Scott v. Montgomery County School Board, No. 7:2008cv00645 - Document 34 (W.D. Va. 2013)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 8/5/13. (med)
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- R/S OFFI U.s.Dl CE AT ROANOKE sT. cotllr R Fi LED I THE UNI N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FO R TH E W ESTERN D I STRI T O F V I G I I C R N A R O AN O K E D I I O N V SI JUDI SCOTT, TH I VA AL 95 2 1 C 23 JUL BY; . DL D c - PUR CLERK CASE NO .7: 08CV000645 Pl ntf ai if, M EM O M N DU M O PI I N N O 5' S. M ONTGO M ERY CO UNTY SCH OOL BO A R D , By:Jam esC .Turk Se or Unie St e Di t c Judge ni t d at s s ri t D ef endant . Plitf J dt Sc t (s o1' rt anif)Eldti a to a ans he f r re lye, anif u ih o t ç t'o i itf ' e h s ci n g i t r o me mp o r sc pl M o gomey Co y Sc Boad (ihe Boad') a s tng a ntmbe ofemplyme -eltd nt r unt hool r s t r ', seri l r o ntr ae cams He Co litd e n tls spaaec t s b tc n an aj i t i elsigh rcams t li . r mpan o s o it e rt omt, u o tis o n tt itn e li ,o l wi :ç a m f r i ous ha a s e ,di c i i ton,r t i ton a w r uldi c r ' ECF t k i or elgi cl r s m nt s rm na i e ala i nd ongf s ha ge. ' No.1a 3 Ba e o t ep ris sz r j g n fln s t eCo r wi te tt Co lita t . sd n h at ' l e mmay ud me t iig ,h u t l ra he mp an s l a s ri t f lwi cams ( )a cam unde Til VI oft Ci lRiht Ac of1 as s etng he olo ng li : 1 li r te 1 he vi g s t 964, n mende 42 U. C. j2000e (ç-l Vl' ,i whih s a srs t t he c rc was not d, S. tli e l' n c he se t ha r onta t -t ) rn we a ar s to r l iusd srmiain;()ar tl to cam,i wh c s a s rst a e e d s eul f ei o ici n to 2 eai in li n ih he se t h t g a he c r twa notrne d a a r ul ofhe c ant ofr lgi haasme ;a ( a r ontac s e we s es t r ompli s ei ous r s nt nd 3) hosie wo k e r tl r nvionme cli t r Til V 1 ba e on he r lg o Se ae r l ECF No. nt am mde te I s d r ei i n. e ne aly 27.1 P ndn beo et eCo r i teBo r smoin f rs mmayj g n . No. 4; e e ig fr h u t s h ad' t o u r ud me t ECF o 2 se Scott v. Montgomery County School Board Doc. 34 as ECF No. 5 (u po t me rnd m) Th Bo r c ne sta i i e tte t j g n lo 2 s p ri ng mo a u . e a d o tnd h t t s n ild o ud me t 1I iss n t uppori m em or ndum ,Def tng a endantquesi toned whe herPl ntf w a al brngi as a e t ai if s so i ng t t . lw wr ngf dic r e cam,a d t t ee t n s wa , ve f rs mma yj me tont tcam. n a o ul s hag li n o h x e t he s mo d o u r udg n ha li l he r pons Pl ntf di not r pond t t s ar e or ot wi e pur ue a cl m f wr ul r es e, ai if d es o hi gum nt her s s ai or ongf dicha ge underVigi a l .Accor ngl t Cour doesnotconsr t Compl ntas satng s a s r r ni aw di y, he t tue he ai t i uch cl m . ai Dockets.Justia.com a a m al r of lw as t a1 of Se ts dam s Sc thas tl a r s e t t m o i f s te a o l ot' i . ot ied e pons o he ton or sz r j lmmay udgme ,ECF No.27,a t Boa dhasfl arpl ECFNo.29.TheCotr he r nt nd he r ied e y. tt a d or l a gum e on J y 1 201 and t mal r i now rpe f diposton.For t r as a r nt ul 5, 3, he te s i or s ii he e ons dic s d he ei De e nts M oton f r S'm ma y J s us e r n, f nda ' i o l r udgmen i GR ANTED I PART a t s N nd DEN I I PA R T. ED N L FA C TU AL B AC K G RO UN D A . G eneral Pl i ifs dam sa lse fom he al gai t tt ts e re d t ue r lgi antf i l tm r r le tons ha ha he xpe i nce md ei ous pr s ur fom heri me a e s pe v s ,Ni Donohue.Sc t washie by t Boa d i 1 es e r m di t u r ior na ot rd he r n 992 a w or t r untlJ m e 2006, a whi h tm e he a nd ked he e i t t c i r nnua c r c w a not r ne ed. Sc t l ont a t s e w z ot De a 1 Scot wor d i s ve a postons f t Boar butwa wor ng as a a ssa p. t 3. t ke n e r l ii or he d, s ki n s itnt m e a a d i t Blc bur M i e Sc di i n he a ks g ddl hool lbr y whe Do hoe was hied as t d i m' n no r he f a medi s i ls' i 1 pec ait' n 995.Do hoeDe a 8. no p. t Donohoewases e ily t s hoolslbr ra Do hoe s nta l he c ' i a i n, no De a 8 9;K not D e a 1 a J y Sc t w a t lbr r a s s a .Fr 1 p. t t p. t 0, nd ud o t s he i a y s i t nt om 995 untl J m e i t 2006,t t wor d t e he i t Blc blr M i e Sc he wo ke og t r n he a ks zg ddl hoollbr r Sc ts c r wa i a y. ot' ontad s r we ea h ye r untlJ 2006,whe t Boa d di no r new he a ene d c a i une n he r d te r nnua c r tf t l ontac or he 20062007 yea ba e on t r om m e ton of t pr nc pal of B l c bur M i e Sc r sd he ec nda i he i i a ks g ddl hool , Damy Knot.Knot' de ii n,i t n,wa ba ed o i r t ts c so n ur s s n nputa r c nd e omm e tonsfom As it nt nda i r ssa Prnci lSpe e W el ra Donohoe,a i pa nc r ie nd mong ot r .SeeECF No.25- Knot De at1 ECF he s 9, t p. 0; No 2 - , elrDe la ! 212 . . 58 W i e c. t ! - 3 2I s n ome cas , t e may be a l galy sgnik antdif r e bet n t t m i i orfrng of es her wee he er naton ii e l i t f e enc an empl oyee, on t one hand, and t non-enewal of he contact on t ot r.Her howe , he he r r r , he he e, ver Def nda doesnotdiput t tt non-enewalofScot' contac wasan Sadver e empl e nt s e ha he r ts r t t s oymentac i ' ton.' I t s opi on,t Courtwil occasonaly us t t m çer i i 't r er t t non-e n hi ni he l i l e he er E m naton' o ef o he t r newalof Scot' contact ts r . Dona c i r herf ih t be Co t hue onsde s a t o çrhodox Chrsi niy,'c nt e a ound t pe s of ita t ' e er d r he r on J us Chrs, a bei ves t t J s Chrs c m e t t e rh, wa c uc fe di d, was es it nd le ha e us it a o he a t s r ii d, e r ureded,a a c nde t he ve Do hoeD e a 1 1 Do es r nd s e d o a n. no p. t 3- 5. nahue des rbe he c c as c i d r hur h di o ha ha a e n vangeia c ch,andhe sl a a e ngelca.L= at16.Accor ng t her,t tm eanst t lc l hur ref s n va i l d . i s e i tn ac n e sto wi s me o y, n (h qfe g!t a te ei a o e d o f rs me f h s t o v rain t o b d a d s e e ls h t h r s n p n o r o o i h s r o a c n e sto t a (he mih s ae et rwh t (e) b le s se i o a k te o t f o v rain, h t s l g t h r i he a h r eif y tm s r s h m quesi a utt r. 1 Thedoorwo dbeo n ç ta a1t tmewhe s onehas tons bo heis' d. ' ul pe jus bout 1 he i n ome s wn ge li s mewa t a t yas wo l b aCli ta 'JL ho h r n o y h the lo u d e u sin. 'I . Sc t by c r s,des rbe he s l i he de ii asûs rt ,'butdia ot onta t c i d r ef n r poston çpiiual' s vowe t d he t r t it a ' e a ni t ts t e m s s i n,' xpl i ng ha he hough t w o d icl s i n' has a l tof ne tve f elngs chr t he r l ui ta ' o ga i e i a t c d t i,a t ti ha ç oo m a bad co m e t d f e i .'I a 21 22.She t s ii d t t ta he o t nd ha t s ç t ny r c e e lngs ' d. t e tte ha s was t ne of t t wor ç hrsin' whe s bega wo ki wih Donohoe i 1 he ur d f o he d t ita ' n he n r ng t n 995 be a e Donohoe wa t r f ce uli herbelef v 1 a 21 25.She a s e ai d t ts c us s d y or f n ve i s' d. t ' lo xpl ne ha he doe not pa tc a l lke or ni d r lgi bec us s f el (lke t r ha be n a 1 of s r i ul r y i ga ze e i on a e he e s çi he e s e ot hy r s ' l a 28. poc i y. d. t ' Sc t t siid t a s e al n e v ro s( sl Pr tsa t c l c e g o n u a d i ot e tfe h t h te d d a iu mo ty o etn) hz h s r wig p n n r t e ry ye sofhe mani e,i udi a tndi as rt lr te ti t lt 1 he a l ar r ag ncl ng te ng piiua er a n he a e 980s 1 a 20. d. t 23,29.She a he hus nd r band had so d beng aci i a c c i a oxi a ey 1 4, t ppe i tve n ny hur h n ppr m t l 99 howe r be us t f tlket y s nta l oftm eaway fo t i c l en a t y wa ed ve , ca e hey el i he pe ot i r m hez hidr nd he nt t ha mor tmet s nd wih t i c l r 1 a 27. o ve e i o pe t her hid en. d. t None he e s he belefs t m i l t l s , r i yse ncudes a bele i God a a be ift ttGod a Chrs a t Hol Spii ar one.'Sco tDep.a 27. if n nd le ha t nd it nd he y rt e ' t t A ddii l she s at t s pr tonaly, t ed hat he ays.1 at28. d. D e e nta guest tt a l ed r lgi dicrm i ton m us be vi w e i co e a f nda r ha he leg e i ous s i na i t e d n nt xt nd a an tt e a p o rae ba k r p,wh c i t tSc t a Do o u wee ç ft e s me fihg g is h p r p it c d o ih s ha o t nd n h e r t h n at , o ) k e e c oh ra k e o e c oh rsfihbeo ete wo k d t g t r, a d ... r e n w a h te nd n w f a h te ' at f r h y r e o ehel) n wo k d t ge he f rm a yea s be or is s a os .'Se ECF No.25 a 2.Spe ii a l Sc tt sii d o t r o ny r f e s ue r e' e t cfc ly, ot e tfe t ts fr tm e Donohuei 1 1be us Donohoelve on t s m e sr e whe ePli tf a ha he is t n 98 ca e i d he n te t x a n if nd he hus nd we e o r tng a s le ho e f rki .Sc tDe a 13,1 Chtr hes a ot r ba r pe a i het r m o ds ot p. t 6. lc nd her r lgi gr e i ous oups a sse t s tr I a 18.Att tme,Pl ntf shus nd wasa a ssa s it d he hele . d. t he i ai if ba n s itnt pa t a W ese n M e hoditChlr h i Bl c btr Vigi a.l a 15.He ha a s s r ed asa sor t l ya t s zc n a ks tg, r ni d. t d lo e v pa t a a W ese n M ehoditChur h i Hn pt Vigi a i t m i 1 .L o at20.A s a sor t l ya t s c n m on, r ni n he d- 980s d . . r s t o t s co c i ,Donohoe a t Boa d c e t t D onohoe r as bl be i ved e ul f he e nne tons nd he r ont nd ha e ona y le Sco tw asopen t r i o o r lr .Se D onohoe D e a 36. t o elgi us ve tzes e p. t Thus a c di t t Boa d,t , c or ng o he r he o rur we e net rha a sng nordi c i naor ve t es r ihe r s i s rmi t y. B. Spec f AlegatonsofH ar s e ik l i as m nt Be or t ni t a m o e c onol ca des rpton ofe nt a is ,t Cour pr vi f e ur ng o r hr ogi l c i i ve s t s ue he t o des a ove v e of Sc t s a l to of r i o ha as n e . 