Johnson v. AT&T Mobility LLC, No. 4:2009cv04104 - Document 41 (S.D. Tex. 2010)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM AND ORDER GRANTING 16 MOTION to Compel Arbitration and Dismiss Action.(Signed by Judge Keith P Ellison) Parties notified.(sloewe)
Download PDF
<![CDATA[
UN I ED STA TES DI RI T C O U RT T ST C SO U TH ERN D I STR I O F TEX A S CT H O U STO N D I ISI N V O STEPH EN T. H N SO N , JO Pl ntff ai i , C I I A CTI N N O . 09- v 41 V L O 4: c - 04 V. A T& T M O BI I ,L. C . L TY L. , Dee f ndant . M EM O R AND U M A N D O RD ER Pe dn beo et Co r i AT&T M o lt L. C. Cr ee a t o C TTM ' M oin n ig f r he u t s bi y L. ' i S fnd n' r W ' ' to ) t Compe Ar tai ( .No.1 ) Ha ng c i r dt pate 'flngs a1r s e a o l bir ton. Doc 6. vi onsdee he ris ii , 1 epons s nd r ple t r t a t a i a e l w,t Cour fnds t e i s he e o, nd he pplc bl a he ti hatDe e nts M oton t Co l f nda ' i o mpe Ar tai s ul begr ntd. bir ton ho d a e BA C K G RO UN D 1 1. On Dec mbe 24,2009,Stphe T.J ms (û antf')fld a ca sa i lws ti e r e n ol on t i if' ie ls cton a ui n pl t s Cour on be l ofhi s l and a 1sm ia l st t d Te s c um e s who we e a l dl hi t ha f m ef 1 i lry iua e xa ons r r lege y wr ngf ly t xe f I e ets vce by ATTM . Pl i if c e t tt fr t$25 of a o u l a d or nt m er i s antf ont nds ha he is ny m o hl c r f l e e a e s s r i es whih i l ATTM ' wie e s da a plns i nt y ha ge or nt m t cc s e v c , c ncude S r ls t a , s e mpt fom s lst unde Te ssael Se Te Ta Codej 1 . Not t tndi xe ed r ae ax r xa tt aw. e x. x 51325. wihsa ng t s aut y e m pton,Pli if alege t t ATTM ha c r a c i s t c r is he tt or xe i antf l s ha s ha ged nd ontnue o ha ge t Johnson v. AT&T Mobility LLC Te daapl n c um e ssae a l a t xe on s h mont y c r s xas t a ons r t t nd oc l a s uc hl ha ge . Doc. 41 Pl i ifha br a ntf s oughtt ss tt r c r a r u oft t xe pa d,ori t a t m a i ,t hi ui o e ove ef nd he a s i n he le tve o obt i an a s gn e of A TTM ' rght t pur ue a t x r f nd c a m diec l f om t Texa an s i m nt S i o s a eu li r ty r he s Comptole ofPublc Acc s Se Te Ta Code j 1111 4( . Pli ifha as s d r lr i ount. e x. x .0 b) antf s lo ue 1A1 f t ar undiput unl sot wiei c ed. l acs e s ed es her s ndiat Dockets.Justia.com ATTM fr vi ai of t Te o oltons he xasDe e i Tr de Prci s Ad (ç c ptve a a tce 1 DTPA',fr br a h of ' o ec ) c nr c, o ij ncier le, n f rd ma e se n fo ATTM ' alg dr f s l otmey o ta t f r nu tv eif a d o a g s tmmig r m S l e eu a t i l e c e t gr ntPl i ifa a sgn e . ons nt o a antf n s i m nt TheCour bre l s a d pr ee ngswhie t J calPa lo M uli src Lii ton t i fy t ye oc di l he udi i ne n tditit tga i (CPM L' r ld on ATTM ' moton t ta f t c e t a snge fde a dititc tf G J ' ue ) S i o rnser he as o i l e r l src our or c oldae prti pr ee ngs purua t 28 U. C.j 1 ons i td eral oc di s nt o S. 407. AAe t J L de lned t r he PM ci o i l t pr s nt aci n i t m uli src ltga i ATTM m oved t Co t t compe nc ude he e e to n he tditi t ii ton, he ur o l Pli if t a bir t hi c am s i a or nce wih t a bir ton a ee e c aned i antf o r ta e s l i n cc da t he r ta i v m nt ont i n ATTM ' Te m sof Se v c Ac or ng t ATTM ,Pl i iffr ta ce e t t r si 2008 by S r r i e. c di o antf is c pt d he e m n sa i t s o e s ee r c sr aur - a urng de ce when he pur ha e a pho fom a i ng he t r ' lctoni i t e c pt i vi c sd ne r n ATTM so ea ac i t d i f s vie on ATTM ' ne wor Pl i ifs e nty e e ed i o t r nd tva e t or er c S t k. antf ubs que l ntr nt a l s f m or ATTM wiee s a ee e s a1ofwhi h ATTM a gu r r Pl i ifa t ea t our e r ls gr m nt , l c r es equie antf nd ATTM t abirt çaldiputs a cai bewe n (he . The a me ' t ms frhe o r tae tl s e nd l ms t e t ml' ' pee nts er u t r s c f t ta bir ton mus beco pe iy ha r tai t nduce on a i vi lr t rt n c a swi bass Pl i if td n ndi dua ahe ha l s - de i . antf doesnotd s et the sr e a a bir ton av e m e wih ATTM . Rat r he a gue t t iput ha i d n r tai e nt t he , r s hat he a ee e doe not c r t pr e diput and t t e n i t a e m e we e br dl gr m nt s ove he es nt s e ha , ve f he gr e nt r oa y c tu d, ti une o c bl on s r lp ounds onsr e i s nf r ea e eve a . I. I AN A LY SI S I de i ng whe he t co pela bir ton ofadi put,t Co ti r quie t us a t n c di t ro m r ta i s e he ur s e r d o e wo- se i r ç r t t c tmus de e newhehe t pa te a ee t a bir t t diput . t p nquiy. Tis, he our t t nni t r he ri s gr d o r tae he s e Once t c tfnds t tt pa te a eed t ar tae,i m us c i r whehe a f de a he our i ha he ri s gr o bir t t t ons de t r ny e r l sa u eorpolc r nde st cai non- r ta e. WilDrl Re . I v Sams Re Co. 352 ttt iy e r he l ms a bir bl ' l- il s, nc. . ' on s. , F. 211 21 ( h Ci.2003)(ntr lcttonomit .TheCour doesno co i rt meis 3d , 4 5t r i ena iai ted) t t nsde he rt oft unde l ng aci n whe c he ryi to n onduci t t se i r Banc OneAcc pt e Cor v tng he wo-tp nquiy. e anc p. . Hil 36 F. 426,429(t Ci. l, 7 3d 5h r 2004) . A. Scope of t A rbi raton A