Arjangrad v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. 3:2010cv01157 - Document 146 (D. Or. 2012)
Court Description: OPINION & ORDER: Defendant's Motion to Strike the Expert Report of Paul Buchanan, Esq. 125 , which I construe as a motion to exclude his expert testimony at trial, is Granted. Signed on 5/23/12 by Magistrate Judge Paul Papak. (gm)
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON GETTEE ARJANGRAD, Plaintiff, 3:10-cv-OI157-PK OPINION AND ORDER JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., a wholly-owned subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase & Co., a Delaware corporation, Defendant. PAP AK, Judge: Plaintiff Gettee Atjangrad brings this employment discrimination action arising from her tennination as a banker for defendant JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. ("Chase"). Atjangrad alleges claims for national origin, race, and sex discrimination under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, and Or. Rev. Stat. § 659A.030(1), national origin and race discrimination under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and retaliation under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and Or. Rev. Stat. § 659A.030(f). Now before the court is Chase's motion to strike the expert repmi of Paul Buchanan, Esq. (#125). While Chase originally filed the motion in the context of summary judgment, I construe it as a motion Page 1- OPINION AND ORDER to exclude Buchanan's testimony at tria!. For the reasons discussed below, Chase's motion is granted and Buchanan's testimony is excluded. FACTUAL BACKGROUND In September 2011, Aljangrad submitted an expeti statement by Paul Buchanan, Esq. concerning "the adequacy of JPMorgan Chase's [ 1investigation/response to the complaints of discrimination" that Atjangrad made during her employment. (Lively Dec!., #127, Ex. 2) (Buchanan RepOli). Buchanan is a Portland, Oregon attorney with 21 years of experience in employment law, primarily representing and advising large employers on employment law issues. Id. Buchanan has trained employers and human resources managers regarding investigation of discrimination complaints and other employment law issues, and written articles on employment law compliance in national and local publications. Id However, he possesses no fOlmal education, training, or work experience pertaining to human resources other than what he has gained as an employment lawyer. (Lively Dec!., #127, Ex. 1) (Buchanan Dep., at 35-36.) In providing an overview of his opinions about the adequacy of Chase's response to Aljangrad's discrimination complaints, Buchanan purports to analyze "the general standard of thoroughness, responsiveness, and independence that is generally expected and practiced at large employers" and "the efficacy ofthe investigation practices in aniving at credible conclusions and demonstrating the employer's good faith intention to comply with the anti-discrimination statutes." (Buchanan RepOli, at 3.) Buchanan also purports to "express no opinion ... as to whether Ms. Arjangrad was in fact subjected to discrimination or retaliation .... '" Id , In his analysis, however, Buchanan commented that Weldon's "selection of his team of RlvIS suggested that there might be some discrimination issue, given the concerns expressed regarding Mr. Weldon's comments about Mr. Taylor .... " Id at 13. Page 2- OPINION Al'lD ORDER First, Buchanan describes several cases from the Ninth and Seventh circuits holding that an adequate investigation is a necessary response to "an employee complaint or concern of discriminatory harassment." (Buchanan Report, at 8) (emphasis added). In the context of harassment complaints, Buchanan notes that courts assess adequacy of an investigation by considering the timeliness, thoroughness, and impartiality of the investigation process. ld. Buchanan opines that even when investigating potential violations of anti-discrimination laws other than harassment, "sound HR practice dictates that the same standards that require prompt, thorough, and impartial investigations of discriminatory harassment generally apply .... " ld. Additionally, Buchanan implies that employers are motivated to conduct investigations in response to discrimination and retaliation complaints, even though they are not required to by case law, because "most large employers seek to preserve their ability to argue, pursuant to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Kolstad v. American Dental Association, 527 U.S. 516, 119 S.C!. 2118 (1999), that they make good-faith effOlis to comply with anti-discrimination statutes," and because "courts generally reward employers for conducting prompt, thorough· investigations .... " ld. at 8-9. Buchanan also cites to EEOC guidance documents