1 he s v n C ns v r t n r iw ot ' lega i ns elgi us r s l nt n r s or t x e s o l e r t i s Sc t lsed a numbe of i i nt t t s alege c tt ed ha a s e by nt roga ore , o t it r ncde s ha he l s onsiut r s m nt Donohoe ba e on r i i Fis ,s contndst ti Augus 1 whe Donohoe wa hie sd elg on. r t he e ha n t 995 n s r d, D onohoe a Sc ts w ea h ot ri a s or a D onohoe t d Sc ts w a t d t s a t hei day nd ot a c he n t e nd ol ot he n e o t r t r wih a da l de i a pr yer Sco tDe a 45- Sc te es e he dic f q a s i t iy voton nd a . t p. t 46. ot xpr s d r s om or nd ad s ej s dd t hn t a wa a p o raea s h o . d Ats mep iti 1 9 , n h ea k di h u t in't ik h t s p r p it t c o l Lu o on n 9 8 Do o o s e f . s s coul pr a s d t Sco ' û know you a e not com f t bl wih i.'1 a 46. Sc t he d ay nd ai o t ç t l r or a e t t' d. t ot r s o d d ç s y u ae rg t Im no. gnd Do o o le ti. I .Sc t po ist a t e e e p n e , t , o r ih , ' t' a l n h e é f t' d o t st h t h s Ye ' l ' i i nt s nc de s how t tD onohue kne Sc ' wasnoti e e t d i r lgi a tvii . ha w ot t nt r s e n e i ous c i tes D es t t s pur t know l pie hi pored edge by D o hoe Sc t a r t t Donohoe co i d t no , o t ve s ha ntnue o 4 a tm ptt coe c he t e age i pr era Bi e sudi si s hool an lf r lgi m ae il te o r e r o ng n ay nd bl t e n c , d e t e i ous tra s f Sc t t r vi w . See ECF N o. 27,Ex. 13,Ans r t l e r t i a 3.l Aprl2005 or o t o e e we s o nt roga ores t n i , Dono hoe a ke i s c d pr y f Scot a s lcied pr yer fom Sco t l Dono s d f he oul a or t nd o i t a r t. d. hoe a nd ot r as as d Scot t a t a Ch ita c e e e i t s i of 2005. J . s e as he s lo ke t o tend rsin onf r nc n he prng #=; e lo Donohoe De a 41 43. Sc t de lne t a tnd,but Donoho a ot r t a he s br ht p. t ot c i d o te e nd he e c r oug rlgo ie (n ldn a a itpe b o ,a d c mpa tds )fo t c n ee c a d g ve eiius tms icu ig n udo a , o k n o c ic r m he o fr n e n a t m t Sc t . ECF N o. 1 A ns r t I e r t i a 3;s e a s D onohoe D e a 41 43. he o o t 27- 3, we s o nt r oga ores t e l o p. t - 3 Alo,t oughoutt pe i oftme Do hoewa he s r s r Sc 'woul fnd not s s hr he rod i no s r upe vio , ot t d i e, pr ye lssa rlgiusmaeil lf i aea whee s woke J I M ac 2006,Donohoe a r it nd ei o tras e4 n r s r he r d.A n rh l f a s i ky not f Scot t t had t wor i a s ' w rte o i,whi h Sco t i t r e e a e t tc e or t ha he d ç i e ' it n n t pr c t n e pr t d s m e ni tpr i e G od.'1 D o hoe a s t d Sc tdurng a e ua i m ee i t s f l a a ng s a s ' d. no l o ol ot i n val ton tng hat he e t ç i eo a r't i ght us nge ' owar he ,whih Sc t i e r t d a r e ng t a Bi i a or r i ous r d r c ot ntm e e s ef ni o blc l elgi c e ofa r4 onc pt nge . 3 Scot a1o cont t s ends t t t har s e i uded an i dent i whih Donohoe a tmpt d t ha he. as m nt ncl nci n c te e o vi t Scot a Scot' son i t hos t upon l r ng t t son had been t si t nd ts n he pial ea ni hat he aken t t em e gency o he r r .Scot t tfed t ts f tt s was a i i ofherf l sprvacy and beleves t tt onl oom t es ii ha he el hi n nvason amiy' i i ha he y r on Donohoe ca e w as t i was he Cchritan dut ' Ther i no evi eas m hat t r G si y.' e s dence t t vi t was hat he si r i ousy- i t howe ,ot r t n Scot' belef t e yt ng Donohoe does i r i ousy elgi l motva ed, ver he ha ts i hat ver hi s elgi l m otvat Thus t Cour doesnotconsi t san i t i ed. , he t der hi nsance ofr i oushar s ent elgi as m . 4I lng o t Boad' s mma yj dg ntmoi ,t Co t tc nsnz a1e i e c i t e no i n he r s u r u me ton he ur mus o t e l v d n e n h lghtmos f abl t Scot.l i worh notng,t i t avor e o t ts t i hough,t tDonohoe diput t accur ofm a of ha s ed he acy ny Scot ' alega i For e ts l tons. xampl Donohoe deni t s lftsc i ur orpr ye lss i Scot ' wor e, ed hat he e rpt es a r it n ts k ar a i t ad t tfed t t w e e i herown pe s ea nd ns e esii hat hey r n r onalwor s e,alhough s adm it t t r k pac t he ted hat he e wer tm es w hen ot s S i ha s t t e' i s was not i t lbr r Donohoe des rbed t e i her < ght ve a her ' f he m n he i a y. ci he cicul i des i t lbr y as cont ni t ee ar one i t m i e t twas Donohoe' per onal r aton k n he i ar ai ng hr eas, n he ddl ha s s wo ks a e on ont rg t twa ac mp trt a Sc t ofe wor don (lho h Sc t as ha h r r p c , e he iht ha s o u e h t ot tn ke at ug o t lo d e o o fc b hid t cr ulto d s ) a at r ae t th s d a o he c mp e n a te bo wn fie e n he ic ain e k , nd hid r a ha ou e n t r o utr e r h okdr whi waswher bookswer c op, ch e e omm onl chec i DonohoeDep.at50- Donohoet tfed t y ked n. 52. esii hat t not a s i ur ver es we e l tonl i herpe sonalwor pace.Si iary,s deni t teiher he es nd crpt e s r ef y n r ks m l l he ed ha t t ç aie' not or t com ment about he ( i eous anger'wer r ed i r i on. l t he ç s ' e pr he r t ght r ' e oot n elgi nsead, she as ered t tt çpr s 'not was a r i r t her el t pr i e Scot mor The rght s t ha he t aie' e em nde o s f o a s t e. i eous a r was nge m eant by her i t s e t t s was çangr f a re on t s e hi has bee done t you t n he ens ha ht ç y or as hat om t ng n o hat m aybe- m a yourrght ha been i r d on.'DonohoeDep.at1 ybe i s ve ntude ' 04. 5 C. W or Rel i hi Bet n Donohoeand Sc tThr k atons p wee ot ough Spr ng 2005 i Fr t tme Donohoe was hied untl a oxi ael t s i of 2005, t t o om he i r i ppr m t y he prng he w wom e wor d r ltvel we lt t r Alhough t r wa s m e lm ied t tmony r ga di n ke ea i y l ogehe . t he e s o i t esi e r ng t i o dit uly i t e ye r ,5i a ens on r fk t n hos a s t ppea s t tt bul oft dit uli be w e n Sc ta r ha he k he fk tes t e ot nd Do o u (n c ranyt eb l o t alg to s p o t Se t' dams b g n i t s rng n h e a d e ti l h u k f he le ains u p ri o ts i ) e a n he p i ng of2005, rt e oft 200 2005 s nea he nd he 4choolyea . r Prort t ttm e Sc t e tfe t ts a Donohoewe eE re y' a ha wor d as i o ha i , ot t siid ha he nd r s i ndl ' nd d ke f ( t n , butt ts di no Sha a de p r l tons p w ih' D onohoe.Sc tD e a 1 Li t em ' a ' ha he d t t ve e e a i hi t ' ot p. t 89. ke Do o o , S o ttsiid t a t e p o e bewe n te t o t m be a i e r s ( r n h e c t e t e h t h r blms t e h wo f he f g n n anet o wo sne sgniia l i M a 2005.ECF No.27- 4 a 3 (ta hme t EEOC c r ,sai re d i fc nty) n y 1 t atc nt o hage ttng ta t e so pe wo knga ade m'i M a 2 0 ) S o td s rb st icd n st a s esys h t h y tp d r i s ç n 'n y 0 5 . c t e cie wo n ie t h t h a t r aly a r d Donohoei M a 2005.I t fr t whih occ r d on M ay4, e l nge e n y n he is, c ure 2005,Sco tt sii t e tfed ' ta Do o o ha d c ose 'ay t bo a o t e rngu ab o a d ake f rSc tt j i h r h t n h e d û c td' omg y b u tai p o k n s d o o to on e a i he a o s e .Sc tDe at 18 s e alo ECF N o.27- 4 a 3.Sc tdiag e wih n r dm nihm nt ot p. 4, e s 1 t ot s r ed t D o hoe' tea m e of t c l a i t d quo e ba k t D o hoe s m e hi f om t no s r t nt he hid nd ns ea t d c o no o t ng r he r lgi c er nc ma e i l Donohoe ha g ve he ,s ehi t t e f t ofho Sc t ei ous onf e e t ra s d i n r om t ng o he fec w ot wo d n tltt i cd n ç ta ge)j y' ECF No 2 - 4 a 34.Co s q e ty Do ho ul o e he n ie t t e l h r o . s ' . 71 t n e u nl , no e be a ela dwih Scot a be ni i he . 1 I t s c Sc tt ug t tDonohoe c me rr ge t t nd ga gnorng r 1J n he e ond, ot ho ht ha . 5Forexampl , Donohoet tfed t she and Scot fl i or compl nt agai tea ot e esii hat t ied nf mal ai s ns ch her i appr mat y 2001r at t i ubor na i and Scot' r f alt r pec Donohoe' abiiy t diec n oxi el el ed o ns di ton ts e us o es t s lt o r t her wor Donohoe Dep.at 84.Addii l Scot t tfed t s had fl an i or al compl nt k. tonaly, t esii hat he ied nf m ai a ns D onohoe Ei t e l yea s,'butdi notr e be whats wr edown orwhats c gai t tn he ary r ' d em m r he ot he ompl ned ai about s fcaly. Scot Dep.a 80.She t tfed t t t compl ntwas Er e i r i on becaus peoii l ' ' t t es ii ha he ai goot d n elgi e ( oh ij sa nc a r ,un nd. L- S t as t siid t tt r wee icde s o r lg o Don oe s t u h, ng y ki ' d. co t lo e tfe ha he e r n i nt f eii us ' har s as ment be wee 1995 and 2005,but t s coul t r l t t n hat he dn' ecal hem a t s had t own out nd hat he hr ever hi when t y m oved t anew s yt ng he o choolar ound 2002 or2003.Sc tDep.a 57. ot t 6 ha ove hea d he i a c d r r r n onve s ton wih a find i whi h Sc tt d t find t ts wo d rai t re n c ot ol he re ha he ul ne r1tDonohoe fay ha 'on he ,a Donohoe ha a r nty do f a he t c ra t ve e ç l nds' r s d ppa e l ne or not r ea he t he shoolJ a 4.Aee di t Se l Donohoebe a çs ttmpeeda a upt'wihhe a t c .. t Z or ng o ot, c me ihor e r nd br ' t r fer t tLha.d o Alo i t Aprla M a 2005 tme-r m e, s n he i nd y i f n Donohoer pe t dl i t d Sc tt atnd a e a e y nvie ot o te rlgiusc ee ewih he a t j n aBi esud gr a t shool ScolDe a 38,48, ei o onfrnc t r nd o oi bl t y oup t he o . t p. t 70;DonohoeDe a 27,4546,48( hoea knowldgi t ts a ot r,o moet n p. t Dono c e ng ha he nd hes n r ha one oc s on,had i t Sco tt a t nd t Bi e s udy t tw ashe d by a g oup oft a he s a ca i nvied t o te he bl t ha l r ec r t t s hool a t ts a ohe shad as d Sc tt a tnd ar i ousc e enc i t s i he c , nd ha he nd t r ke ot o te elgi onf z e n he prng o 2 05 . c t d cie b t ivtto , u tsiidt tDo o o s e dt g ta g ira dt f 0 ) S ot e l d oh n iains b t etfe ha n h e e me o e n re n o n c ii Sc ts pe f m a m o e ha s y a t r Sco tr f s d t pari pa e i t e e nt .ECF rtque ot' r or nce r r hl f e t e u e o tci t n hos ve s N o.27-1 at3. 