greem ent he t i W he dee m i ng whe he t pa te a e t a bir t t diput t r a e t n tr ni t r he ris gr ed o r ta e he s e, he e r wo c n i eains % ( )wh t e te ei avai a re n t abi aeb t e t pa t s a d ( ) o sd rto :t 1 eh r h r s ld g e me t o r t t ewe n he ri ; n 2 t r e whehe t diput i que to f lswihi t s o oft tmbir ton a ee nt'' WilDrl t r he s e n si n a l t n he c pe ha tai gr me .' l- il Re.I 352 F. a 21 ( i R. Pe e z Asoc ,I v.Wec 960F. 53 538( t s, nc, 3d t 4 quotng M r z t s s. nc. lh, 2d 4, 5h Ci.1 2).Ast r i no diput t tt pate e ee i o avald a e me t abirt,t r 99 ) hee s s e ha he ris ntrd nt i gre nt o r tae he Cour wil t r t t l ngu t l u n o he a age of ATTM ' Te m s of Se vi t detr i whehe i S r r ce o e m ne t r t e o pa s st i t n diput nc m s e he nsa t s e. Pli ifa gue t tt t x is i t s c e doesnotc antf r s ha he a sue n hi as ome wihi e n a br d r di t n ve oa ea ng oft pa te 'a bir ton agr e e . The diput bewee t pa tes Pl i if c e ,doe he ri s r ta i e m nt s e t n he ri , antf ontnds s no c t once n cel a s r i e is sorc r s ore n ATTM asa c me calacor Rahe ,hi r lul r e v c sue ha ge , ve om r i t . t r s cai s a e a i tATTM i iss c a ca ciy asa age oft St e ofTe . Thi f t e l m r ga ns n t pe i l pa t n nt he at xas s eaur ditngus s t pr s nt lws t fom t e t t woul be i l si ihe he e e a ui r hos ha d ncuded unde t a bir ton r he r ta i a r e e ' a it dl br d lngua . Pl i ifur t te n br d ca esha t i lmis g e m nts dm te y oa a ge antf ges ha ve oa lus ve her i t . S eJ n sv Ha l ro Co, 8 F.d2 8 2 5( t Ci. 0 ) n ti c s , cams i wo l e o e . li tn .5 3 3 2 , 3 5h r 20 9 .l h s a e he li ,t ud bu be unr s bl i quia e a oppr s i f t Cour t c ncude t t c um e s woul ea ona e, ne tbl , nd e sve or he to o l ha ons r d a r et gv u t errg tt a mi srtv a dj iil e iw ofwh te atxwa wr ng ul g e o i e p h i ih o d nitai e n udca r ve eh r a s o fly c l c e f om t m . ole t d r he ç n vi oft polcy f r ng a bir ton,w e or na iy les ve doubt c e ni t l ew l he i avo i r ta i di rl r ol s onc r ng he s o eofc vea eofa abi ain ca s i fv o abi ain.'Pe s n lSe .& Sf t 5 J cp o rg n r t t lu e n a or f r t to ' ro a c ae. ' . r o r ' yy I .v. ot ol I ,297F. 388,392( h Ci.2002)(ii Ne v.Har e'FoodS .I . nc M or a nc. 3d 5t r ctng al de s ys, nc, 3 91 F. 3 37( t Ci.1 8 2d 4, 5h r 990:.ç( vai a e me t a bir t a i û es i c nbes d iAj ld gr e nt o r tae pples unl s t a ai wih postveasur nc t t(he abirton ca ei nots c ptbl ofan i e eai whi t ii s a e ha t j r tai lus s us e i e ntmr tton ch wo d c rt diput a is ''1 ul ove he s e t s ue.' d. W he t abirton a e ntus sphrsng s has G ny cai ,'taii o ot'tn n he r tai pe me e a i uc , l l ms' trsng ut l'l a i r l to t ' a tn c e ai n o,' nd t onne i wih,'t m a t a bir ton,c t ge r l c r c e i t m i cton t ' o ndae r ta i ours ne aly ha a t rze he l br d a bir to ca esc pa eofex nsve r c ' SeePe oi Ex or ( Pr d.Co.v t oa r tai n lus a bl as pa i ea h. ' nnz l pl . f o . Ramc Abd.yf ,1 F. 1 ,1 ( h Ci.1 ( ii PrmaPai Cor v Fl t o rg 2#. 39 3d 061 067 5t r 998) ctng i nt p. . ood : o Co ki Mf Co,3 8 U. 39 ,3 7 9 ( 9 7 ) S c é r a ' abi ai n ca s s f r n t n ln g. . 8 S. 5 9 - 8 1 6 ). u h s o d' r t to lu e t e o b r a lm ied t c am st tltr l t rs unde t c r ct'butr he e br ce a 1diput sbet e i t o l i ha ie aly a i e r he onta , at r m a l s e we n t pa te ha ng a sr iiantr ltons p t t co r c r r e soft l la t he t t he ri s vi i fc ea i hi o he nta t ega dl s he abe tac d o he diput ' 1 The Fi Cic thas e pl ne t t whe pa tes a ee t a a bir ton clus s e. d. ' hh r ui x ai d ha , n ri gr o n r ta i a e c rngçgl diput ...aii o ofori c ci wih orrltngt 'a a e me ,he ovei tany s e rsng ut n onne ton t eai o' n gr e ntt y t ntnd t c a e t r a h a la pe t oft r l to hi ' Naur Phos e Ro te ,I .v. t e he l us o e c l s c s he e ai ns p. i ' u phat yalis nc Dr Dai I e e t,I . 1 F. 1 1 (t Ci.1998 . ago c ntr ss nc, 38 3d 60, 65 5h r ) The r l va ag e m e i A TTM ' Te m s of Se v c r ads û T& T a you a e t e e nt r e nt n S r r ie e : W nd r e o a bir t a1 diput a c am s be we n us Thi a ee nt t a bir t i i e d t be r tae l s es nd l i t e . s gr me o r ta e s ntnde o br dl i e r t d. l i l ,buti notlm ie t c am s a ii out ofor r l tng t a oa y nt m e e t ncudes s i t d o: l i rsng e ai o ny a pe t of t r l tons p bew e n us whet r ba e i c r ct t t sa ut fa s c he e a i hi t e , he s d n onta or, tt e, r ud, mirpr e ai ora ot rlga t or ... ( c.ofRihadJ.Ri s Exs 14,Doc.No. se esntton ny he e l he y. ' De 1 ' c r ve , . 