instructing employers to establish mechanisms for prompt, thorough, and impartial investigations regarding employee discrimination complaints. ld. at 9. Finally, Buchanan recognizes that Chase has an internal policy calling for a prompt investigation after an employee report of discrimination. ld. Next, Buchanan concludes that Chase's response to Atjangrad's Janumy 2010 complaints of discrimination was "inadequate" for several reasons. Buchanan opines that the investigatorMs. Kane- was not "sufficiently impartial" because: (1) she was the HR "business partner" of Mr. Weldon, who j-ujangrad accused of discrimination; (2) she was already working with Page 3- OPINION AND ORDER Weldon on Aljangrad's telmination when she stmied her investigation; (3) her investigation was cursory; and (4) she emphasized the seriousness of Ajrangrad's complaint, which obviously would dissuade Aljangrad fi'om advancing such allegations. Id at 10. Buchanan also proposes that the investigation was cursory because Kane never spoke with Weldon's current and fotnler supervisors, did not question Weldon in enough detail, did not review any documents, did not conduct interviews in-person, and did not conduct any follow-up investigation after Aljangrad reiterated her complaints.' Id. at 10,11. Buchanan also faults Chase for failing to create a dated, written report following the investigation, which "is inadequate for a large, sophisticated employer and does not meet the generally accepted standards of thorough HR practice." Id at 12. Finally, Buchanan takes issue with the rationales Kane recorded for her finding that discrimination did not occur, opining that two of Kane's three justifications were "simply truisms that do not indicate one way or another whether discrimination occurred" and that the other was "not compelling evidence." Id at 13. Buchanan reached these conclusions based on a review of documents provided to him by Aljangrad's counsel and conversations with that counseL Id. at 2. Buchanan, however, did not seek out documents other than those provided by A1jangrad's counselor perform any other investigation or research. (Buchanan Dep., at 41,47,48.) DISCUSSION Chase argues that Buchanan's repOli is inadmissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and the standards established by Daubert v. lvferrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 , Buchanan states that "Ms. Kane appears to have been more focused on advancing her 'client's' agenda in disciplining and terminating Ms. Aljangrad rather than seeking to probe earnestly the assertion that !vir. Weldon was engaging in discrimination." Id at 12. Page 4- OPINION AND ORDER (1993). Rule 702 specifically provides: A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case. Fed. R. Evid. 702. Broadly speaking, Daubert and Rule 702 require that an expert be qualified and the expert's testimony be both reliable and relevant. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589; Daubert v. }vJerrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 43 F.3d 1311, 1315 (9th Cir.l995) ("Daubert IF') ("The question of admissibility only arises if it is first established that the individuals whose testimony is being proffered are experts in a particular scientific field"). The district cOUli must act as a '" gatekeeper,' excluding 'junk science' that does not meet the standards of reliability required under Rule 702." Domingo ex rei. Domingo v. T.K., 289 F.3d 600, 605 (9th Cir. 2002). This Rule 702 inquiry is flexible, however, and depends on the facts of the particular case. Eisayed lvfukhtar v. Cal. State Univ., Hayward, 299 F.3d 1053, 1063 (9th Cir. 2002). Admissibility of expert testimony is a matter for preliminary determination by the cOUli under Fed. R. Evid. 104(a), and the patty offering the evidence bears the burden of proving admissibility by a preponderance of the evidence. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592-593. Although I find that Buchanan is qualified to offer opinions about standard practices for employment discrimination investigations, I conclude that the opinions he offers on that subject Page 5- OPINION AND ORDER are unreliable. For some of the same reasons, these conclusions are also irrelevant because they are unhelpful to a jUlY. I. Qualification Chase contends that Buchanan is not qualified to opine on three issues which he addressed in his report: (1) generally accepted human resources practices for large U.S. companies; (2) Chase's human resources policies and practices; and (3) witness credibility. Aljangrad concedes that Buchanan will not testifY about the credibility of any witnesses. Moreover, although Aljangrad argues that Buchanan's testimony tends to show Chase did not follow its own policy for investigating discrimination