4 The Boa d pa nt a dif r tpi t e ast t r c us oft pr e s be wee t t o r i s f e en c ur o he oot a e he obl m t n he w wome Acc di t Donohoe,Sco tswor pe f r a e be n t deci i J nua y 2005asa n. or ng o t' k r o m nc ga o lne n a r r s tofpr e s Sco tw a ha ng i he per o llf D onohoe D e a 65- Sc thad bee e ul obl m t s vi n r s na ie. p. t 66. ot n a vi l t a w o k,co i t w or c yi a s ti i f ontofhe c put rf up t t ry ni ng a e t r m ng o k r ng, nd ilng n r r om e or o hi t mi e a a tme cyi l a 65.Donohoe t tfe t t s noe t be nni of a nuts t i r ng. i t esiid ha he td he gi ng b ea r kdow n i he f i nds p w ih Sco tw he i M a 2005,Sc t a upty l f t lb a y a t r n r r e hi t t n, n y o t br l e t he i r r fe c ompl i ngt ts i oul tt ket sa ani ha he d dn' a hi nymor 'l a 62- 4.Shorl t e fe ,Sc trt ned c e.' d. t 6 ty her a tr ot eur t t lbr r t t l D o o he i a y o e l nohoe t ts had t ke wih an as i t nta i sr t and w a l vi ha he al d t s s a dm ni t a or s ea ng wor f t da J=a 64k or he y.- .t 65. # Att e oft tda Donohoer pored t be vi t W e lr t As it ntPrnci l he nd ha y, e t he ha or o ie , he ssa i pa . I a 70.A c or i t D o hoe s i or e A s i t nt Prnc pa W e l r a d. t c d ng o no , he nf m d s s a i i l ie bout a num be of r 7 pr e soris st ts bele Scot washa ng wih he wor pe f oblm s ue ha he ived t vi t r k ronnawe. Donohoe Dep. l a 70- 83.I r pons W e lri tuc e Do hoet pr pa e als ofherc t 73, n es e, ie nsr t d no o e r it once nsa t t ke r nd o a e l hi t 75; Sc tasdet a es t m.Lss at73.Appar nty,t sw asdone.D onohoe D ep.a 74- see ot i o ddr s he d . aloECF No.27 1 a P1 ( antf e ani t ti he J 2005e l to wih Donohoe s - 2 t 53 Pli if xpli ng ha n r une vauain t s si s woul Cr t do betr).Att e oft shoolyea,W elr ake f a he ad he d çy o t te' he nd he c r ie s d or n a s s m e , c Donohoepr vi Donohoe De 76;ECF No. 7 a 10. s e s nt whih o ded. p. 25- t W e lr t n wr t a l te t Sc t i J 2005,s mmi i t c ie he o e e tr o ot n une um z ng he once ns r s d by r aie Do hoe. The lte wa maie t Sc t,butwasr tml d be us t s ho di notha a no e tr s ld o o t et e ca e he c ol d ve n u d td a d e sf rhe . p ae d r s o r ECF No. 5- ,W elrDe l a ! 8 a6& Ex. t eeo Ac o dngy 2 8 ie c. t () A h rt . c r i l , So tr v i d i whe s r t ed i Aug tt be n t 2005ot e e vt t n he eum n us o gi he 2006 s hoolyea .l r pons t c r n es e o t l t e , Pl i if t tfed t t s m e w ih W e l r a t d hi t n t t s be i ve t he e t r a ntf es ii ha he t t ie nd ol m he ha he le d he is r ie by Donohoe a docl ntd i t lte we er i i l m o i t d.Scot De a s ues a s d nd lme e n he e tr r elg ousy tva e ' p. t t 7778. D . The 20052006 Sc hoolY e and Sco t s C om pl nt o Di cr m i i ar t' ai s f s i nat on Ea l on i t 2005ry n he 2006 s hool ye r t r w as an i i nti whi h Sc tr c ve a c a , he e nc de n c ot e ei d ve ba r prm a fom W e lr f a lgedl a ce sng Donohoe' pe s nal c r l e i nd r ie or le y c s i s ro omput r tl s e ie wih u Do o o ' pe sin.ECF No 25 8 W elr De l a ! 8 b .Ac o dn t S o t t o t n h es nniso . - , ie c. t ( ) c r ig o c t, Donohoe ha l f a doc e whi evaua e Sc ts pe f m a e on a co d et um nt ch l t d ot' ror nc mput r t t ma e ha ny peo e us kne t pas w o d t a c d a e s Sco tha gi n m uli e r as ast why pl ed, w he s r o, nd oul cc s . t s ve tpl e ons o s a e s dt d he cc s e he ocum e .She t d t Bom',i t of i ldi c i i ton c pl i s l t r nt ol he d n he fc a s rm na i om a nt he a e fld,t ts t ie ha he houg s ha alea s e t i or ton i t doc ht he d r dy e n he nf ma i n he umentbutha f gote d or tn s e t ngs t t s w a e t r c l s s o ne i .ECF N o.25- a 1 Bu s a s has om hi ha he nt d o e al, o he pe d t 4 t 2. t he l o 6M r.W eier' Decl aton cont nst pa agr l s ar i ai wo r aphsbot number wih an 8. The Cour r f st h ed t t e er o t frta 8() a t s c ndas8b) he is s a , nd he e o (. 8 sa e t t s beleve i wa no pr r f t doc e - whih c ane prvae a t t d ha he i d t s t ope or he um nt c ont i d i t nd pe s na i o ma i a r o l nf r ton bouthe- t be l ton a c r o ef omput rwhe e o he scoul us age rcl e r t r d e ne i ogon a s ei a s wa ups tbyt s J ECF No.27- 4a 4. nd e t nd he s e hi.Z) 1 t A ddii ly, W eie a D onohoe de e m i ea l on i t ye r t t Sco t woul tona l l r nd t r ned ry n he a ha t d rc i mo tfe u n e auains i ta o j to en n a e l to a t ec n in o t e e eve r rq e t v l to ,nse d f us n n u l vauain t h o duso f h yea - wha t pari ha r f r d t as S o m a i e l tons. A c r ng t W e l r t r t he tes ve e ere o û r tve va ua i ' co di o f ' ie , he pur es of t s e l tons K r t a t pos he e vaua i t e o tempt t co r t is wih M s Scols wo k we o rec s ues t . t' r pe f r a a t ga he s t c e ti or a i t pr par M s Sc t ' a x o m nce nd o t r ufi i n nf m ton o e e . o ts nnua e l ton. ECF l va ua i ' ' No 25 8 W elr De l a ! 9 1 . - , ie c. t ! - 0.Th d c me tto r fe t t a S otwa t e o wh e o u nain elcs h t c t s h ne o r quese t tt a i sr to be i ve i t e s s i ,a Donohoe a e wih t e t d ha he dm nitai n nvol d n hes e sons nd gr ed t he s esi ugg ton. D urng t e eva ua i , W eie obt i w rte i i hes l tons l r a ned it n nput f o bo h Donohoe an Sc t rm t d ot a hel s ve a m e tngs w ih t nd d e r l e i t hem dlrng t yea t di cus s r ng hs a w e knes e i zi he r o s s t e t nd n ss n Sc t' j b p ro ma c . W elr a e s ta i wa ç afe te c e to o t i fr tv ots o ef r n e i v r h t t s s ltr h r ain f hs omaie e l e l ton pr s , t tSc tt d hi t tt is i t M edi Ce e we e t r s tof va uai oce s' ha ot ol m ha he s ues n he ' a nt r r he e ul Do hoe' vi ctvene sa be us Sc tha soppe goi t c lc L. a ! 11 She as no s ndi i s nd ca e ot d t d ng o htrh. ds t . , lo c ompli d t hi t ts bei ve Donohoewasbei c de a ls i tng snces wo d a ne o m ha he le d ng ol r nd e s nvii i he ul no at nd a Bi e g oup,a s c t te bl r nd he ompli d t tDonohoe a o he swe e c ane ha nd t r r onduc i a Bi e tng bl sudy o s hoolpr ry a trhour . L=a ! 1 . t n c ope t fe s p t 27 W e lra r he s ns d t tthe r lgi c ac wa we c ie ve s e e ha i ei ous ont t s l omed by M s Sc tt i M s t . ot mtl . Sc tc et rmo he s ffom t tciceofi vi l gndlwhe s c et dot t M s ot hos o e ve rel r ha rl ndi duas a n he hos o ha, . Scotfl c li efe to he pe s na rltons p wih M s Do hoe' I a ! 1 W eier t et hilng fc n r r o l eai hi t . no .' d. t 5. l 7 Scot alo acknowl dged att tme t s had be ha ng pr em swih herchidr t t t s e hat i hat he en vi obl t l en ha had caused he ,duri t 2004r ng he 2005year t be It t wor orne t lave ea l , o ae o k ed o e ry. 9 sae t the i tgae Sc lsdam ofhaa s nt( i rl i a m',by s ki wih tts ha nvesi td ot' i r sme prmaiy, t ppe s pea ng t Do ho a o h rsho la mi srt r)a d s o e wi Do o e a u i,a v sn b t o no e nd t e c o d nitao s n p k t n ho bo t t d ii g oh f h t m t tû nditve s a r i oushaa s ntwoul no bet eaed.' Z a ! 1 W ei r he ha ç ci ne s nd elgi vi rsme d t olrt 'J t 6. l e . co e t t he di not obs r e a e de ntnds ha d e v ny vi nce of vi ci nes or r lgi ha as me by ndi tve s ei ous r s nt Donohoe,a r lg o hosiiy dieced t r Sc ti t M edi Ce t ror a ny e i i us tlt r t owa d ot n he a ne nywhe e i t r n he shoolby Do hoe or a ohe pes or a obedi e denc of rlgi haa s nt c no ny t r ron, ny j ve vi e ei ous rsme agans ScotL.a ! 1 20. i t t.d t ! 