1 ) Th ,ast l 8. us he angua e ompase t l diputsa cli 'ûaii outof'orûeai ge nc s s ç l s e nd ams'trsng a f ltng r t ' t a e m e , t Fi t Cic t i t uc s t t agr e e i a br d o ca bl of o' he m e nt he fh r ui ns r t hat he e m nt s oa ne pa e e pa i r c x ns ve ea h. 4 Pli ifs aleg ton t t ATTM wr uly c lctd txes fom hi a fo ot r a ntf l a i ha ongf l ole e a r m nd r m he smia l st td c um e s s ey a ies out of or r a e t a a pec of t r l tons p i l ry iuae ons r ur l rs elt s o n s t he e ai hi bew e n Pl ntf,a c um e ,a ATTM ,a r t ie a c l ct of s l s t x. I d,t t e ai if ons r nd e al r nd ole or ae a ndee he a e nts lngua does notlm i bi ng ar tai t diput s r r ng t pr son of gr eme ' a ge i t ndi bir ton o s e ega di he ovi i wie e ss r c s I s ii aly pr de t ta1 diput sa c am sa ii outoforr l tng t r l s e vi e . t pec tc l ovi s ha l s e nd l i rsng e ai o an a pec of t r l tons p m us be a bir e The e i no e e i f t s l tx y s t he e ai hi t r tatd. r s xc pton or he a es a c l c i pori oft tans ci bet e c um e sa ATTM .2 Thus t Cour fndst t ole ton ton he r a ton we n ons r nd he t i ha , Pl i ifsc am sa ii fom t al ge wr antf' l i rsng r he le d ongf lc l ton oft xesby ATTM f l wihi t u oleci a al t n he br l ngua co ai d i a 1f ve sonsoft Te m sofSe vi t whih Pl ntf av e d. oad a ge nt ne n l our r i he r r ce o c ai if e Ha ng esa ihe t Pli if c e ed t abir t t pr s diput t Cour mus vi t bls d hat antf ons nt o r tae he e ent s e, he t t a l whe he any f de a saut o polc r nde st cli sno a bir bl nayze t r e r l t t e r i y e r he am n- r ta e. B. Enf e lt oft A r t i A gre m e orc abiiy he biraton e nt Se ton2oft Fe rlAr taton ActC1 ' pr de t tbot pr- s ea posci he dea bir i FAA' ovi s ha h ediput nd t ) diput abir ton a e nt wihi iss opeûs l beva i ir voca e,a e or a e,s ve s e r tai gr eme s t n t c ûhal ld, re bl nd nf ce bl a u n s hpoundsa e s a 1w ori e t f t rvoc tonofa conta t' 9U. C.j2. po uc s xit t a n quiy or he e ai ny r c. ' S. Thus a a ee e t a bir t i vai unde t FAA i i m e st r quie e soft ge r l , n v m nt o r ta e s ld r he f t et he e r m nt he ne a c nrc 1w o t a pl a l sae Fis Opto so ia o I c v Ka a , 4U.. 3 ,9 4 o ta t a f he p i be tt . r t in fchc g , n . . pl n 51 S 9 8 4 c ( 9 5 9 n r Adv n e He lh L. ,1 2 S. .d 6 3 6 6 ( x. 0 ) I e d,teUn td 1 9 ) I e a c pcs a t P. 7 W 3 0 , 0 Te 20 5 . nd e h ie S ae S p e Co r h se ha ie ta ttt lw, ehe oflgsaieo j dca o ii , s tts u rme u t a mp sz d h t d ae a wh t r e iltv r u iil rg n i s a i bl' t de e m i ng t vai t ofa a bir to ap e m e ,s l ast ha l w a os t pplca e' o t r ni he ldiy n r tai n e nt o ong ' t a r e o t gove n is s c er ng t vai t r a lt a e o c a lt of c r c s ge r ly.' r s ue onc ni he ldiy, evoc biiy, nd nf r e biiy onta t ne a l ' 2TheCou ta e t tevenbr d abir tona e nt ar notbo es . l ed,t Cour co d i a nea r gr es ha oa r tai greme s e undl s nde he t ul m gi diput bewe n Pli ifandATTM t tmi beouti e t br d l gua oft a ee nt- f i tnce s e t e antf ha ght sde ven he oa an ge he gr me or nsa , p ra siPlit f r ij rda rb igsrc b a ATTM v hil.Bu,h dsut a is ei tec s d e eh p f ani wee nue he en tu k y n f e ce tte ip e tsu n h ae o s notpr s nts a sena i e e uch c ro. 5 Per v Thoma 48 U. 48 492 n.9 ( 987) Courstmay not... i ldat abirton ry . s, 2 S. 3, 1 . t i nvai e r tai a r me s unde s ae lws a ia e onl t a bir ton pr sons Doct ' As oc .I .v g ee nt r tt a pplc bl y o r ta i ovi i . ors s s nc . Cas oto,51 U. 681 687( 996) Theprcia efc ofSe ton2oft FAA t r fr i t ar t 7 S. , 1 . a tc l fe t ci he he eo e s o pr c ude sa e fom snglng outa bir to pr sonsa plci t m on a dif r ntf i el tt s r i i r tai n ovii nd a ng he fe e ootng t n ot rc r c s 1 ha he onta t . d. UnderTe lw,c r t,i l ng a bir ton a ee nt ,ar va i unl s p-unds xas a ontac s nc udi r ta i p me s e ld es o e s a l w or i eq t f r vocai of t a e m e . See I r Pol Ame ia,L. ,262 xit t a n uiy or e ton he gr e nt n e y- rc P. S. . 337, 3 ( x.2008) The bur n of pr ng s h rounds s h a fa or W 3d 48 Te . de ovi uc , uc s rud u o cona lt f lson t pa t o nc ns i biiy al he ry pposng t e or me oft c r c . f i he nf ce nt he onta t #. Unc c onabii y ons i lt Pli if a gues t t t agr e e t a bir t t pr s nt t x-elt d diput i bot a ntf r ha he e m nt o r tae he e e a r a e s e s h pr edur ly a s t ntvey unc ci bl unde sat l w. oc al nd ubsa i l ons ona e r te a tunde Te s lw, t r xa a unc cona lt i l t a pecs ( )pr ed a unc cona lt whih r fr t t ons i biiy ncudes wo s t: 1 oc ur l ons i biiy, c ees o he crumsa es s r ng t a in of t abirton pr son, a ( s tntve ic tnc uroundi he dopto he r tai ovii nd 2) ubsa i u ons i biiy,whih r er t t f m e s of t a bir ton pr son is l.' Care v nc cona lt c ef s o he ai s he r ta i ovi i te f' tr . Cou r de Cr di I sre,I ,362 F. 294,301( h Ci.2004)(ii I r Hali t ntywi e t ndu tis nc. 3d 5t r ctng n e lburon Co., 8 S. . 5 5 ( x.2002). Cou t ma c i rbot pr e a a s t ntve rs y onsde h oc dur l nd ubsa i 0 W 3d 66, 71 Te )3 unc ci biiy of a a bir to c a e i e l tng is va i t l r H ali t Co. 80 ons ona lt n r tai n l us n va ua i t ldiy. n e lburon , S. . a 572. W 3d t 3Thepa tesdiagr a ri s ee boutwhele acontac mus bebot s tntveyandpr edur l unc ci bl t be tlr r t t h ubsa i l oc aly ons ona e o une or ea easamat ofTe l Alhough t Te Supr Cour hasne s ciialy hed t tbot nf c bl ter xas aw. t he xas eme t ver pe fc l l ha h tpe ofunco ci biiy a erquie atlas onesaea laecour hass y s ns ona lt r e r d, e t tt ppelt t uggesed t t pa t s eki t t hat he ry e ng o a o da bi ai n mus g n r lyma es c ad a s wi .Se Wa v Au tn 5 4 SW . 