complaints, (P.'s Br., #132, at 5), Buchanan did not directly opine about that issue, instead limiting his analysis to the broader category of "the standards of sound HR practices at major U.S. employers." (Buchanan Report, #46, at 13.) Even ifhe had, Buchanan would clearly lack qualifications as an expert on Chase's discrimination investigation, since his only experience with Chase's investigation practices and policy consists of reading the policy in the preparation of his report. See Parton v. United Parcel Serv., No.1 :02-cv-2008-WSD, 2005 WL 5974445, at *4 (N.D. Ga. Aug. 2, 2005) (expert who merely read a large company's discipline policy, but did not assist in development or revision of that policy, apply the policy, or perfOlID any research or investigation of the policy's application, was not qualified to testify about the company's disciplinary practices). Thus, I need only analyze whether Buchanan is qualified to testifY about accepted human resources practices for large U.S. companies. The Committee Notes on the 2000 Amendments to Rule 702 make clear that an expeli may be qualified by experience alone, or experience in conjunction with "other knowledge, skill, Page 6- OPINION AND ORDER training, or education .... " Fed. R. Civ. P. 702, AdvisOlY Committee Notes, 2000 Amendments ("Rule 702 expressly contemplates that an expeli may be qualified on the basis of experience. In certain fields, experience is the predominant, if not sole, basis for a great deal of reliable expert testimony."). For example, one court in this Circuit found that a professor of organizational studies who taught doctoral level courses on human resources practices, worked for 13 years in the staffing industry, founded a staffing consultancy, and belonged to many professional organizations was qualified to testify about a university's deviation £i'om "good human resources practice .... " Humphreys v. Regents ofUniv. of Cal. , No. C 04-03808 ST, 2006 WL 1867713, at *3 (N.D. Cal. July 6,2006). By contrast, the same court found an attorney was not qualified to offer expert testimony about the university's use of an executive search firm merely because he had been recruited twice by executive search firms and had hired search firms on numerous occasions. Jd. at *4. Atjangrad contends that Buchanan is qualified to opine about the adequacy of Chase's investigation compared to accepted HR practices because of his extensive experience as a defense attorney representing and advising employers, his experience training other employment lawyers and HR professionals, and his experience conducting between five and 10 discrimination investigations for large companies. Chase responds that Buchanan has no familiarity with how human resources personnel at large employers actually investigate discrimination complaints, since he has never worked in HR at a large organization or bank like Chase, and has never conducted an investigation for a company that has over 100,000 employees like Chase, and had not conducted any discrimination investigations in the last five years. Further, Chase notes that Buchanan's experience as a lawyer does not afford him specialized knowledge about the anti- Page 7- OPINION AND ORDER discrimination policies and practices of large organizations. While Buchanan clearly has no formalized education or training in HR practices, I find him qualified to testify about standard HR practices in large organizations on the basis of his experience perfOlming discrimination investigations, advising companies, training HR professionals, and writing about HR issues. Buchanan is unlike the purported HR expert in Parton, cited by Chase, whom the court found unqualified to testify about "standard human resources practices." Parton, 2005 WL 5974445, at *4. There, the purported expert, who had a doctorate in Psycho-Educational Process, claimed familiarity with HR practices based on his development of "performance management cunicul[a)" for two former employers and presentation of a program on "Dealing with Difficult Employees" in a series of public seminars. Jd. By contrast, many aspects of Buchanan's professional experience, beyond just his practice as an employment lawyer, demonstrate his qualification to testify about investigations of discrimination at large U.S. businesses. Specifically, Buchanan's performance of five to 10 discrimination investigations for large companies, his advising of businesses, and his training of HR staff afford him the requisite specialized knowledge to opine about HR practices, particularly those peliaining to discrimination investigations. That Buchanan has never perfolTlled an investigation for the exact type of employer at issue here - a bank or a business as large as Chase - and has never been employed in an HR department only go to the weight of his potential testimony. II. Reliability Chase also challenges the reliability of Buchanan's opinion. Again, I limit my analysis to Buchanan's proposed testimony conceming accepted HR practice at major U.S. companies and Page 8- OPINION AND ORDER Chase's adherence to those standards, the only topic on which he is qualified to testifY. The reliability determination focuses on the scientific validity of the principles and methodology used by the expert. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592-95; Daubert 11,43 F.3d at 1317-18. Rule 702 sets forth the basic test for reliability: (l) the testimony must be based on sufficient fact or data; (2) the testimony must be the product of reliable principles and methods; and (3) the expert must have reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case. Fed. R. Civ. P. 702. In addition, the Supreme Court has created a non-exhaustive list of factors for the determination of the reliability of scientific testimony, including: "( 1) whether the scientific theory or technique can be (and has been) tested; (2) whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer review and publication; (3) whether there is a known or potential error rate; and (4) whether the theOlY or teclmique is generally accepted in the relevant scientific community." Id. at 593-94. These factors apply to testimony based on teclmical and specialized knowledge, not just scientific knowledge. See Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 141 (1999). There are several problems with Buchanan's proposed testimony which lead me to conclude that it is not reliable. First, I agree with Chase that Atjangrad has failed to demonstrate that Buchanan's opinions are the product of reliable principles and methods, reliably applied in this case. Expelis such as Buchanan, who rely "solely or primarily on experience," must explain "how that experience leads to the conclusion reached, why that experience is a sufficient basis for the opinion, and how that experience is reliably applied to the facts." Fed. R. Civ. P. 702, Advisory Committee Notes, 2000 Amendments ("The trial court's gatekeeping function requires more than simply 'taking the expeli's word for it. "'); see Parton, 2005 WL 5974445, at *5 (finding purpOlied HR expeli's testimony to be unreliable because he "relies on the mere fact of Page 9- OPINION AND ORDER his experience with respect to human resources matters to support this conclusion- in essence, he requests the Court to take his word for it. This subjective, conclusory approach cannot reasonably be assessed for reliability and is plainly insufficient under Daubert."). Here, Buchanan read the documents provided to him by Aljangrad's counsel, had his junior associate perform some legal research, and arrived at his conclusions. (Lively Dec!., #127, Ex. 1) (Buchanan Dep., at 26, 28, 47-49.) Buchanan never explains how his experience performing discrimination investigations or his expertise advising employers and HR professionals led him to understand and define generally accepted standards of HR investigation practices. Instead, his report merely asselis that "[e]mployers and lawyers who advise employers have broadly recognized that sound HR practice dictates" companies conduct prompt, thorough, and impmiial investigations of discrimination complaints, just as case law requires them to do with harassment complaints. This is circular reasoning- generally accepted HR practice requires certain investigation practices because Buchanan asselis that employers and advisors (like himself) believe it to be so. Buchanan, however, does not offer any personal observations or data gathered from his experience demonstrating that large companies actually adhere to these standards. Buchanan also cites EEOC guidance exhOliing employers to "set up a mechanism for prompt, thorough, and impartial investigation" to investigate discrimination complaints. But, again, Buchanan does not explain whether HR depmiments in major U.S. companies in fact follow this EEOC guidance, and if they do, what practices they use to implement it. There is no reliable expert methodology inherent in merely reciting the content of aspirationa1 EEOC guidance documents, without explaining their practical import. Page 10- OPINION AND ORDER Further, Buchanan's testimony describing the basis for some of the investigation requirements he proposes to be "generally accepted" illustrates the elusiveness of his methods. Buchanan testified that it was "almost self-evident" and "fairly obvious" that investigation interviews be perfOlmed face-to-face, rather than over the phone. (Buchanan Dep., at 136-137.) He also opined that the more impatiial and independent the investigator, the more effective an investigation, "based