8z O n Feb ua y 8,2006,Sc tal o s nt a e a lt D r Ande s t Su rnt nde of r r ot s e n m i o . r on, he pe i e nt Sc hool , i w hi h Sc t pr m a iy com pl ne a s n c ot i r l ai d bout a l be t s D o hoe ha a ke he t a l a k no d s d r o pe f nn,be a e Sc tf l i wa physc ly ha a dous Sc tDe 1 I o s nt nc oft t ro c us ot et t s i al z r . ot p. 67. n ne e e e ha l t r ho ve , Sc t sae t t Donohoe' ç tong r lgi viws ha be n a s c of ete , we r ot t td ha s tr s ei ous e ve e our e c n e to a d t a j s ma e me l o e e mo e lk a sl r' 1 ;S otDe a 1 9 Dr o tni n n h t u t k s o k v n r i e i . d. c t p. t 6 . . me ' A nde s s onl r s r on' y e pons w as t a s Pl ntf t t t pr nc pa of t s hool ha es e o dvi e ai i f ha he i i l he c ndl pe s r onnelis s 1 s ue . d. On M a c 23,2006,Sc tfld aç por ofDic i nai n/ r s m e 'wih t Boa d, rh ot ie k Re t s rmi to Ha a s nt' t he r sa i t s beleve Donohoe wasdic i nai agans he .ECF No.25- a 1 1 The ttng hat he i d s rmi tng i t r 4 t 0- 2. doc ntdi no me i r lgi howe r e e t s y t t Donohue ha s d s ha a mne d t nton ei on, ve , xc pt o a ha d ai he d lihtous a e ' a ns Sc td i a e uai meei J Sc tltr me wih t ig e r ng r' gai t ot urng n val ton tng. #. ot ae t t wo pe s f om t a i sr tve of i t di cus he co pl nt The bot i e vi w e he bu r ons r he dm ni t a i fce o s s r m ai . y h nt r e d r t i or e he t the c pl i w a uns t nta e Sc tDe a 1 - 02. nf m d r ha r om a nt s ubs a i t d. ot p. t 01 1 As f r t f mai e l to pr es ,t r c d c ai one wrte ( ma i ' o he or tve vauai n oc s he e or ont ns itn Tor tve' e l ton,aswelasa tna e uai ECF No.25- a 6- 26- CTomai e l to ' vauai l s l val ton. 5 t 7, 27 r tve vauain' dae Dec mbe 1 2005 a fna 20052006 e l ton) Thee wee alo n r td e r 9, nd i l vauai . r r s umeous 10 docume spr rd by boh Donohuea Sc tr adi Scotsj peror nce e isa nt epae t nd ot eg r ng t' ob f ma , mal nd not s be we n e h a W el r a s ve a meei hed durng t ye z whe e t t ee o e t e ac nd ie , nd e r l tngs l i he a r he hr f t hem dic s Sc ts pe f ma e. Donohue r peaedl not d pr em s wih Sc t beng s us ed ot' ror nc e t y e obl t ot i tns di t 't r he or f ii t wor c i ubor nae' owa d r i a lng o k oope a i y wih he .I he fna e ua i r tvel t r n r i l val ton i ,pr pa e i Aprl2006,Donohoe a kno e d t ts nput e r d n i c wl dge ha ome oft co r t t s ha he nce ns ha he d r ie ea le i t yea ha bee a es e a c r d.Fore mpl s s d f ort mos a s d ri r n he r d n ddr s d nd ortde xa e, he ai % he f t paq g o ts wor ont Li ay daaba ea wih booksha be npr ,a c ae,ne ta r sc t'j k he brr t s nd t d e ompt c urt a nd t oug 't the a tnda er t a puncuaiy ha i oved,a t ts wa m a ngbet r hor h, ha r te nc ae nd ' t lt d mpr nd ha he s ki te us ofhe tm e. e r i Donohoe a s i ntfed a e nee ng i pr m e ,s h asSe tne ng t be lo dt ii z as di m ove nt uc ot edi o mor Shor ug 'i he wor whi h was de c i d as t udy ne ds t r d dal l s pl ns e t o h' n r k, c t s rbe ç l e o ea iy es on a t oughl a f l t s i t uc i ns e ty.She ne dst a k ques i w he i dou . l hor y, nd olow a k nsr to xac l e o s tons n n bt' d. ' The r m ani ar a ne di i pr m e a lr a e t wea s si Sco tsr a i hi wih e i ng e s e ng m ove nt 1 elt d o knes e n t' eltons p t Do nohoe.lt. e mpl Do hoes i t tScotwa çr ue ty t eaa ,notco tous t For xa e, no ad ha t s t eq nl mpl snt f ure , a not t c f l i he r l to hi wih Ni ' a wa çofe t re, unfi ndl a nd a t u n r e ai ns p t na, nd ' s ç tn e s re y nd t c m uni tve ' Acc di t D onohoe,Sc tnee d t û or c m om ca i .' or ng o ot de o ç k oope atvel wih N i ,no w r i y t na t j s oh r, t b mo er c p iet s g e to sa dt r a t r p stv l t ciiim. d u t te s' o e r e e tv o u g si n n o e c mo e o iiey o rtcs I . ' Att e oft 2005he nd he 2006 ye r W e lr se ua i r omm e d t tScot' co r c a , ie ' val ton ec nde ha ts nta t no be r w e ECF N o. - a 26- N ot bl t t ene d. 25 5 t 27. a y, hough,t fnale l ton i c t s t tSc t he i va ua i ndi a e ha ot wa f liln j b rq ie n si t emao iy o 2 ae so e auain, u ta s ef e dld s uflig o e ur me t n h j rt f 7 ra f v l to b t h t h l e e l n i ove nt'i 8 aea .L l t co nt s ci W el wr t, $ s Scothas had mpr me ' n r s i n he mme s e ton, ier oe $ . t M di fc t w ih her r a i hi w ih t m e a c nt r s r i o ,M s D o hoe A s a r ul of fi uly t el tons p t he di e e upe v s r . no . es t t s c lc ,M s Sc t r e ved l e r tngs i a e t t a es he i t r to w ih M s hi onfi t . o t ec i ow r a i n r as ha ddr s r n e ac i ns t . D onohoe. 1 a 27. ' d. t ' Apparnty,t n- i i lDa Knot ( wasne t t s hoolt tyea)ma t e l he prncpa nny t who w o he c ha r de he r commendai t t Boa d t not r ne Sco ts c r c , a t Boa d ado e hi e ton o he r o e w t' onta t nd he r pt d s r omm e ton wiho a i pe ntas e s e oft is . S eW elrDe l a ! 2 - 3 ec nda i t ut ny nde nde s s m nt he s ue e i e c. t ! 2 2 , . Kno tDe a 1 Scot wasi or t p. t 0. t nf med oft sde ii n s ve a wee be or t e ofs hoola hi c so e r l ks f e he nd c nd s e pl t t s hoolyea . or ng t Sco t whe s s w W eie a trt yea ha e d he om e ed he c r Ace di o t , n he a lr fe he r d nde a as ca e e t h g v he ah ga dt l he t t ek e s eG i ag o j b'Sc t De . t t o il v n , e a e r u n od r ha h n w h t d o d o . ot p a d ' 1 87. eie andKnot alobot wr t Sc tf vor bl lte sofr omm e ton. 86- W lr t s h o e ot a a e e tr ec nda i Sco t tl d a tmel c r of dicrmi to wih t EEOC,r ceved a rghtt s t ie i y ha ge s i nai n t he e i i -o-ue notc a tme y fl he Co a n . ie, nd i l ied r mpli t l .ANALYSI I S A . Sum m ar Judgm e St ndar y nt a d Summayj me i pr rwheeçheei no ge neis a t a maera fc a r udg nt s ope r t r s t nui sue s o ny t il a t nd t emo a ti e tte t j g n a amatro lw. Fe R. v. 5 () A g n i is o h v n s n i d o ud me t s te f a ' d. Ci P. 6 a . e une sue f l ' m a e il f c e ss whe a r tona ti r of f c ,co i rng t e de e i t r c d as a t ra a t xit n a i l re a t nsde i he vi nc n he e or whol c d fnd i f vor oft non- ovi pary.Ri c v.De e a 557 U. 557, 58 e, oul i n a he m ng t ci st f no, S. 6 ( 2009) t z r j me i a o it onl i tki t e de a a1 r s e . s mmay udg nt s pprprae y f a ng he vi nce nd 1 eaonabl sl i e e sdr wn t r r i t lg m os f vor bl t t nonmovi pa t $ m a e ilf c s nf r nce a he efom n he iht t a a e o he ng ry, no t ra a t a ed s u e a dt emo igpat i e tte t j d me ta amatro 1w.' n yv. r el r ip td n h vn ry s n ild o u g n s te f a ' He r Pu n l ' , 652 F. 524,531( h Ci.2011 (n ba )( i Aus nnan v.Ba ofAm.Cor ,352 3d 4t r ) e nc quotng he nk p. F.d8 6 8 9( t Ci. 0 3 ) Pu dfee ty sl r j dg n s o l bee trdi teCo r 3 9 , 9 4h r 2 0 ). t ifrn l, l mmay u me t h u d n ee f h u t fn s atrar v e o t rc r a awh l, h tnor a o a l j r c ud rt r av r i f r id , fe e iw f he e o d s oe t a e s n be u y o l eu n edd o t non- ng pa t Se Eva v.Te hs Applc tons& Se v.Co. 8 F. 95 95859 (t he movi ry. e ns c . iai r , 0 3d 4, - 4h Ci.1 . r 996) 12 B. R e i ous D i c i i t on Cl m Bas d O n t N on- e w a ofSc t s Cont ac lgi s r m na i ai e he R ne l ot ' r t The pa tes a r i ppea t a ee t tt gene a f a e or go r ng m os Til V l c a m s r o gr ha he r l r m w k ve ni t te l l i , whih wa trtd s rb d i M c l l Do lsCo p. Gre ,41 U. 7 2 8 7 ( 9 3 ,i c s is e cie n Domel uga r v. e n 1 S. 9 , 0 1 7 ) s a iabl he e. pplc e r Unde t sbu de s fi fnmewor a pli ifal gi dic i i ton hast r hi r n-hitng r k, a ntf le ng s rm na i he i t a bur n t es a i h a m i a f de v e.I a pl i if es a i hes hi prm a f c e ca e t nii l de o t bls m a as f a ntf t bls s i a i s , he bur n s fs t t e pl r t a tc a e a l gii a e,nondi c i i t y r s f t ad r e de hi t o he m oye o ri ul t e tm t s rm na or ea on or he ve s a ton.( ft e oye doe s t pl ntf mus t n s w t tt e oye ' sa e r a ons c i t he mpl r s o, he ai if t he ho ha he mpl rs t t d e s l wer notistuer s ,butwe e apr t tf dic i i ton. Bondsv.Le vit 629 F. 369, e t r ea ons r eex or s rm na i ' ' a t, 3d 386 ( h Ci.2011 (nenal quotton maks omit ) ( i Hil v.Locc ed M a tn 4t r ) itr ai r ted quotng l lhe ri Lo itc M c .lc, 5 F.d2 7 2 5( t Ci. 0 4 (nb nc) ç t i ls se ,h b td n c sis mt.n .3 4 3 7 , 8 4h r 2 0 ) e a l.û hs a t tp te t e At r t d mo taep ee t r e wi t utmaeb r e o pes dn t c u th t(h p anit o e nsrt rtx meg s t he li t u d n f rua ig he o r t a t e litfl h ha bee t vitm ofi e i ldic i na i ' Lete iv.Euua l . 478 F. 640,646s n he c i nt ntona s rmi ton. ti r ' nt nc, 3d 47 (t Ci.2007)(iai andi ena quotto maksomit . 