7 8 ( x Ci. vi r t t r o t e e al k u h u l ho ng e de . si , 2 . 2d 9, 6 Te . v Ap . Te ak n 1 7 , owrt.Th Fit Cic th sitr rtdt ln u g i Wa ea rq iigaplit ft p- x r a a 9 5 n i e f rui a nep ee he a g a e n d s e urn ) h ani o f prv b t t e o u c n co a ii Se Ar wrght so M#sM u. n . . .We t g ou eElc Cop.8 4 o e oh m s f n o s in bly. e k i - tn . tI s Co v si h s e . r , 4 t Bo n F.d 17 114(t Ci.1 8 ) AsPlitf ponso , o v rteTe a S p e Co r rc nl rfs dt 2 1 4, 8 5h r 9 8 . anif it uth we e.h x s u rme u t e e ty e ue o e or eana bir tonpr vii s eyon t gr nf c r tai o son oll he oundsofs tntveuncons onabiiy.Se I r Pol Ame i , ubsa i ci lt e n e y- rca L. , 2 S. . at350P.26 W 3d 353.The Cour ne notatmptt r ol t a r ntambi t i Texa saec r t t ed te o es ve he ppa e guiy n s t t ontac lw,a Pl ntf a s ai ifhasde monsr e t e se eofneihe pr e a no s tntveuncons i biiy. tatd he xitnc t r oc dur l r ubsa i cona lt 6 a. Pr eduralU nco c onabiiy oc ns i lt Pr du a unc oce r l onscona lt c le i biiy hal nges t f r s oft c r c f m a i pr es . he aine s he onta t or ton oc s S eAr wrgh- so Mf s M u. n . v We t g o s Elc Cop.8 4F.d 1 7 ,1 8 ( t e k i tBo tn r . tI s Co. . si h u e e . r , 4 2 1 4 1 4 5h n Ci. 1 8 ) Un r Te s lw, ab tain a re n s a e no ihee ty p o e urly r 9 8. de xa a r irto g e me t r t n rn l r c d al unc c o bl e i t m i be c i r d c r c sofad son.Se Carer 362 F. a ons i na e, ven f hey ght onsde e onta t he i e t , 3d t 301 Cln Te ,t r i nohi pe s unc co bl a a birton ave me s i e l xas hee s t ng r e ons ina e bout r tai e nt; nde d, pa te cami unc cona lt be rt bur n ofde nsrtng i.';I r Pal Har ris li ng ons i biiy a he de mo tai t' n e m ) bor Home , nc,1 S. . 67 67 ( x. ) I r Adv e He t L. ,1 S. . 60 s I . 95 W 3d 2, 9 Te 2006 ; n c anc pcs alh P. 72 W 3d 3, 608 ( x.2005) EZ Pawn Cor .M ancas,934 S. . 87,90- ( x.1 Te ; p.v i W 2d 91 Te 996) ( qua une l bagani poweral doe notdee a ape me t abirt . I ed,s f m of r i ng one s fat n e nt o r tae) nde ome or o e son a unf ine s mus ti t ne iton pr e s l a ng t t agr e e ' ppr s i nd ar s t ant he gota i oc s e di o he e m nts f mai EIPas Nat Gas Co.v M i Oi t Ga Co. 96 S. . 54,61( x.App. or ton. o . . nco I o s , 4 W 2d Te - Amail 1 ,r v' on ot rgr rlo 998) c # he ounds 9S. . 309( x.1999) s ealoI r Pal Har , W 3d Te ; e s n e m bor H ome I . 195 S. . a 679. s nc , W 3d t Alhough Pl ntf a gu s t t t ag e m e he sgne wih ATTM i pr e al t ai if r e ha he r e nt i d t s oc dur ly unc cona e,he f l t pr de s ons i bl ais o ovi uppor f s h a co e i The e i no e de e i t t or uc nt nton. r s vi nc n he r c d t t t pr es t ough whi h Pl ntf entr i o t agr m e wih ATTM was e or ha he oc s hr c ai if e ed nt he ee nt t unf i orop e sve. Pl ntf ha t c c ofwie e ss r cepr de s butc e t c r c ar pr s i ai if d he hoi e r l s e vi ovi r , hos o onta t wih ATTM des t t a bir ton a m e c aned i isTe m sofSe vi e. N o e denc t pie he r tai pee nt ont i n t r r c vi e ha bee ofe e t s s n f r d o ugge t t t de e i or ot r unehi a s ha c pton he t c lbusne s pr c ies i l nc d i s a tc nfue e Pl i i f s de s on t ent r i t t a e m e . Thus t Cour fnds t t t Te s c t ' a ntf ci i o e n o he gr e nt , he ti ha he xa our s srnge sa d f esa ihi pr e alunc cona lt hasnotbe n m e i t sc s . ti nt tndar or tbls ng oc dur ons i biiy e t n hi a e b. Subs i Uncons onabiiy tant ve ci lt W i rg r t s b tn i u o co a ii ,ç a c nr c i u e o c a eilgve t e t e ad o u sa tve nc ns in blt $ 1 o ta t s n nfr e bl f i n h h y ( pa te 'ge r lc m m e c a ba kp ound a t c ri s ne a o ril c nd he omm e cilne oft pari ulrta orc e r a eds he tc a r de as , t ca e i ve i s one-i d t ti i unc cona e unde t cr um sawes e si he lus nvol d s o s de ha t s ons i bl r he ic t l xitng whe t pate ma t co r t' l r Pol Amerc ,L. ,262 S. . a 348 ( i n he ris de he ntac.' n e y- ia P. W 3d t quotng FisMert rt iBank,5 S. . a 757(ntr lquottonsomitd) 2 W 2d t i ena ai te . Pli ifa gue t tt Te Supr m e Cour' r e hol ng i Pol Ame ia r r antf r s ha he xas e ts ec nt di n y- rc ende s t i tnt a bir ton a ee nt s t ntve y unc c o bl Pol Ame i a hol ,Pl i if he nsa r ta i p me ubsa i l ons i na e. y- r c ds antf c e , t t a bir ton c a e c nnot i e fr wih a l gil i l c a ont nds ha r ta i l us s a ntr e e t e satvey r hed s tm of yse dee r nc ne s a y t t no s rm i t y a e f di ope a i of a saut y s he tr e e ce s r o he ndic i naor nd f e ve r ton t t or c me. Pl i if c ncudes t t e or i t pr s a bir ton a e m e ,whi h pr ve s Pl ntf antf o l ha nf cng he e ent r ta i gr e nt c e nt ai if fo pu s ng r i on a c a swi ba i,woul r s ti a wave ofhi s bsa i sat or r m r ui elef l s - de ss d e ul n i r s u tntve t ut y rg s a r medi . l woul as under ne t saut r de