on my experience in working with employers over the years and a certain element of common sense, I suppose." (Buchanan Dep., at 107.) If Buchanan wishes to testify about generally accepted HR practices in major companies, he must do more than cite standards based vaguely on his "experience" and "common sense." He must demonstrate that he applied a reliable methodology to gain insight into how companies' HR personnel actually operate, otherwise he is effectively asking the cOUli to "take his word for it." Parton, 2005 WL 5974445, at *5. Also, I agree with Chase that Buchanan lacked sufficient facts or data to make a reliable analysis of the adequacy of Chase's investigation, even assuming he reliably opined about standard HR practice. Chase and Atjangrad spend considerable effort in briefing debating whether Buchanan's conclusions were predetermined by the set of documents provided to him by Atjangrad's counsel. It is common practice for counsel to select a subset of documents from the case to give to a potential expeli, and coulis generally permit that practice. See Butler v. Home Depot, Inc., 984 F. Supp. 1257,1260 (N.D. Cal. 1997) (admitting expeli testimony despite that expert has not read all of the depositions in the matter and had relied upon plaintiffs' counsel to provide her with "relevant" materials). The bigger problem here, as Chase points out, is that Buchanan was not provided with, and did not obtain, the entire file that Kane compiled on Page 11- OPINION AND ORDER Arjangrad during her investigation. Through this oversight, Buchanan was prevented from considering several key items that bear on the adequacy of Kane's investigation and Buchanan's criticisms of it, including summaries of interviews of Aljangrad's fOlmer supervisors that Kane received, Kane's notes and other testimony indicating that Kane received infonnation from Atjangrad's coworkers about Aljangrad's conduct, and Chase's response to Arjangrad's BOLI charge. (Suppl. Lively Decl., #140, ~9, Ex. 1 at 151-152, Ex. 2 at 11-12.) Atjangrad counters that the completeness of the materials Buchanan reviewed is an issue going to the weight of his testimony, not its admissibility. I disagree. Reliance on incomplete facts and data may make an expert opinion unreliable because an expeli must "know[] of facts which enable him to express a reasonably accurate conclusion." Smith v. Pac. Bell Tel. Co., 649 F. Supp. 2d 1073, 1096-1097 (E.D. Cal. 2009) (refusing to admit testimony of an expert in part because expert's report was "based on incomplete facts and selective documents."). For the same reasons, Buchanan's apparently erroneous recitation of certain facts- most pmiicularly that Kane created no "written report" of her investigation- makes his testimony unreliable. Id. at 1096 ("Opinions derived from elToneous data are appropriately excluded. ") (citing Slaughter v. SOllthern Talc Co., 919 F.2d 304 (5th Cir. 1990)). III. Relevance Finally, for some of the same reasons that Buchanan's opinions are umeliable, they are also ilTelevant. The Daubert relevance standard is a liberal one. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 587-88. At a minimum, to be relevant an expeli's testimony must "logically advancer] a material aspect ofthe pmiy's case." Daubert 11,43 F.3d at 1315. The relevance detelmination, however, also considers whether the expert's testimony is helpful to the jury. Elsayed ,l.Iukhtar v. Cal. Siale Page 12- OPINION AND ORDER Univ., Hayward, 299 FJd 1053, 1063 n. 7 (9th Cir. 2002), amended by 319 FJd 1073 (9th Cir. 2003). I agree with Aljangrad that Buchanan's testimony, if otherwise reliable, would logically advance several material aspects of her case. For example, Aljangrad proposes that Buchanan's testimony would advance her argument that her termination was pretext for discrimination. Indeed, law suggests that an inadequate investigation in response to a complaint can demonstrate discriminatOlY or retaliatOlY intent, when other circumstances imply such intent. See Hernandez v. City o/Vancouver, No. C04-5539 FDB, 2009 WL 279038, at *5 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 5, 2009) ("The Defendants' failure to follow [good human resources] practices is relevant to Plaintiff's contention that the Defendants actions were discriminatOlY, and [expeli's] testimony could assist the jUly because the average juror is unlikely to be familiar with human resources management policies and practices."). Further, failure to adhere to broadly accepted HR norms could show that Chase was not implementing its anti-discrimination policy in good faith, a factor relevant to the availability of punitive damages. See Costa v. Desert Palace, Inc., 299 FJd 838, 864 (9th Cir. 2002) ("Kolstad provided the employer with a new "good