4h r cttons ntr l ain r ted) 1. Pri a Faci Case m e De e f ndan tr s t Co tt utlz a f z- r prm a f c e t t ba e on t o i na t lge he ur o iie otrpa t i a i es, s d he rgi l M c nnelDoucl fa wok,whi rquie apli ift s Do l as rme r ch e rs antf o how:()s i a me rofa 1 he s mbe p oe td ca s ( )s e s fe e a a v ree ly n a to ( )s ewa pef r ngh r o rt ce ls ; 2 h u fr d n d e s mpo me t cin; 3 h s ro mi e j b stsacorl a t tmeoft a re a to a ( t the poston r mane ope o wa aif t iy t he i he dves cin; nd 4) ha r ii e i d n r s fle by a smia l quaii d a iantou sde t pr t t ca s ECF No.25 a 3 Utlz ng il d i lry lte pplc t i he o eced ls . t 4. iii t st t De e ntdoes notdiput t tt non-e walof Sco ts c r c was a a r e hi es, f nda s e ha he r ne t' onta t n dve s e o e ac i buti a guest ts ha f ie t e t bls t ot rt e elm e soft mpl ym nt ton, t r ha he s a ld o sa ih he he hr e e nt he ts. e t ECF No.25 a 3 t 4. I anal ng Pl ntf s cl m ,how ever,t Courtagr w ih t Tent Cicui Courtof n yzi ai if' ai he ees t he h r t 13 Appeas t tt f e ng t t doe not S ty ft'a dai s h a t one he e,whe e a l ha he or goi es s t l i' nea m uc s he r r pli if a lgest t s was dic i i t d a i tbe us s di not s r he s pe viors antf le ha he s rm na e gans ca e he d ha e r u r s ' r l i u beif. h poi v Lo Almo Na' La .9 2F.d 1 3 ,1 3 - 0 ( 0h Ci.1 9 ) ei o s les S a l . s n s tl b, 9 2 0 3 0 7 1 38 1 t r 9 3 . g a l t d,t Sha i Co t a pt a modii prma f i e e i s h c e ,r quii a nsea he pola ur do ed fed i ace as n uc as s e rng p an ift s w ( )ta s e wa s b e td t s me a ves e o me ta to ( )ta, t h litf o ho 1 h t h s u j ce o o d re mply n cin; 2 h t a t e tme t e ly n a to wa tk n,h rj b p ro ma c wa s tsa tr ,a d ( )s me i he mpo me t cin s a e e o ef r n e s aif co y' n 3 o addii levi nc t s tona de e o uppo tt i e enc t tt e pl e ac i w e e t ke be us ofa r he nf r e ha he m oym nt tons r a n ca e dic i naor m o i ba e upon t e pl s rmi t y tve s d he m oyee' f l e t hol or f l her e oye ' s aiur o d olow mpl r s r lgi usbelef . F. a 1 ei o i s 992 2d t 038. TheSe nt Cic ta l rco t wihi t Fo t Cic tha a s ado edt st s ve h r ui nd owe urs t n he urh r ui ve lo pt hi e t i de lng wih apli if scli st tan e oye dic i natd a i thi bec us hedi not n ai t antf' am ha mpl r s rmi e gans m a e d s r t e pl r sor s r s ' r lgi be i f .See. g. Sa tr v.M ot r a. nc. l F. ha e he m oye ' upe vi or s e i ous le s e. , ta o ol 1 , 38 3d 1 6 1 6 - 0 ( t Ci.1 98 ;He e a v.S a s Ro b c & Co. 9 5 F.S p .8 3 8 6 3 1 4, 1 9 7 7h r 9 ) n c r e r . e u k ,6 u p 3 , 3 -7 ( D. . 1997 (ole tnga hort ad esi whehe aTil VI dici nai a ton les N. W Va. ) c lci ut iy dr sng t r te l s rmi ton ci i whe a pli ifalege t ta a s e oy e de ii r s t d fom he f iur t s e n antf l s ha n dver e mpl m nt c son e ule r r al e o har t emplyersrlgi viwsandconcudi t ti does;Ya e v. ' Ct.on l tt ins he o ' ei ous e l ng ha t l nc y Natl r nsiuto & Ale tv s 9 6F.S p 9 5, 4 ( M d 1 9 ) a fd 1 9 W L 1 6 3 (t Ci.1 9 ) tmaie , 8 u p. 4 95 D. . 9 7 , f . 9 8 9 7 3 4h r 9 8 (ol wi t He g r c u ts la a d a o tn t s me ts fo S a la .Se as f lo ng he ne a o r' e d n d p ig he a e t ' m h poi) e lo r La e v.M ar.l ,955 F. 902,9 06 ( h Ci.1 2)( r pl ntf cai hewa wrnce s nc. 2d 05- 4t r 99 whee ai if l med s ds h r e b c u eo h sr l in, h p i f ce c s r q ie hi t t 1 p o et a hi j b ic ag d e a s f i ei o t e rma a i a e e ur d m o d ) r v h t s o g ( pef manc was stsacor a ( prs ntdie t o i rc e de e whos c ai ror e aif t y, nd 2) e e rc r ndie t vi nc e umultve pr bai f c s o tve or e upporsaras bl i ee t thi dic r wasdici nao f' (iai t e ona e nfrnce ha s s hage s rmi tr ) cttons omitd) te . 14 The Cour c udest tt si a a o it prma f ci c e t us i t ca e a ba . t oncl ha hi s n ppr pra e i a e as o e n he s t z Undert st t t r i no r quie e tt tPli ifbeam e rofapr eced cas ,snc ûti hi es, he e s e r m n ha a ntf mbe ot t l s i e t s i t e rlgo s beif o te e o e,a d t e fc t a ( anit d e no s ae t m,t a h ei iu les f h mply r n h a t h t Pli t l o s t h r he h t f consiue t ba i of t cam . Sha i 992 F. a 1 ttt he ss he li ' pola, ' 2d t 038.Put dfee l it hee ifrnty, twl r di c i i ton i no t r e e aga ns a pa tg a r l g on,but a i tt e w ho do no s r a s r m na i s t a g t d i t r i ul r e i i ga ns hos t ha e pa tculr r i i us belef t us oft pr e t cls f t i i ppr ra e' I ;s e a s ri a elg o i , he e he otc ed a s acor s na op it .' d. e lo Ve esv.CiyofDephi 1 F.d 956,972(t Ci.1 )(nc e ofsmia dici naor ntr t l , 23 3 7h r 997 i ontxt i lr s rmi t y tr n to cam,é h tmatr .. i n ts mu hwha (h pli ifs o r l i u b l f emi ai n li çwq a t s . s o o c l e t t e ant q wn ei o s ei s f g e wee b tg rs pevs rs a sre p r e to t ts dd n ts aeh so ' i s c ac s r , u he u r io ') se td ec p in ha he i o h r i wn' n u h ae ' , t plitf ç e d n tp ta lb lo h ro rlgo sb le s (h ln e o l s o t a h r he an if l e o u a e n e wn eiiu eif, s e e d ny h w h t e n p r eve r lgo s s o to n s( e u wi ig e st srv f rs lain a r rs p r io ) e c i d ei iu h rc mi g h r n l n n s o tie o av to s he u e vs r l unde sood i,f e rt t or xampll'pr e he dic ge.Si lry,t r i no r quie ntt e' omptd r shar ) mial hee s e rme hat Pl ntf s w s wasr pl c wih s m e out i t pr e t d das . ai if ho he e a ed t o one sde he otc e s Tt- ng t n t t e de e ast ea h oft elm e soft Sha i prm af ci c e, uni he o he vi nc o c he e nt he pola i a e as i i undiput t tan ad r eaci n wa t ke a i tSc ti t f on t non-e walof ts s ed ha ve s to s a n gans ot n he onu he r ne he ann c r c .Si fc nty,he c r c pr ous y ha be n r ne ed e h ye r f m or r ual ont a t gnii a l r ont a t evi l d e e w ac a or e t t n ye r . As not d, t Boa d doe no c le han e as e he r s t ha l nge t t t s e e e ha be n m e . Se ha hi l m nt s e t e ce r lv ECF No. ne al 25. Ast t s co e e nt t Cour c l o he e nd l me , he t oncudest tt r i a diput off c ast whe he ha he e s s e a t o t r Sc t'j bp roma c wa s tsa tr a tet h rc nr c wa n t e e d. ranl,he ots o e fr n e s aifco y t h i e o ta t s o r n we Ce ti y t me Boa d ha putf rh a e e de et tPli ifwashavi peror ncepr e s Butt r i r s o t mpl vi nc ha antf ng f ma obl m . he e s as s lo ome e de ,a s fcint e de e fom whi a ra ona e j y co d fnd,t t vi nce nd ufi e vi nc r ch e s bl ur ul i ha Pl i if s pe f r a w as s ts a t r Fis a f e os ,bo h oft i vi ua s w ho m a a ntf ' r o m nce a i f c o y. r t nd or m t t he ndi d l de 15 t de son not t r w Pl i ifs c r c wr t he f vo a e lte s of r co me to he cii o ene antf' onta t o e r a r bl e tr e m ndai n i e ae y afe s wa t r naed.Se ECF No.27- ECF No. 27- Thes l te s pr i e mm dit l tr he s e mi t e 20, 21. e et r a s Pl i ifa he w o k pe f m a e a a e a s c it ntwih Pl i ifst tmony t tW eie antf nd r r ror nc nd r lo onsse t antf esi ha lr t l h rs o t a trs ewa tr n td < k o y uddag o o . Sc t De a 1 6 8 od e h rl fe h s e miae ,t n w o i o dj b' ot p. t 8 - 7. y 1 ' De e ntha i pl edt Cour t l k a wha t r co e to lte sdono s y. f nda s m or he t o oo t t he e mm ndai n et x ta SeeECF N o.29 a 5- 8.Fo e mpl De e ntpont outt to oft lte sdoe notsa e t 6, r xn e, f nda i s ha ne he e tr s tt t ti acualy tec ha t t l E omme 'Scotf anyj b andt tnet rlte e esl sae t tScot r nds' t or o ha ihe elr xpr sy tts ha t wa pef r ng stsa t rl f rteBo r o i h rp e e t o 1 Bu i ve n b t lte s s ro mi aifco i o h a d r n e rs n j b. d. t n iwi g oh etr y f om t pe s c i ofa f ur pot ntale pl r who r c ve t m ,t m es a c r he r pe tve ut e e i m oye e ei d he he s ge onveye i d s m uch sm pl r (sco tw as a g ea e pl e. Forexa pl ,Knot ' l teri ude t s a e e , i e :ç t r t m oye ' ' m e ts e t ncl s he t t m nt ûshe ha a pr e so lde nor a wor t as it al sa fa sude st t be tof he t s of s i na mea nd ks o ss l tf nd t nt o he s r a lt .' ECF N o. 27- 8 W e l r s l te gi s Sc t 1 s r biiy ' 20. ie ' e t r ve ot $ t ong r om m e ton f a ec nda i or e ly n . ECF No 2 - .I sae ,i p t t a lsh ma e fin e sl ml ofr mpo me t' ' . 7 21 t tt s n m' h t t l e k s re ds a i d fe s , g y s uppor t t fculy and sude s'a t s hoola t ttg e us ofhe i epes na s ls t o he a t t nt' t he c nd ha tbqca e r ntr ro l kil a snc r co en f ot r,s wilbe s ey mis d a t shool' Ja I i udest nd i ee nc r or hes he l orl s e t he c .' .. t ncl p he sae nt t t tll wil pr t be a val bl a st t a or ni to ' a t t he ttme ha çshe l ove o ua e se o ny ga zain' nd ha t rnteg)s wilbrngt sa lt t c t a e s he l i hi biiy o onnec wih ohe st adif e or niai wiht gua t t t r o fernt ga z ton t he s me postvei ct' 1 M or ove ,net rl te gve a f t e e oye a r as t t lk t t n ii mpa . d. e r ihe e tr i s u ur mpl r e on o hil ha ' Sc t w as no pe f m i s ts a t r l ot t r or ng a i f c o iy. t co r r bot l te s a e e r m el he nt a y, h e t r r xt e y c plm e a y. The pr de t r f e a l s s m e e de e t t s w as pe f r i om i nt z y ovi , he e or , t ea t o vi nc ha he r o m ng s t s ac or l A ddii na l Pl i if t s ii t t W eie t d he ,a t he t m i t o t the a i f t iy. to ly, a ntf e tfed ha l r ol r fer r er na i n, ha k e s eh dd n ag o j b. c t De a 1 6 8 . n w h a o e o d o S ot p. t 8 - 7 8Def ndantur t E o t bes ofhera lt 'qualfesa di i s t sat e . ECF No. e ges hat t he t t biiy' ii nd m nihes he t em nt 29 a 5.Butt se enc alo i udest wor çal saf,'whih woul i udeDonohoe. t he nt e s ncl he ds G l t f' c d ncl 16 Sec ond,Pli ifse l tonsha bee good a e n he fna e l ton wasmosl a ntf vaua i d n nd ve r i l vaua i ty postve. l ed, Sc ls fna pe f manc e ua i s ii nde ot' i l ror e val ton hows t t s r ceve t hi t ha he e i d he ghes pos i e m a k i ne ry al a e t t we e not i c e by he r l i hi wih Donohoe. sbl r n a l 1 r as ha r mpa t d r eatons p t Ac or ngl t ei s t inte de et e t bls t s co m o ofaprm af c eca e. c di y,her s ufk e vi ne o sa ih he e nd ng i ai s W he he o notPl i ifhasputf r h s t i nte de oft tna e em e ofhe prm a t r r a ntf o t ufk e vi nce he i l l nt r i f ci ca e i a c os r c l I l ng ata lt e de e be or t Cou t t r i c ranl a e s s l e al. n ooki l he vi nc f e he r, he e s e ti y s t nta e denc t ts ubs a i l vi e ha ugge t t tSc tsw or pe f r a w a t r as he c r tw as s s ha ot' k r o m nce s he e on r ontac notr ne d.Butt r a e a s f c ss e we he e r l o a t uppo tng Sc tscli t tt r as f he t r i ton ri ot' a m ha he e on or r e m na i wa r lgi dic i i ton. s ei ous s rm na i I pa tc a ,Do hoe' i n riul r no s nputwa c u i li t decson t no r ne Sc tsco r c , s r c a n he ii o t e w ot' nta t a Donohoe i t i vi ua who pur t y pos e s d t r i ous a musand e ge i nd s he ndi d l poredl s s e he elgi ni nga d n t har s m e . W hie Do hoe m i not ha bee Sc ts s r s r f r pur e of he a s nt l no ght ve n ot' upe vio o pos s de e m i ng vi a i la lt i a ha a s en s t s V a e v.B a l St t U ni , 1 S.Ct t r ni c r ous i biiy n r s m t ui, ee nc l ae v. 33 . 