e r ntpur e of t DTPA t iht nd e es t d lo mi he t t o y t re pos he o whih,Pl i ifcai s c a swi r le a t r quied moniorngofs h c am sby t Te s c antf l m , l s - de e if nd he e r t i uc l i he xa Atom e Ge r la e i e a .4 Pl i if a s as e t t tt a bir ton a e m e i r osl t y ne a r nt gr l antf lo s rs ha he r ta i gr e nt s sy one sde i of a i gi sATTM auniae a rghtt s e r vi w oft s m ei s t whi h - i d ns r s t ve l tr l i o e k e e he a s ues o c Pli ifi c antf s onfne e l i l t an a bir lf r . d xcusvey o r ta o um The r l va ar tai pr son doe i d pr ve Pl i iffom pur ui ca m son e e nt bir ton ovii s ndee e nt antf r s ng li be l ofot r c um e s. Alhough t Co tbei ve t sr pr s nt a sgnii ntr sddi n, ha f he ons r t he ur le s hi e e e s i fca e t o t Te sSupr me Co tha hed t tcas - de r i i mer l a pr e alde c t tdoe he xa e ur s l ha l swi elef s e y oc dur vi e ha s no t nl r ordi nih a s bsa i rght oro i to . He y Sc n,l .v St t t a ge e mi s ny u tntve i s blgai ns' nl hei nc . omboe, ' 1 2 S. . 675,693 ( x.2002) As a rs t Te s c urs ha s iial hed t t 0 W 3d Te . eul, xa o t ve pecfc ly l ha agr e e ment t a bir t on a i vi s o r ta e n ndi dualbass a e nots tntvel unc cona e unde sae i r ubsa i y ons i bl r tt 4Plitf i taly c tt sa gumentass anif nii l as hi r uppori t pr edur uncons ona lt oft a bir tonagr me . tng he oc al ci biiy he r tai ee nt AsA' pone o tni rpl bre, o v r Panifso jcinit teprvso so teabtain I TM itd u i t e y ifh we e, litf be to s o h o iin f h r i to s r agrement no isf maton,a i i t r f r as t ntveunc cona lt a g e , t t or i nd t s he e o e ubsa i ons i biiy r ument . 8 l w. See Au o i US Cor v Le o 105 S. . 1 200 ( x.App. louson ( 4t a t Naton A p. r y, W 3d 90, Te - l t 1h Dit)2 0 ,o i.p o e dn ) Aste Co r e p ane i Auo to ,tthe Te s S p e s. 0 3 rg r c e ig . h u t x li d n tNa in t l l xa u rme Cour ha ...sr s e t tpr dur lde c s s h as...c a sa tons m a no beco tue t t s te s d ha oce a vi e uc ls ci , y t nsr d o e a ge or di nih any s tntve rght or oblga i of a pa tes t a ci l a to nl r mi s ubsa i i s i tons ny ri o ny vi ci n. Ac or ngl t r i no e ilme t pr e d a a cas a on. 1 (ntr lciai a c di y, hee s ntte nt o oc e s l s di d. i ena ttons nd q oain o te ) TheF hh Cic i ha as tee td a a g me ta a abirto ca e u tto s mitd . i r ut s lo t j ce n r u nt h t n r tain lus r pr hi tng pli if fom pr e ngs cole tve y wa unc cona e under Te o bii antfs r oc edi l ci l s ons i bl xas lw . a ' ' l ra Cr di Bu e ,I .v Cigul Wiee sLLC,379F. 1 174( h Ci. 4) s al be i e t r au nc . n ar r ls 3d 59, 5t r 200 ; ee so Carer 362F. a 298,301. t , 3d t Pl i if a gue t t t Te s Supr m e Cour' hol ng Pol Amerc dim r t s antf r s ha he xa e ts di yi a s bs hi e t bls d r e wih r ga d t t r m e a s m e c e t d by t Te s Le sat r i t sa ihe ul t e r o he e dil che r ae he xa gil u e n he DPTA. The Pol Ame ia c ur e ane t t a a bir ton a ee e c rng saut y y- rc o t xpl i d ha n r tai gr m nt ove i t t or c am si vald unde Te s1 w o y i i ç li s i r xa a nl f t û notwave t s tntverght a r medi t does i he ubsa i i s nd e es he saut a f r a t abir ton pr e t a e f i,s h t tt e oye m a ûf e tve y t t e fo ds nd he r tai oc dur s r ar uc ha he mpl e y e f c i l vi c t hi saut y lg s'' 262 S. . a 337,349. ThePol Ame c ca e de twih a ndi a e s t t or i ht.' W 3d t y- ria s al t n abir to a e me t tl i nael t t sofrme e avalbl unde t a irtlai r tain gre nt ha s mi t d) wo ype e dis ia e r he nt-eaiton el pr vii o sons of t W or r s Com pe a i Ac , pr bii t a bir t fom or rng he ke ' ns ton t ohi tng he r ta or r de i r i tt m e or a r ng punii da ensa e nt wa di tve mage .' 262 S. . a 352. The cour f s' W 3d t t ound t t hat he ei i ton oft s i ra r m e e i r s i y unde m i d t Le s aur ' c r uly lm na i he e mpo tnt e di s mpe mi sbl r ne he gil t e s a ef l c a t dee r r m e 1 a 353. r fed trent egi . d. t Pl ntf r a t shol ng br dl e s ntal a gu ng t ta a e m e t wave an ai if e ds hi di oa y, s e i ly r i ha n r e nt o i y sa ut y rg wil not be e or d i i i e f r s wih t dee r nt pur e of a saut y tt or iht l nf ce f t nt re e t he tre pos tt or s he e. The c t howeve ,hed t tt elm i ton oft s santve rght a r medi c m our, r l ha he i na i he ub t i i s nd e es 9 a ia e t pli if unde t W o ke ' Com pensa i A ct i pe m i si y under i d t va lbl o antf s r he r rs ton m r s bl m ne he goa s of t s at e s l he t ut uch t t t agte e wa r nde e s t ntve y unc c ona e ha he m nt s e r d ubsa i l ons i bl . Not t tndi t t t DPTA ex e sy c e ae he a ia lt of ca swi r lel wihsa ng ha he prs l ontmpltst valbiiy ls - de eit Texa co t,as wel a ot rc t i e r i Te lw ,ha c it l hel t tcls s urs l s he ours ntm etng xas a ve onssenty d ha a s a tons a epr e a de c s a do noti i a es santverg s See eg. f c y Sc n ci r oc dur l vi e , nd mplc t ub t i iht . , . , ' nr hei, f I c,1 2 S. .d a 6 3,S uh se n Re Co.v Be n l 22 S. .d 4 5 4 ( x 2 0 ) n . 