faith" defense, enabling it to escape punitive damages if it can show that the challenged actions were not taken by senior managers and were contrary to the employer's good faith implementation of an effective antidiscrimination policy. ") However, celiain elements of Buchanan's testimony are not helpful to a jury and therefore Buchanan's overall conclusion that Chase did not comply with standard HR practices is irrelevant. Expert testimony is not helpful to a jury, and thus not relevant, when it addresses an issue that is within "the common knowledge ofthe average layman." United States v. Vallejo, Page 13- OPINION AND ORDER 237 FJd 1008, 1019 (9th Cir. 2001), amended by 246 FJd 1150 (9th Cir. 2001); see also United States v. Hanna, 293 FJd 1080, 1086 (9th Cir. 2002). To the extent that Buchanan bases his testimony about HR practice standards and Chase's investigation on nothing more than his common sense, as described above, a jury can accomplish the same analysis without an expCli. Moreover, although experts may use legal terms in expressing their opinions, expert testimony that consists oflega1 conclusions is unhelpful and inadmissible. See United States v. Boulware, 558 FJd 971,975 (9th Cir. 2009); Nationwide Transp. Fin. v. Cass Info. Sys., Inc., 523 FJd 1051, 1058, 1060 (9th Cir. 2008). An expert may offer factual conclusions that embrace an ultimate factual issue to be decided, but may not state ultimate legal conclusions, such as whether discrimination occuned. See Highland Capital Mgmt., L.P. v. Schneider, 551 F. Supp. 2d 173, 179 (S.D.N.Y. 2008); Hernandez, 2009 WL 279038, at *5. Here, since Buchanan suggests Weldon discriminated in selecting his bankers and apparently based his ultimate conclusion in part on a detelmination that Weldon harbored discriminatory animus, Buchanan's testimony is unhelpful. Also, expert testimony presenting erroneous statements of law is unhelpful to a jUly. Nationwide, 523 FJd at 1058. Contrmy to Chase's arguments, no individual statement oflaw in Buchanan's repoli is technically enoneous. Buchanan does not assert that case law requires employers to conduct investigations in response to complaints of discrimination or retaliation. But, by presenting himself as an employment law expert and asserting that generally accepted HR practices and EEOC guidance require such investigations, his testimony comes perilously close to implying that erroneous legal proposition. Finally, "opinions that are nothing more than vouchers for or attacks on credibility do not Page 14- OPINION AND ORDER assist the trier offact," since it is the province of the jury to determine credibility. Hernandez v. City o/Vancouver, No. C04-5539 FDB, 2009 WL 279038, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 5, 2009) (citing United States v. Barnard, 490 F.2d 907, 912-13 (9th Cir.1973) and United Stales v. Awkard, 597 F.2d 667, 671 (9th Cir.1979)). Since Buchanan's repOli opines about Kane's credibility by stating she failed to "earnestly" respond to Arjangrad's charge and includes similar innuendo concerning credibility, it is unhelpful. IV. FRE403 Chase also argues Buchanan's testimony should be excluded under Fed. R. Evid. 403, since it would require Chase to put on a substantial response to impeach and counter Buchanan's opinions. I need not address these arguments because of my conclusion above that Buchanan is not qualified to testifY about anything other than generally accepted HR practices and his testimony on that subject is not reliable or relevant. V. Sanctions Chase seeks an award of fees and costs incuned to depose Buchanan and to bring this motion to strike, both underFed. R. Civ. P. 1J(b)(1)-(2) and 28 U.S.c. §1927. Chase notes that it warned Aljangrad before filing this motion that no case law suppOlis the use of an employment attorney as an expert concerning the merits of a discrimination case, and that Aljangrad's "efforts to celiifY Buchanan as an expert lack any good faith basis in law or fact." (D. 's Reply, #139, at 25.) Of all Chase's legal arguments, its attack on Buchanan's qualifications as an expeli was the least effective. This motion presents an application of Daubert and Rule 702 to HR expelis only discussed by a handful of district courts, and never with facts similar to those present here. Sanctions are not justified. Page 15- OPINION AND ORDER CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, Chase's motion to strike the expeli repmi of Paul Buchanan, Esq. (#125), which I construe as a motion to exclude his expeli testimony at trial, is granted. IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated this 23rd day of May, 2012. () () \c/w r0P~ Honorable Paul Papak United States Magistrate Judge Page 16- OPINION AND ORDER
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