2434,2439( ) a wa nott pe s t tf mal madet de iin nott rnew Scot' 2013, nd s he ron ha or ly he cso oe ts c r t Donohoe c ranl plyed ac ucilr ei t dec son t t nni t Sc t Ast Fom' ontac , e ti y a r a ol n he ii o e na e ot. he t h Cic tha e pl ne çlil VI ...( )notlmi t dic i nai i uiyt t acinsor rui s x ai d, s-te 1 does i t he srmi ton nq r o he to sae e s of f mal decsonmake s f r t e pl r' b c n a s i l a s or nae t tm nt or ii r o he m oye , ut a l o ncude ub di t ' e oye i t s di t wa l i pa l r ponsbl 'f t pl ntf sfrng. l,354 F. mpl e f he ubor na e s i nci ly es i e' or he ai if ii Hil pr 3d a 28 , 9 ( u tn Re ve v. a d ro Plmbn Pr d .J c,5 0 U. 1 3 l ( 0 0 ( t 8 2 0 q oi g e s S n e s n u ig o ss n . 3 S. 3 , 51 2 0 :.To slvves mmayj d me t a a g iv d e lye wh rss ge)d srmiain cam u n t i u r u g n , n g re e mp o e o et h r ici n to li po r t dic i i t y motva i of a s di t e oye m us c e f wa d wih s fc e he s rm na or i tons ubor na e mpl e t om or r t ufii nt e de t t t s di t e oye pos e s d s h a ho iy as t be viwed a t one vi nce ha he ubor na e mpl e s s e uc ut rt o e s he prnc paly r ponsbl f t de i i ....' d. t29l i i l es i e or he c s on 'I a . l t scae,Pl ntf ha stsidt tbm de f pur e ofs n hi s ai if s aife ha n or pos s ummayj r udgme .twa nt l s Donoho w ho fr t br e i s ought t t a t nton of t a i sr t s t t s ha c o he te i he dm ni ta or ha he d once ns a ut r bo Scol spe f m a .I wa Donohoe who m onio ed,prm a iy e l t and o r a Sc ts t' ror nce t s tr i rl vaua ed, ve s w ot' pe f ma e i he fnalye r Li wie i wa Donohoe' i ror nc n r i a . ke s , t s s nputt twasc i r by a ld ha onsde ed nd e t t d ii by bo h W el ra Knot t f ma de ii m a r he e M or ove ,alt o he ecsons t ie nd t he or l c son- ke s r . e r l he a e ofw ea s no ed b W e l rw e e a e s ofdif c t t tSc tha i he r a i hi w ih r as kne s t y ie r r a fi uly ha ot d n r el tons p t Donohoe. As t whehe ornotDonohoe pos e s d a r lgi a must r Sc t t Cour o t r s s e ny e i ous ni owa d ot, he t ac know l dgest tD onohoe de ese rha a s ng ordi crm i tng a ns Sc ton t bas s of e ha ni ve r s i s i na i gai t ot he i r i o A sD onohoe e a ns i,he hi t r wih Sc tga he no r s t t nk t tr i ous elgi n. xpl i t r s o y t ot ve r ea on o hi ha elgi ove t e we e i a wa unwe c e Tha hit y i l rur s r n ny y l om . t sor ncuded pr yi t t r s rng t i f ih a ng ogehe , ha i her a t t t ra c oge he , nd onductby Sc the s f s h a gi ng Donohoe a ca d i whi s wr e t t ot r el, uc s vi r n ch he ot ha D onohoe w ashe i i ta s s e ' a w rtng,i a 2004 Chr sm as c r t the ç a r'f r d si n it r' nd ii n chr it a d, ha r t ye ' or pr Do o o wa p a e a dj yf rDo o o a d h rf miy Ba e o alo t s Do h e sae n h e s e c n o o n h e n e a l . s d n l f hi, no o ttd t ts C d no r as t beleve t tM s Sco tdi notweco e my e e so ofr lgi ha he t ha e on o i ha . t d l m xpr s i ns e i on whe s s waml e ese t m t me. ECFNo.25- Do hoeDe l a !7. n he o r y xpr s d he o ' ' 7, no c. t The Co ttnds how e r t tt r i a l s a di put off c o t s i s ,snc Sc t ur i , ve , ha he e s t ea t s e a t n hi s ue i e ot h sp e e td u d s u e e i e c t a s ed d n tj i t eBi esu y g o p whe a k d a d a r sn e n ip td v d n e h t h i o o n h bl td r u n se, n di no atndt r lgi rtea whe a ke Shealo t d Do hoe( c i 1 t ts d t te he ei ous er t n s d. s ol no ba k n 995) ha he w a no c f r a e be nni e ch da wih a pr r or de i lbef r wor a D onohoe s t om o t bl gi ng a y t aye votona oe k nd e e s d t Scot i 1 t tDonohoe kne Sco tw a n' c f t bl pr yi a w o k.Ba e xpr s e o t n 998 ha w t s t om ora e a ng t r sd o t e efcs teCo r c n ld st a ara o a ej r c ul tn t a: 1 Do o o k e t e n h s a t,h u t o cu e h t e s n bl u y o d i d h t ( ) n h e n w h ove t eswee notweco a nonehel spe sse i ma ng t m;( t tt c i d rur r l me nd t es ritd n ki he 2) ha he ontnue 18 rj cin o t e eo e t e ld Do o o t e laea d ciiiePlitf swo k mo eh rhy; ee to f h s v rurs e n h e o vau t n rtcz anif r r a s l and ( t t wee i no f Donohoe' ciiims a has e l tons Pli ifs c r c 3) ha, r t t or s rtcs nd rh vauai , antf onta t woul ha be n r we I t Cou ts viw ,t e de s d ve e ene d. n he r ' e he vi nce uppori a c us llnk be we n tng a a i t e t rj ce r lgo so e trsb Do o o a dt eno r n wa o S otsc n rc i we k b t he ee td ei iu v rt e y n h e n h n-e e l f c t' o ta t s a , u l s tcintt wihsa s ufi e o t tnd ummay j me .See e. ,Eva ,80 F. a 960 (nsr tng t t r udg nt s g. ns 3d t i tuci ha whe t heevi nc cr a esa cos cal...wem us r m e rt tûhebur n ofe t bls ng a nl t de e e t l e l , t e mbe ha s t de sa ihi prmafci ca eofdipa aete t nti notone o ' ( t i o te . i ae s s rt rame s r us' ciaton mitd) ) 2. Pret ext Ha ng c l d t tSc thasesa ihe aprm af ci ca e t Cour ea iy fndst t vi oncude ha ot t bls d i a e s , he t sl i ha t Boa d ha m e isbur n o pr ton a putf rh a l tma e no dic i i t r r as he r s tt de f oduc i nd o t egii t , n- s rm na o y e on f he t r na i Thus t Cour' fna i uiy i whehe t r i s fcinte de et tt or r e mi ton. , he ts i l nq r s t r he e s ufi e vi nc ha he r as gi n i a pr t f a di c i i t o A ga n,t f vor e l t e s of r c m e ton e on ve s e ext or s r m na i n. i he a abl el r e om nda i s ppor Pl ntf s ar um e of pr t xt Se e. ,J m s v.W a - a tSt r s Eas L. ,201 u t ai i f g nt e e . e. c. ol on lM r o e s k P. 3 W L 1 6 51 ,* ( . N. 2 3 ( e yng dee d n ' s mmay j d me t moin whee 1 3 1 7 W D. C. 01 ) d n i fn a ts u r u g n to r e de e of pr t xt i ude f tt t s vior tnni tng pl i if ofe e hi a l te of vi nc e e ncl d ac ha uper s e na i antf f r d m e tr rc e omme to at ndain, lhough noi t t t ofe ima ha be n nohi mo e t n Ehe tng ha he fr i y ve e t ng r ha t s r s 'je i lrs ns t tr nai a find' M o e r t s me e de t t upeviors motona epo e o emi tng re ). r ove , he n vi nce ha s ppore t fna e e e of Pl i ifs prma f ce c e es i l whe co e wih t u td he i l l m nt antf i a i as , pecaly n upld t he e de e of pr txt i alo m i ma l s fce e de e t s w t t t r al r as f vi nc ee , s s ni ly ufi int vi nc o ho ha he e e on or Pl i t f s non-e a of he c r c w a r lgi a n if r new l r ont a t s e i ous di c i i ton. Se e. , Re ve v. s rm na i e. c. e s Sa ron Plz ng Pr s l ,530 U. 1 1 ( ndes tmbi oducta nc. S. 33, 48 2000)(t pli ifsprmaf ce ca e ça antf' i a i s , c ne wih s fce e de et lndt tt e oye ' a s tdj ttc ton i fle,ma ombi d t ufiint vi nc o i ha he mpl rs sere usiiai s as y 19 pemi t tiroffc t co l t tt e oye unlwf l dici nae l. r t he re a t o ncude ha he mpl r a uly s rmi td' g At t s he umma y j r udgme sa t Co ts ts i t dee ne whehe t r i nt tge, he ur' a k s o tnni t r hee s s fi in e ie c fo whih ara o a l j r c u dfndf rSc t, ft eds u e fcswee u tce t vd n e r m c e s n b e u y o l i o o ti h ip td a t r r s l di he fvo . ra1 ft f r g igra o ,heCo r c n l d sta ar a o a l j r e ove n r a r Fo 1 o he o e on e s ns t u t o cu e h t e s n be u y c ul s tn ,a d tusi DENI te Bo r ssl r j d me tmoin a t te rlg o o d o id n h t ES h ad' l mmay u g n to s o h eiius dicrmi ton cai i t no r wa ofSc tsc r t s i nai l m n he n-ene l ot' ontac . C.Re ai i Cl m t laton ai The f n e or f a l ng Sc ts r t la i c ai i s m ia t t e e e s of a r m w k or na yzi ot ' e a i ton l m s i l r o he l m nt prm a f ci ca e ofdic r dic s i t pr c di s to Specfc ly,t pr aprma i a e s s ha ge s us ed n he e e ng eci n. ii a l o ove i faci ca ef rtlai a e oye mus s w t t ( )s e ge i apr ece a tviy; e s or eaiton, n mpl e t ho ha: 1 he nga d n ot td ci t ( )te e l y rto a v re e ly n a to a an tte e o e ;a d ( )a s fiin 2 h mp o e o k d e s mp o me t ci n g i s h mply e n 3 u fce t c us l co a a mwc i e ss bewe t pr t t d a tviy and t a r e e pl e t aci n. ton xit t en he o ece c i t he dve s m oym n to Leteiv.Equa ,I .478 F. 640,6 50& n.2 ( h Ci.2007) Br ntv.Ai n Re onal tir nt nc, 3d 494t r 4 va ke gi M e ca Ce es l ,333 F. 536,543 ( h Ci.2003) As wih he e rircam,tgq t di l ntr. nc. 3d 4t r . t r ale li sif he panife tbih sg)p i fcec s ,te b r e s it t te e lye ...io a t u ae a litf sa ls e a rma a i a e h u d n h fs o h mp o r t ri lt c l ii a e nondic i