0 W 3 t 9 . o twe tr f . r a, W 3 2 , 37 Te . 0 0 ; Sher v Del,I c,No.05CV 1 r. ln 0097( GBD) 2006W L 21 , 09436,a *7( D. Y. ul 27,2006) t S. N. J y . Thus Pol Ame ia i i ppost . The Cour c l s t t unde Te , y- rc s na ie t onc ude ha , r xas sa e lw, t tt a he una lbiiy of c a swi r le does no r nde t pa te a ee e s t i l vaia lt l s - de e i f t e r he ris' gr m nt ubsantvey unc c o bl . ons i na e Pli if a s ar s t t t a e m e i s one sde a t r nde i s tntvey antf lo gue ha he v e nt s o - i d s o e r t ubsa i l unc c o bl The a e m e i unf i,Pl i ifco e ,bec us unde is tr she wo d ons i na e. gr e nt s ar antf ntnds a e r t em ul be bo by t a bir t ' a r e decson,whe e sATTM c d pur ue a cli a ns t und he r ta ors dve s ii ra oul s am gai t he sae c t t omptole i t e nt t abir t decded a i t t c r l r n he ve he r taor i gans he ompa ny. The Cour i t s pe s de howe r t tt dipa iy i aval bl r vi w i nota f nci n of t a bir i r ua d, ve , ha he s rt n ia e e e s u to he r taton ag e mentis l,butofTe sae l w,whih pr de ATTM r c s agans t c ptole re te f xas t t a c ovi s e our e i t he om r lr i t eve i i or r d t i s a r f t Pl i if I d,i A'TM s ug r i bur e e n he nt t s de e o s ue e und o a ntf. ndee f I o ht em s m nt fom t Stt ,a t co ptole de e t c pa sr que t i woul t ha t rghtt r he a e nd he m r lr ni d he om ny' e s, t d hen ve he i o s e j diilr ve o t c mpto lrsd cso By c nta t i Pli ifwe et ls b f r e k u ca e iw f he o r le ' e iin. o rs, f antf r o o e e o e t a bir t ,he woul be una e t a he r taor d bl o ppea t s t nc of t r i l he ubsa e he ulng. By Pli ifs own antf a i s o how e r t s r ul s e s f o t Te dm s i n, ve , hi es t t m r m he xas l s a ur s pr hi ton of Te s egil t e' o bii xa c um e sfom m a ng die cli swih t Te sc ons r r ki r ct am t he xa omptole f ar f nd ofwr uly pai r l r or e u ongf l d txes Sc Te Ta Codej 1111 4( C$ tx rf nd cli ma befld wiht c r lr a . c x. x .0 b) A a e u am y ie t he omptole onl by t pe s n who d r ty pad t t x t t ssa e o by t per o sat e as i e or y he r o iecl i he a o hi t t r he s n' tom y, sgne , ot rs ce s ' Be aus ATTM diecl pad t txe t t Stt ofTe ,i i a et brng he uc son') c e r ty i he a s o he ae xas t s bl o i ac am a i tt c l i gans he omptole a a alt tdecson i i l e . r lr nd ppe ha ii f t os s By contas,Pl i ifm a s e ar u o a sr m e onl fom ATTM ,t r t ie who r t antf y e k ef nd r s i nt y r he e al r cole e t t x. Thi woul be tue howe r whehe Pli ifpr ee a i tATTM i lctd he a s d r , ve , t r a ntf oc ded gans n ab tain o i aj diilf r m. Th ,n e snc , a Plitf o j cst i tef c t tte r irto r n u ca o u us i se e wh t an if b e t o s h a t ha h s bsa c o te ab tao ' d cso i n ta p aa e t aj d ca f r m,a faue wh c i u tn e f h r irt rs e iin s o p e lbl o u iil o u e tr ih s e ly a i a e t bot pa te unde t a e m e i t s c s Pli if pr s nt no qua l pplc bl o h ri s r he p e nt n hi a e. a ntf e e s pe s sve a gu e s t t by t m s l s t t r oft a ee ntt a bir t a e s one rua i r m nt ha , he eve , he e ms he p me o r ta e r o sde a t r rt a e m e unc c o bl i d s o ende he p e nt ons i na e. 2. Pl i i rs O t r St e L a - a e A r a nt f he at w B s d gum e s nt The Unied St t s Supr m e Cour ha he d t t Se ton 2 of t FAA pr mpt t ae e t s l ha c i he ee s co lc i sae lwst twoul r nde a bir i ag e m e sune or e bl l d,l c i nfitng t t a ha d e r r taton r e nt nf c a e. ndee i ton se 2 i ac s onpes i l dec a ai n of a lbe a f de a polcy f vorng a bir ton apee e s sona l r to i r l e r l i a i r ta i m nt, not t t ndi a sae s t ntve o pr dur lpolcist t co r l ' Pery,482 U. a wihsa ng ny t t ubsa i r oce a i e o he ntay ' r S. t 489. The nai l polc f vorng a bir i a i i sa e a wel a f r l c t a tona iy a i r taton pples n t t s l s ede a ours nd f e l e sa e at mpt t unde c t e or a lt of a bir to a ee e s Pr son or c os s tt te s o r ut he nf ce biiy r tai n gr m nt. e t Fe r r 55 U. 346,352 ( r e , 2 S. 2008) TheFAA' diplc me ofc lci sae 1 i é . S s a e nt onfitng tt aw s t now wele tbls ' Alid- uc Te mi x Cos v Dobs 51 U. 265,272 ( 995 ,a ha l-sa ihed, le Br e r ni ' .. on, 3 S. 1 ) nd s bee r atdl r af n epe e y e snne See eg. Buc ye Che k Ca hig,l .v.Car gna,546 U. 440, d. , . , ke c s n nc de S. 445- ( 446 2006) Doct 'As oci e ,I .51 U. a 684- Per 482U. a 489. ; ors s ats nc, 7 S. t 685; ry, S. t Thus at ug a bir ton a e m e s may be i lda e ba e on t uc pounds a , lho h r ta i m e nt nva i t d s d t h s s e s a l w or i equiy f t r vocai of a c r d, t FAA pr nt sa e fom xit t a n t or he e ton ny onta ' he ' eve s t t s r rquii t tcamsbeheadi aj cilf u Pli ifma ss vea a gu nt t tTe e rng ha li r n udi a or m. antf ke e rl r me s ha xas sae 1 w pr cude t e or e e oft pr s nta bir ton a e m e . Thesa e lw he ct s t t a e l s he nf c m nt he e e r ta i p e nt tt a ie , ho ve , spr c s y t ki ofant- r ta i lw t ti pr m pt by Se i 2 oft FAA. we r i e iel he nd iabir ton a ha s ee ed cton he Pl ntf fr t a gu t tt Texa