we e c us by t f le ha ny her l i d m ges r a ed he a s m a ki oft Na iusm a hi sa t t rsa e1 w cli a lf i. r ng he utl c ne nd hus hei tt a a ms 1 a l 1. Calf ni Cl ms( .Bus & Pr .Codej17500 ior a ai Cal . of ) T Caion a Fas Ad e t ig La (t ' ma e i u a u fr ale iy wi he lfr i le v ri n w û s FAL' k s t nlwf l o r nt , t ) t h i e t dipos ofr alorpe s nt nt o s e e r onalpr ry, o m a ordi s m i t orca et be dis m i t d, ope t t ke s e na e us o s e na e ka saeme c e i t tr lorpe s lpr ry ...whi h i t r e orm il a ng,a sny t t nt onc m ng ha ea r ona ope t c s mt u se di nd w hi i kno n,o w hi h by t e c s of r s bl c r s d be know n,t be unt t or ch s w r c he xer i e ea ona e a e houl o rz e mila ng.'Ca.Bus & Pr .Code j 17 ( e t 2008) miary,Caior a' Unf r se di ' l . of 500 W s .Si l l lf ni s ai Co t in La (t ' i v oae b é n u lwfl t ar o fa d ln b sn s a to mpei o w $ t UCL' s i ltd y t y na u , mf i, r r u u e t u ie s c r ) a pr ci e. a tc ' ' N o da age a e a l bl unde eihe t Ca iom i FA L or t U CL t a prva e m s r vaia e r t r he lf a he o i t lt a t Ony ijmcie r l fa d no - n ao y r si to aea albe t ap i ae lt a t ii n. l nt t ei n nma d tr e tt in r v ia l o rv t ii n. g v e u g Se Pie a v.Bal o Am.N. ,2 P.d 8 0 8 8 7 ( 1 2 0 .To rc v re e t e e e nd l f s A. 41 3 7 , 7 - 9 Ca. 01 ) k eo e vn hs lmie rme is ho v r Plitfsmu td mo srt c u a ij r i .te mus s w et r i td e de , we e, an if s e n tae a s l nu y, . ,h y t ho i e he a dnur i fc'orûos mone orpr ry'asar ul oft flemaki Ca.Bus & Pr . n ç j y n a t' s t i l y ope t ' es t he as r ng. l . of Co ej 1 2 4 j , tj 1 5 5 seas Kwi e Co p, 6P.da 8 5(os tsy sa dn u d r d 7 0 ;. a 7 3 ; e lo kst r .24 3 t 8 t aif tn ig n e ê t e F a d UCL,a plitf mu te tbih a e o o c ij r t a wa c us d b te h AL n an if s sa ls n c n mi nu y h t s a e y h lgrvn n oft cai ';ECF No. 1 a 27 ( ai if a knowl ng sme .Alhoug s a me he l m') 50 t Pl ntfs c edgi a ) t h Pli if c am t y ha l tm one asa r s tofNa ius sf s m a ki t Cour c l antfs l i he ve os y e ul utl ' ale r ng,he t oncudes t t r a o a l j r c uds c n ld , o t ra o sp e iu l s t o t. ha no e s n b e u y o l o o cu e f r he e s n r vo sy e f rh 27 2. W as ngt Cons tr Pro e ton A c C l m hi on um t ci t ai ( as Re Codej1 86. 2 W h. v. 9. 020)0 Lie s , or c v ru d rt W a hn o saue Plitfsmus d mo srt a ij r k wie t e o e n e he s igtn ttt , anif t e n tae n nu y t t i busnes orpr ry a t f ' c us ton,ie. t t d f t de e n ' unf ror o her i s ope t nd t or' a a i . , ha, t or he f nda ts ai but but d c p ie p a tc ,t panits wo l n th ve s fe e a ij r ' ECF No.1 8 a 4 e e tv r cie he litf ) ud o a u f rd n n u y. l ' 3 t7 (uoigJ o rBilo r / ah.I c v. ne r Tee o Q W @ h I c,1 0P.d 1 , 2( ah. q tn nd o lb a dW s - n . l tg a lc m f - . a . 7 3 0 2 W s s 2007 ;Goelv.J i 259 F.Supp.2d 11 ,11 ( . W mh.2003 (etng f rh eeme sof ) an, 28 42 W D. s ) sti o t l nt cam a i ldng a s owi t tte u f i o d c pt e a to p a t e c u e ijly t t li s ncu i h ng ha h n ar r e e i c r rci a s d n t o he v c r pan if'b sn s o p o e t) Ag i frt er a o sar a y ds u s d n n o t ec tg re litfs u ie s r r p ry . an, o h e s n le d ic se , o e f h ae o is ofda a cli e by Pl i if f il c n bes d t ha bee c us byN a tl ' f lepa e t m ges am d antfs ary a ai o ve n a ed u ius s a s t n lbe s a l. I . V C O N CLU SI N O Fort f r goi r s ,Def nda ' M oton f S'm m a y J he o e ng ea ons e nt s i or l r udgm e t ECF N o.1 i n, 38, s G R ANTE D a Pl i if 'M o i f r Pa talSum m a y J nd a ntf s ton o r i r udgm e ,ECF N o.1 i D ENI nt 36, s ED AS M OOT.An a o it Or rs l is t sda ppr pra e de ha l s ue hi y. E T R:hs V & .a oDee es03 N E Ti , dy f cmbr2 1. ' /2.az' , t , ww z + . Se or nie Stt Diti tJ nl td aes src u 2 As not by t Courti is pror or , s ECF N o. 1 a 1 n. t pa tes have not 0 ed he n t i der ee 03 t 6 7, he ri a de sd i a y d ti wh te o n tte Wa hn tn sa e i o e o e taero ila piain d rse n n eal eh r r o h sigo tmt s n f xrtri ra g l to . t c Beca e of is r i t Pl ntfs have notes ablshed damages on t s cl m ,t Cour w1las us t ulng hat ai if t i hi ai he t l sume wihoutdeci ng t tt W as ngt 1 i applca e her Buts llnoi ToolW or .I v.Sea te t di ha he hi on aw s i bl e. ee li s ks nc. tl S f t LLC,201 W L 46 4 a *11*1 ( . W a h.201 )(ee tng cam whee te plitf a ey. 0 68 47, t - 2 W D. s 0 rj ci li r h anif f ie t s w t a t a lge viltonsa fce t p opeo t saeofW as ngon . ald o ho h t he le d oai fe td he e l f he tt hi t ) 28
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