i t y r s f rt a s e oy e a ton.' Le te i 478 F. a eg tm t , s rm na or ea on o he dvere mpl m nt c i '' tir, 3d t 646 ( tng Hilv.Loc dM a tn Loasi M c .l ,354 F.d 277,285( h Ci.2004) quoi l khee ri itcs mt. nc. 3 4t r (n b n l;s e as t .a 65 (p yn t p ee ta ay i t rt l to cam) Th n ûhe e a cl e lo 4 t 1 a plig he r tx n lss o eai in li . e , û a t bur n r tuns t t pl i if t s de e t ' o he a ntf o how t t the e pl rs pr f r d pe m i s bl r s f ha t m oye ' of e e r s i e ea on or 9 The Boar f es heaviy on Pl ntf s s d ocus l ai if uppos (adm ison' t Knot t m i t her ed d s i ' hat l er na ed b c us ,a af r rc a h h viwe h ra t ( a plye . Se ECF No. a 8( s u sn S o t e a e s o me o c , e e d e s he t k a r' e we ' 29 t dic s ig c t De a 1 7- 8 .Butt s( d s in' c n tb a t weg t e Bo r a sg t i.S o tma h ve p. t 8 8 ) hi ç miso ' a no e r he iht h a d s ins o t c t y a a beleved s wast w ea pl asbet i he he ker ayer ween he and Donohoe and t i oneoft hadt befr or r hat f hem o ied tans e r i was goi t be her I t onl r on one oft r f r ed, t ng o . f he y eas hem had t go,how e r was becaus of o ve , e r i ousdicrm i ton,t n t f tt Scot admis s w aseasert r acedoesnotdoom hercl m . elgi s i na i he he ac hat t t he i o epl ai Putdif enty,i t pr em si t wor ng r atons p we e m anuf ct ed or c fer l f he obl n he ki el i hi r a ur oncoc ed by Donohoe t becaus Scot r us her r i ous overur ,t Scot' satm entdoes notequat wih an adm i i e t ef ed elgi t es hen ts t e e t sson t r i on wasnott ca e ofhe t m i ton. hat elgi he us r er na i 20 tl a a re e oyme a ton i a t ly a prtxt f dicrmi ton.' L a 646 adng n dve s mpl nt ci s cual ee or s i nai '' 4. t ( i Hil354F. a 285) quotng l, 3d t . l a r e decson,t Supr m eCour ha e n ec nt ii he e t s mphasze t ta Til VI r t la i cli i d ha te I e a iton am r quiest t co pl ntbe t butf c us oft r t la or aci Uni ofTx.Sw.M e . e r hat he m ai he -or a e he e a it y ton. v. d Ct.v.Na s r l S.Ct 251 2534 ( 3 .Thati,a Til V1 r aiton pli ifmus r s a, 33 . 7, 201 ) s te 1 etlai antf t e t bls t t ç pr e e a i t w a a butf c e of t a l ge a r e ac i n by t s a ih ha t her ot ct d ctviy s - or aus he le d dve s to he e ly r' a d n tmeey a ç t aig fco . S e L= Ag i dth ut t q e to i mpo e y n o rl t i t a tr' e d. an, ç j e lmae u sin s ' mo v n ' l i whehe t e oye i e inal (et itdl a pr t tûhe e o rspr fr d ras t r he mpl r ntnto ly r alae , nd oof ha t mplye ' ofe e e on i unpe s i or e n obvi l c rved,does no ne es a iy esa ih t tt pl i iFs s r uasve, ve ousy onti t c s rl t bls ha he antf pr fr d r s ...i co rc.'Ree s 530 U. a 1 47 (uoi St Mar s 5 U. a ofe e ea on s re t'' ve , S. t 46- q tng . y', 09 S. t 5 4 .d i n te o g .. t d s eiv t e lye; h fcfn e mus b le etep anifs 2 ) Et s o n u h . o ib le e he mp o r t e a tid r t eiv h litf l e a t o 'ofr t i ton.St M ar s 509 U . a 51 xpl na i n' e ala i . y' , S. t 9. As dic s d,Sc t al ge t t a tr s co pl i d a utt alege dic i i t y s us e ot le s ha fe he m ane bo he l d s rm na or aci ofDo hoe (is t W eieri Augus or Se e tons no frt o l n t ptmberof2005 ,a agan dtrng t ) nd i li he f m a i e l ton pr e s as wel as t ough he f m a com pl nt t t Boa d i M a c or tve va ua i oc s , l hr r or l ai o he r n rh 2006,s was t r na e he e mi t d.The Boa d c t nds t t t r i no c us e de r on e ha he e s a al vi nce lnki he i ng r c pl nt ofr lgi di c i i ton t he t m i ton.ECF N o.25 a ECF N o.29 a 6- l om ai s e i ous s rm na i o r er na i t t 9. n pa tc a ,i poi soutt tSc tspe f r nc pr e sha ale y bee notd a cal d t riul r t nt ha ot' r o ma e obl m d r ad n e nd le o he a t n i n w he s fr tc pl i d a r te to n he is om a ne boutr i ousdi c i i ton by D o hoe l a s poi s elgi s r m na i no . t l o nt t t s me pe f m a e pr e s i r le on a is no dic i i t y r as f he o he a ror nc oblm t e is s t n- s rm naor e on or r t na i enni ton. Agan,aswih Pl ntf scli ofdipa ae te t nt t Cour beive i a c os ca e i t ai if am s r t r a me , he t le s t l e s whehe t r t i ton ca m s ul be pe mitd t c i t ti l I pa tc a ,t Co t t r he ealai li ho d r te o ontnue o ra . n ri ulr he ur 21 fnds i c i ust tScot' frtc i t uro ha ts is ompl n ofha as me ba e on r i on di notoc t untl ait r s nt s d elgi d ctr i a t r s ha r c ve t l te i A ugus 2005 s ti f t pr e s wih he pe f m a e t f e he d e ei d he e t r n t e tng or h obl m t r r or nc he pror s hoolye . Se ECF N o.27- 3 a 4.N one he es ,f t s m e r a ons de c i when i c ar e 1 t t l s or he a es s rbed dic sng he dic i i ton i t r nai n c am ,t Cour concudest r a e diput off c s us i r s rm na i n e mi to l i he t l he e r s es a t a t whehe Sc twa tr naed be us ofherown j pe f ma e,orwheheri wa s o t r ot s emi t ca e ob ror nc t t s Scot' c pl nt a t s om ai s boutr i i har s m e t tc us d he t r na i elg ous a s nt ha a e r e mi ton. Ac o dn l ,h Cou t c r ig y te r DENI sl r u g n o Plitf' r tlaincam. ES l mmayj d me t n an ifs eaito li D . H os ie W or Envi onm e r aras m e C l m tl k r nt s nt ai l he t r a fnalcl i ,Sco ta l ge t ts e re d di c i i ton i t f m n r hi d nd i am t le s ha he xpe i nce s rm na i n he or ofa hosie wo k e r tl r nvionmen ba e on r i on.To s ce d on he r lgi har s m e tcai , t sd elgi uc e r ei ous a s n l m S otmu td mo srt ta ar a o a l j r c ul fn t e h r sme t ()t lo ;() c t s e n tae h t e s n b e u y o d id h a a s n : 1 mwec me 2 bec us ofhe rlgi ()ts fce l s vee orpe va i t atrt c tonsofpl ntf s a e r ei on; 3 <ufiinty e r r sve o le he ondii ai if e oy nta t ce t a a i wor e r nt'a ( t tt r i s bassf mpl me nd o rae n busve k nvionme i nd 4) ha he e s ome i or ' i putng labiiy t pl i if s e pl r M os y-Gr nt v.Ciy of H ac r t m i i lt o a ntf ' m oye . b a t e s own,630 F. 3 3d 26, 3 4 ( t Ci.2 0 (uoig EEOC v.Ce ta W hoe ae s I c,5 3 F.d 1 7 1 5 (t Ci. 3 4h r 01 ) q tn n rl ls lr . n . 7 3 6 , 7 4 h r 2009) An afr tve dee e i avalbl t e o r t t ç n de tae by ). fimai fns s ia e o mplyes ha t ca monsrt, prpo rnceoft e de ,t t( )(he txe cs d ras bl caet prve ta c r t e ndea he vi nce ha 1 t yj e r ie e ona e r o e n nd orec pr l a haa sngbeha or;a ( t pli ifSmr s nabl fie t tkead nt of ompty ny rs i vi ' nd 2) he antf t ea o y ald o a va age a pr ve i or c r c i o runii s pr de by t empl ny e ntve ore tve ppo t te ovi d he oyer o t a d hn m r o voi r ot r s .'J . t1 ( i Buri t I us.nc.v.Ele t 5 U. 742,765( 998 ) he wie''. a 86 quotnc lngon nd .l 4 lrh, 24 S. 1 ). The Boa d c e t t Sc tc nnot e t bls a of t el m e s of he hos ie w o k r ont nds ha ot n s a ih ny he e nt r tl r envionm ent cl m . l cl m s frs t Scot never i or ed or engaged i ac i t i onn r ai t ai i t hat t nf m n t on o nf 22 nvia i w e c ne 0 cond, t Boa d Donohoe t t her r i ous ove t r s or i t tons ' er unwel ol .1 Se ha elgi rl e z he r c ends t t Pli if ca t s ts y t s c ont ha a ntf nno a if he e ond pr of he ca m a s ong r li nd how t t s i a ha he s m e r o t m o e t d c a s bec us t c l nge c mbe f he t c e l s , a e he hale d onduc m us be ç o i t d by r lgi us t t û tva e m ei o a most 'a i i i notç ufk i ntt tt al ge ha a s e onl r ae t r i on.'ECF ni iy' nd s t s c t e ha he le d r s m nt y elt o elgi ' s No.25a 25- (ii EEOC v.St l Re as 5 F.3d306,31 ( h Ci. ) Gila v. t 26 ctng mbet ntl, 21 4 4t r 2008 ; lim S CtDe tofJ nieJ tc 474F. 1 1 43( hCi.2007 1 p' uve l usie, 3d 34, 42- 4t r :.1 The Cour r t is dec son,howe r o a na r r g ound.Spe iialy,t Co t t ess t ii ve , n rowe r c fc l he ur c udest t Sc thasf l t putf rh s fc e e de t e t bls t t r elme of oncl ha ot aied o o t ufi i nt vi nce o sa ih he hid e nt he hosie wor e r r tl k nvionmen cai ,whih r quie he t s t lm c e r s r o how t tt ofe ng c ha he f ndi ondud was 1 I connecton wih t s ar 0n i t hi gument t Boar poi s outt va i occasons on whi Scot d nt he rous i ch t , he made r er ef encest r i on i a postve w a Thes i ude he ha wrten not t Donohoe cali o elgi n ii y. e ncl r nd- it es o lng Donohoe her (chrs in sit ' a t I ita ser' nd hanki Donohoe f her dmat i and s rt ' git.The al ng or T eral piiual' fs y so i ude t f t when D onohoe a ot r t cher br ncl he act hat nd he ea s ought Sc tback a copy of t r i ous ot he elgi mat i s fom t conf ence,s wr e t eral r he er he ot hank you not and s d t nk you i pe s She di nott l es ai ha n r on. d el t m t s di notwantt ort tt m at i sw e e unw el he hat he d hem ha he eral r come. 1 The Cour ' r i ast t t r el 1 ts ulng o he hid ement of Sc ts cl m obvi est need f a e ended ot' ai at he or n xt dicus i of t s a gument Butt Cour not t Til Vl s defnii of tr i on' i udes $ 1 s son hi r . he t es hat te l' i ton ielgi ' ncl $ al a pe t o rlgiuso e v nc a prcie a we la beif .... 4 U. C.j20 e ,a ta t e s cs f e i o bs r a e nd a tc , s l s le ' 2 S. ' 00 U) nd h t h sat e pr ec sper t ut ot t sonswho ar notm embe ofor zed r i ous gr e rs gani elgi oups aswel asat ss Younz v. l heit . Souhwe tr Sa ng a Loa Asoc,5 F. 1 0,1 & n. (t Ci.1 ) EEOC v.To e t sen vi s nd n s . 