Legilt e ha pr cude t enf c m e of al ai if is r es ha he s sa ur s e l d he or e nt 1 c ns e abir ton apee e t whe et a ounti co r r y i l s t n $50, unl st o um r r tai m n s r he m n ntove s s e s ha 000 es he a e me i sgne by t c ume ' atm e See Tex. Ci Pr . & Re Code j gr e nt s i d he ons rs to y. v. ac m. 1 .0 ()2 ,b . Be a s Pli ifs a wela t p r re ca sme r'camsa e a1 710 2 a( )( ) c u e ant f s l s he u po td ls mbes li r 1 be o t ssaut r t es d,Pli ifa gue t tt a bir ton a ee nt a enote o c bl l w hi t t o y hr hol a ntf r s ha he r ta i gr me s r nf r ea e unde Te sl w. r xa a The Te Supr m e Cour a t Cour ofAppe l f t Fi Cic t howe r ha xas e t nd he t a s or he hh r ui, ve , ve hed t tt sa ut Pl i ifct si pr e e by t FAA. See e. ,Jone v H ali t Co. l ha he tt e antf ie s e mptd he , g. s . lburon , 5 3 F.d 2 ,2 4 ( t Ci. 0 9 ; e d npr n v O fh r T c nia s nw f 3 9 F.d 8 3 28 3 5h r 2 0 ) Fr u e s u g . fà o e e h c l ' . na, 7 3 e 3 7 3 8 n. ( t Ci.20 4) l r Ne in Ie lh a Hu l,I c,1 3 S. .d 6 ,6 ( x 2 , 3 7 5h r 0 ; n e xo k a t t mbe n . 7 W 3 7 9 Te . 2005) I ed,by ise pr s tr ,t pr so i i e d t undec t e or e biiy of . nde t x e s ems he oviin s ntnde o rut he nf c a lt a bir ton a ee e sa t r f e i r isbl c r ve s Se ton 2 oft FAA. r ta i v m nt nd he e or mpe m s i y onta ne c i he Se ond,Pl ntf a gu s t tt Unior iy Cl us of t Te s Consi to Aril c ai if r e ha he f m t a e he xa tm i n, tc e VII Se to 1 whi e e sy pr bis dipa a e t x team e ofsmia l st e Te ns 1, ci n , ch xpr s l ohi t s r t a r t nt i lry iuat d xa , c t gorc ly pr bis abir to of tx diput s Pl i if r le on Ha Cblz/, whih a e i al ohi t r tai n a s e . antf ei s ys /lp c . i lda e as aesa ut t ta l d açt pa rt unia e al ta f rt detr nai ofhi nva i t d tt tt e ha lowe sax ye o l tr ly r nse he e mi ton s c am . li t a no j d ca p o e dn ta h ma r q ie s l rman c ni e t la o n-u iil r c e ig h t e y e ur hal e i o td ni nd a c eae e n fo t c tt ti e t t e or t abir ton a a d. H a Cn@. onc ld, ve r m he our ha s xpeced o nf ce he r tai w r ' ys ' Appr s Dit v Ma Kib S i ,l . 903S. . 394,397( App. Ausi 1 no aial s. . yo ry prngs nc, W 2d Tex. tn 995, wrt. The c ur e ane t ttgl uli t i eprtton a e ore ntofa tce VII i) o t xpli d ha tthe tmae ntr eai nd nf c me ril l, r quii t ta val e txai be e la unior a a c di t m a ke vaue i a e rng ha d or m a ton qua nd f m nd c or ng o r t l , s j i l u din.Th j iil t to m a bea ig d i a al o l bya a e u t sau e. . udda f n o e udca fmcin y brd e ,f t l, n y n d q ae ttt . . l prs ntsaut i nota ade t saut ' f The c tnotdt tisde son s d The e e tt e) s n quae tt e. #. ' our e ha t cii houl notbe unde sood a sai a vi t tabir i i i pos i e unde t saut y pr vii rt s t tng ew ha r taton s m sbl r he t t or o sons f rt j dca rv e o a p as lr v e b r v l to s. . 1 . o he u iil e iw f p r ia-e iw oad auai n .' d ' Tot e tntt tt d cso Ha Coz / r q ie aj d ca f r m fraltx-eae he x e ha he e iin ys l y e ur s u iil o u o 1 a r ltd n dip e ,not ihsa ng ot r s vai prvae a e m e st a bir t ,i woul bepr e e s ut s w t tndi he wie ld i t gr e nt o r ta e t d e mptd by Seci n 2 oft FAA .S I d, i Pe r t Unie St t s Supr me Cour hed t tçc e r to he ndee n ry he t d a e e t l ha tl a fdea polc pl e j 2 of t ( e rl iy ac s he FAA) i unmitka e co lc wih Calf a' j 229 n sa bl nfit t iomi s rq ie n t tltg n sbep o i e aj iilf r m f rrs l ig wa ed s u e . r fr , e ur me t ha iia t r v d d udca o u o e o vn g ip ts Theeo e unde t Supr m a y Cl us ,t sa e sa ut m us gi wa ' 482 U. a 491 Te s c t r he e c a e he tt t t e t ve y.' S. t . xa ours m a notlke s pl et x diput sof lm ist ar tai y i wie ac a s e f i t o bir ton. 3. Pl i i rs Cons iutonalA r a nt f tt i gum e s nt Pl i ifsfna a gu e a i tt e or ea lt oft a bir ton agr e e i t ti antf l r m nt gans he nf c biiy he r ta i e m nt s ha t vi a e t Due Pr e s a Equa Pr e ton Clus oft Foure nt Am e m e t t olt s he oc s nd l ot c i a es he te h nd nt o he Unie St ts Consiuto The Foure nt Am e e pr e s lbe t a pr ry i e ess t d ae tt i n. te h ndm nt otct i ry nd ope t nt r t onl agans i son by a sa e The e or ,a pl i ifale i t de i ton ofDue Pr s y i t nva i tt. rf e antf l g ng he prvai oce s u d r t e F u te t Ame me tmu tas s o ta sae a to c u e h s ij r . Se n e h o re n h nd n s lo h w h t tt cin a s d i n u y e Pre e v.Lownde Count 35 F. 41 421( t Ci.200 (ii Bas v.Par istr s y, 4 3d 4, 5h r 4) ctng s kwoodHos , p. 18 F. 234,241( h Ci.1 0 3d 5t r 999:. A cogni bl cam unde t Equa Pr ecin Clus as za e li r he l ot to a e lo STheCour i notconvi e t tt HaysCollf hol ng we s fra t pr udet e or me ofprvae ts nc d ha he f;p di nt o a s o ecl he nf ce nt i t , ag e me st a bir t Theco tpas e o yon t valdiy ofa sat saut t tal r e nt o r tae. ur s d nl he i t t e tt e ha lowedanap lntt ta f r pela o rnse uniatr l t a bir tont a alofatx a as lo de .Theea eanumbe ofi l ealy o r tai he ppe a ppr ia r r r r r mpora dif e tnt ferncesbet n wee t po t eandcic tnc si Ha Cblnr t tunde neisa i biiy t t pr e cas namel t f t he sur r umsa e n ys / .y ha nui t pplca lt o he es nt e; y,he ac t tt saut di notr quiet pa tes agr mentbef ear tai be ame bi ng. ha he tt e d e r he ri ' ee or bir ton c ndi rquie saea to e r s tt cin.Se Re l- rv.Kohn,457 U. 830,847 (98 ;Doev.Rais C%/ e ndelBake S. 1 2) n y. . I pe ntSc Dit,66F.d 1402,1 ( hCi.1 . nde nde hool s. 3 406 5t r 995) Pli ifagu st tGt ycole ngawr f ltxfo Pli ifa t nr tnghi antf r e ha tbl ldi ong u a rm antf nd he degai m t s e ng a pos- pdva i r f nd fom a prvae a bir t ,t St t die ty a a tng o e ki tde ton e u r i t r ta or he ae, r c l nd c i tloug is coleci age ,vi a e Pl ntf s Fe r l Due Pr es rght .' I M c s on v lr h t l ton nt olt s ai if de a oc s i s' n Ke s . Di. fAlo oi Be .t T b c o P an ifc ne d ,heUntd S ae S p e Co r h l t a v o c h lc v f o a c s litf o tn s t ie tts u r me u t ed h t a t xpa rwho i nota f de a a qua e pr - prva i pr du e f a di t pa nt a ye s for d n de t e de i ton oce r or voi ng he yme of a i ope t i e il d a a ma t ofdue pr es t a pos- prvai n pr dur t t n mpr r ax, s ntte s ter oc s o tde i to oce e ha p o i sme nn f l c r -o kn r le .4 6U..1 , (99 ) Sae aeaf r e g e t r vde a ig u ba kwa dl o ig eif 9 S 8 31 1 0 . tts r fo d d r a fe biiy i s tsyi t r uie e s ofdue pr e s i t fed oft xa i s l ng a t l xi lt n aif ng he eq r m nt oc s n he i l a ton o o s he sa e 1 pr de a tcea a c ti 'r m e tt aw ovi s il r nd eran' e dy. Nat1Prv Tr k Counci,I v Okl Ta 3 i. uc l nc. . . x Comm ' 51 U. 582,587( 995) n, 5 S. 1 . Pl i ifs a gu e i nott tATTM s ul be te t d a a sat a t r f r pur es of antf r m nt s ha ho d r ae s t e co o pos te Fo te t Ame me t He cams t tt e Stt o T x s t r u h is c le to a e t h ure n h nd n . li ha h ae f e a . h o g t o lcin g n , ATTM ,hasvi a e hi rg s by c olt d s i ht ompeli hi t s e a r f nd i a a bir f r m . ''e lng m o e k e u n n r tal o u Ih St t ofTe ,howeve ,ha notc ae xas r s ompel Pl i ift s e a r u t oug a ar ta f um ; led antf o e k ef nd hr h n bir l or r t r Pli ifagr ed t a bir t a cli s a ii be wee hi a ATTM . Pl i ifr a ahe , antf e o r tae ny am rsng t n m nd antf e l gre ncewih t St t a i va t he a e ppea s t be t t pr son ofTe s lw t tr quie hi t s e a r o o he ovii xa a ha e r s m o e k r u fom t r t ie who c l c e i r t r t n fom t comptole . I e i i t ef nd r he e al r ole t d t a he ha r he r l r nde d, t s he co r nc oft s saut wih Pl i ifs a ee nt t abir t a 1 cam s wih ATTM t t nve ge e hi tt e t antf' gr me o r tae 1 li t ha pr e t r s tng r r m e t the abir t hi t x cam . Ha Pl i ifnota e t oduc s he e uli equie nt ha r ta e s a li d antf p ed o a bir t a1c a ms wih ATTM ,he wo d be a e t s k c r tae 1 l i t ul bl o ee ompe a i or an a sg ntof ns ton s i mne rg t fo ATTM i aj iilfr m . ih s r m n udca o u 1 4 Be a e ar a lri aprkat a t ,Pl i ifs Due Pr e s a EqualPr t cton cli s c us etie é i e c or antf oc s nd' oe i am d n tme tte t rs od r q rme tt a te alg d ij r be t p o uc ofsae a t n. o o e h h e h l e uie n h t h le e nu y he r d t tt ci o Pl i ifs at mptt cr um ve t sde i i nc by c tng hi a gu e i t r oft St t ' antf te o ic nt hi fc e y asi s r m nt n e ms he a e s a tons a s f is be us t St t i not r s ci lo al ca e he a e s e ponsbl f t c i e or he onduc a t bout whih Pl i if c antf c ompl ns he f c t the i f ce t a bir t hi ca ms a ns ATTM . l ed,Pl i if ai -t a t ha s or d o r ta e s li gai t nde antf i p o ry c m r pe l onpa e t r lef hc s e fom ATTM - JC. m pe a i f t s ATTM t s he ei e ks r . ,co ns ton or axe alge y s ul no ha c l c e wih t r le he s e fom t Stt of Te ,ie,a le dl ho d t ve ole t d- t he ei f e ks r he a e xas . . r u oft txe a lge y notowe The St t ' de son t f c cons e st s e r dr s ef nd he a s le dl d. a e s cii o or e um r o e k e es fom t r tie ,howe r doe notr nderPli ifs prvae a ee e t a bir t a lc ams r he e alr ve , s e antf i t gr m nt o r tae l l i w ih A TTM une or e bl . t nf c a e 6 11 1. CONCLUSI ON The Cour fnds t tPl i ifsgned a va i e or e bl a bir i agr e e c rng ti ha antf i ld, nf c a e r taton e m nt ove i t ecamsta aetes be to t i lws i. Ass c ATTM ' M o in t Co lAr i ain h li h t r h u jc f h s a ut u h, S to o mpe bt to r i GRANTED a t c s i he e sa pe ng a bir ton. s nd he a e s r by tyed ndi r ta i I I SO O R D ER ED . T S J@SGNEDaHoso, ea,ntiteW /dyoDee e,00 I t utn Txso hsh a f cmbr2 1. KEI P. TH I N SO UN I TED STA TES D I I J G E STR CT UD 6TheCo t d not t i i unc orabl wi.ht pr enc ofar tai pr sonsi cons r ur woul e hat t s omf t e t he eval e bir ton ovii n ume agrement,a t cons quentf f t r oftecons e ' da i c t The1 i,howeve aweldeveopeda e s nd he e oreiu e h um rs y n our. aw s r l- l nd cl r TheCou tca mtcrum venti. ea . r m ic t 15
]]>
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You
should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google
Privacy Policy and
Terms of Service apply.