09 2d 4 42 3 5h r 975 ; wnly Eng' & M f Co.85 F.d 61 61 - 4 n. ( t Ci.1 8) M orov r a t dititc r i Sh poi g g. , 9 2 0, 3 1 5 9 h r 98 . e e , s he src ou t n a la r ecogni zed,Til V1 f bi r quii (r i ous conf m iy' i or t r ve t f r and equal te l or ds e rng Telgi or t ' n der o ecei he ai te t n b a e o r Sh poi v.LosAlmosNa .La o ao v 77 F.Su 3 4,305 ( N. . ra me t y n mplye . a la a t b r tr , 3 pp. 0 D. M 1 2)(ii Yo )( r Plitf alg d t thewa dic i nae a i tbe a e he a a d on99 ctng ung whe e an if le e ha s s rmi t d gans c us , s t n Mor 'do sn ts r hi s e vs r 'r lg o beif,hesae acam o r lgiusdic i nai n . mony e o hae s up r io s eii us l s tt d li f ei o s rmi to ) ' e Th ,Plitf salg tont ts wa ds rmi tda i tbyDon oef rb i as rt lp ron( s us an if le ai ha he s ic i nae gans oh o eng pii e s a ua s e de c ie hes g o f b i ano e n lc lCh ita ma be s fiintt s o tt s c d h s rb s rel r or eng n-va geia rsin, y u fce o upp r he e on el ementofhercl m .I ot rwor ,t eneed notbe a m usagai tScot ' pr s r i on.Cf M as i ai n he ds her ni ns ts ecie elgi . se v.konOfke S ui ns l . 38lF.Su 2d91 1 0 ( D. Y.2 )(n c s wheeplitf came l f olto . nc, pp. , 0 N. N. 005 i a e r an if li d hi evangelcalChrsi s viorti t pr el i hi ,t ew asa l tan is off ctaswhet s i itan uper s red o os ytze m her t eas s ue a her t pl ntf wasi a pr ec ed cl s;t pl ntf wasnotan a heit buthad (wal t pahs ofm a he ai if n ot t as he ai if t s, s ked he t ny r iins';W en t i v.U. Ai For e 4 F.Su 2 1 66 ( 06 (n a esa ihme ca ec s , elgo ' l isen S. r c , 68 pp. d 3 , 20 ) i n tbls nt lus a e a essng a cl m alegi t t e ddr i ai l ng ha vangelcal Chrsi t may be a dif e ca e y of r i on t i itaniy fer nt t gor elgi han S n-va eia Ch ita '.Se alo Ba r Ha i ,Ame ia Eva elc l:A Co e r r Hitr û e ng lc l rsin' e s ry nkns no ) rc n ng ias ntmpo a v so y o M ansr a Re ii sM o me t 1 ( 00 (dEva eia s a editnc a t y ae dii d t e f i te m lgou ve n 86 2 8) t ng lc l) r si t nd he r vde , h y g a e di rs and s e com mon belef a t y ar cont i , am ong t s ves a wih r ve e har i s, nd he e entous hem el nd t no va e ia s' ,ctd i Lia S w Roy,The Eva eia Fooprnt 2011M ih.St L.Re 1 , ne ng lc l.) ie n s ha ' na lc l t i , c . v. 235 1 471. ( ) 2 176 2011. ûs fce l s ve eorpe v i t at rt c tonsofpli ifse oyme a t c e t a dufi inty e r r asve o le he ondii antf mpl nt nd o r a e n a i wor e r nm e .' os busve k nvio nt'M by-Gr nt 630 F. a 334. a , 3d t Eve i ac e e a tue i t i e ie y,t a lga i he e smpl do no rs t t n f c pt d s x n her ntr t he le tons r i y t ie o he l ve r uie t e t bls a hosie wo k e r nm e ,whi h t Sum e e Cour hasdes rbe e l eq r d o sa ih tl r nvio nt c he m t ci d as a w or pl ce t t i t r e t d w ih di c i i t y i tm i ton,r di ul a i ul. H a r s k a ha s c m a e t s rm na or n i da i i c e nd ns t' r i pe ' v.For itSys.I ,51 U. 1 21( 993)(ntr lquottonsa ciainsomitd) W hie klf . nc. 0 S. 7, 1 i ena ai nd tto te . l Sc tand Donohoe cea l ha dif t wor ng t t r a l a ti t i fnalt ye r ,Til ot l ry d fkuly ki ogehe , t e s n her i wo a s te V1 i no a tge r lc viiy c ' be us i t twe e t ca e ç woul be ltgai pa t I s t i ne a i lt ode' ca e f ha r he s s we d ii tng s s undowni e rs ma cr t fnc s'Ziki v. i t,547F. 220,228( hCi. ) n ve o ny icunsa e .' s e M nea 3d 4t r 2008 . W h l t eei e i e c t a Do ho ' c n u twa s b e tv l u etn t S ot t be ie h r s v d n e h t no es o d c s u j ciey ps t g o c t, o i a to a e te c n u tmu tas h v b e o jciey u r a o a l.Th si s b c u e n t cin bl, h o d c s lo a e e n b e tv l n e s n b e i s o e a s o e r wor a ag ava i gi rs t a aci bl l alcli .Se Su l Re al.l . ve y kplce gr ton ves ie o n tona e eg am e nbet nt s nc, 521F. a 31 (û or ac sa enotawa hamo o l al ,a e ni i nt t twoul 3d t 6 t kpl e r W l ys r nius oc es nd ve ncde s ha d o j ciey gv rs t b u sd o wo n dfei swi n to ta a c u ts tsyt s v r o b e tv l ie ie o r ie r u de e l ng l o n h t c o n aif he e ee r l pe v ie sa r Some r lng wih t punc s i a fc of wor ac 1f '.Thus t r asv tndad. oli t he he s a t kpl e ie.' ) , he o j ci e p o o te ts i ç e in d t d sa r cams b s d o a idviu lsh pebe tv r ng f h et s û sg e o ifvo li a e n n n i d a' y r d s nstviy. EEOC v. ibr M e Clni P. , F. 320,328(t Ci. ) e ii t ' ' Far ook d. i c. A.609 3d 4h r 2010 . The Fourh Cic thassa e t tt dee m i whehe ar a ona epe s woul fnd a t r ui tt d ha o tr ne t r e s bl r on d i wor envionm e hosie,c rs l da a1 t cic sa es i udi t fe k r nt tl ou t ook tt 1 he r um t nc , ncl ng he r quenc oft y he dic i i t y c s rm na or onduc ,iss rt whet ri i physc l t eae ng orhumiitng,oram e e t t eve iy, he t s ialy hr t ni la i r of e i ute a e; a w he he i t r as bl i e f r s w ih a e pl ye s w o k f ns ve t r nc nd t r t m e ona y nt r e e t n m o e' r pef ma e. Si eon v.De tof Co r Educ. 115 Fed.App' 11 1 ( h Ci.2004) ror nc ' nclt ' p' r. , x 9, 22 4t r ( publs d)( i Faaz rv.Boc Raon,524U. 775,787- ( 998 un ihe quotng r he a t S. 88 1 :. He e mos oft c r , t he onduc c t ompli a aned boutwasnote n te t r lgi butwa smpl ve id o e i on, s i y dia r e nto rt wa Do hoe alge y ma ged ( mima ge and i eace wih s g e me ve he y no le dl na or s na d) ntr td t Seo t W hieDonohoe' r i ousbele swe ea r nt Sc t doe nott siy t tDo t. l s elgi i f r ppa e , o' s t e tf ha nohoe e ver ma a ove tsa e e s t i c t t ts bele d Scotwasno s tcinty r i o o de ny r t t m nt o ndia e ha he ive t t ufi e l elgi us r hol I e w ih r gar t t s rpt e ve s or pr ye r que t t t w e e m i t n d n,t y. nde d, t e d o he c i ur r es a r e s s ha r te ow he e de ege r l s vi nc nealy upporst t a mos,Do hoelf notsi aplcewheeSc t tndot r) t ha, t t no et e n a r o t a hes c d s e t m .Butt r i ltl i a e denc t s oul e he he e s ite, f ny, vi e o how t tt not s w e e di e t d a Sc t ha he e r r c e t ot o i t nded t ups the ,c r ne o e r onve the ,o t s r r r o ugges t t s w as nots fc e l Cl s i n,ot r t ha he ufi i nty ui ta he t a t fc ta S o titprtd te ta wa Smi ry a ivtto t j i a Bil sud h n he a t h t c t n e ee h m h t y. i l l , n n iain o on be t y a g oup a t a t a r i o co e e ,e pe a l t a pe s w ho has w rte t i t r a r nd o tend elgi us nf r nce s ci ly o r on il n he nvie c r c li he a çchrsi n sse , a e smpl not t t of physc ly t e t ni or a d a lng r s ita itr' r i y ' he ype i a l hr a e ng hum ii tng c la i onduc f whi h Til V I w asm e ntt pr de a r m edy. t or c te I a o ovi e l s t m os of t e i i nt we e im oc n hor , t hes nc de s r l uous es i ly i lght of t c ext i , pec a l n i he ont n w hi h t y occ r d.The w e e no s ve e no w e e t y phys c l t e t ni orhlm ii tng. c he ur e y r t e r , r r he i aly hr a e ng l la i The Co tt c udes ba e o a 1t r lva f c or ,t tt r i no e ur hus oncl , s d n 1 he ee nt a t s ha he e s t noug e d e h vi enc fom whih aj y c d fnd t co uc a is t bes f e ty s r andpe v i t be r c ur oul i he nd t t s ue o ufkinl evee r asve o aci bl Se alo SunbetRe as l . 521F. 306 (t Ci.2008)Ctompli spr s tona e. e s l ntl. nc, 3d 4h r c ant emied o not ng m o e t r te t ntby co ke s c lous be vi r by one' s ror ,or a n hi r han ude r a me wor r , a l ha o s upe i s r i dif r nc of o ni a pe s lt c l c w ih one' s r i o a e not a tona e outne f e e e pi on nd r ona iy ont i t t s upe v s r r c i bl t rTil V1' (ntr cttonsa quotto maksomit ) mde te l' i enal iai nd ain r ) ted . A c or ngl t Cot ' G R AN TS Def nda ' sl m a y j d me t moin a t c di y, he ut e nt s lm r u g n to s o Pl ntf shos ie w or e r e c a m . ai i f tl k nvionm nt l i 25 E. Punii Dam a s tve ge The Boa d a s s e dimis lofPl i ifs r ques f punii da ges c endi r l o e ks s s a antf ' e t or tve ma , ont ng t ti c nnotbe he d labl f punii da a s be us i i a gove m e a e iy. ha t a l i e or tve m ge ca e t s nz nt l ntt ECF N o.25 a 3 (i n 4 U.. j 1 81 ( )1;Ci o Ne o t . c Co c rs l c,4 3U. 2 7 2 8 t 5 ct g 2 SC. 9 ab ( ) t f wp r v Fa t n e t. n . 5 S. 4 , 6 i v ( 9 1) Plitf fie t r s o dt t i agl n , i ri he b ifn o a a g me t a dt 1 8 ). anif ald o e p n o h s r l t et n r rei g r t r u n , n he me he Cour c l s i i w e l t ke A c r ngl t Cour G R AN TS t Boa d' m o i f t onc ude t s l a n. co di y, he t he r s ton or sz r u g n o ti is ea dh rb STRI Plitf' r q etf rpmiied ma e . l mmayj d me t n h s su n ee y KES anifs e u s o t tv a g s 1 1 C O N CLU SI N 1. O F r t sae r a o s fnd n ' s mmay j g n moin, ECF No. o he ttd e s n ,Dee a ts u z ud me t to I S G R AN TED I PA R T a D EN I I PA R T .The Cl r i die t d t s nd co e of t s N nd ED N ek s rce o e pi s hi me or ndum opi on a a c pa ng o de t al co ms ofr c d. m a ni nd c om nyi r r o 1 t el e or E NTER: hs <' dyo Au ut2 1 . T i f a f g s, 0 3 J m es C.Tur n k Se orU nie St t s Di t i tJ ni t d a e sr c udge 26
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