Klein v. Skolnik et al, No. 3:2008cv00177 - Document 63 (D. Nev. 2010)
Court Description: REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF U.S. MAGISTRATE JUDGE re 48 Motion to Dismiss or in the Alternative, Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Defendants and 55 Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Plaintiff. IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that the Dis trict Judge enter an Order GRANTING Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment 48 . IT IS FURTHER RECOMMENDED that the District Judge enter an Order DENYING Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment 55 . Objections to R&R due by 2/8/2010. Signed by Magistrate Judge Robert A. McQuaid, Jr. on 1/22/2010. (Copies have been distributed pursuant to the NEF - HJ)
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Klein v. Skolnik et al Doc. 63 1 2 3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 7 PAUL S. KLEIN, 8 9 10 Plaintiff, vs. HOWARD SKOLNIK, et al., 11 Defendants. 12 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3:08-CV-177-ECR (RAM) REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF U.S. MAGISTRATE JUDGE 13 This Report and Recommendation is made to the Honorable Edward C. Reed, Jr., Senior 14 United States District Judge. The action was referred to the undersigned Magistrate Judge 15 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and the Local Rules of Practice, LR IB 1-4. Before the 16 court is Defendant Richard Tate’s Motion to Dismiss, or in the Alternative Motion for Summary 17 Judgment. (Doc. #48.)1 Plaintiff has opposed (Doc. #53), and Defendant has replied (Doc. 18 #56). Also before the court is Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc. #55.) 19 Defendant has opposed (Doc. #57), and Plaintiff has replied (Doc. # 58.)2 After a thorough 20 review, the court recommends that Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment be granted and 21 Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment be denied. I. BACKGROUND 22 23 At all relevant times, Plaintiff Paul S. Klein was in custody of the Nevada Department 24 of Corrections (NDOC). The events at issue occurred while Plaintiff was an inmate at the 25 26 1 27 2 28 Refers to court’s docket number. Also pending before the court is Plaintiff’s Motion to Add Additional Evidence in Support of His Reply. (Doc. #60.) Defendant has opposed (Doc. #61), and Plaintiff has replied (Doc. #62). The court grants Plaintiff’s motion and considers the evidence submitted. Dockets.Justia.com 1 Southern Dessert Correctional Center (SDCC). (Pl.’s Compl. 1 (Doc. #19).) Plaintiff, a pro se 2 litigant, brings this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. On April 4, 2008, Plaintiff filed a 3 complaint containing four counts, seeking damages, declaratory relief and injunctive relief 4 against various NDOC administrators and employees in their individual capacities. (Id. 2-4, 5 9.) In a screening order issued September 23, 2008, the court dismissed Counts II through IV 6 and all named defendants except for Defendant Tate. (Doc. #18.) 7 In Count I, the sole remaining count in Plaintiff’s complaint, Plaintiff claims that 8 Defendant Tate “blocked, took, and destroyed” a Discover Magazine subscription renewal bill 9 in violation of the First Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment. (Pl.’s Compl. 5-7.) 10 In general, if a district court considers evidence outside the pleadings when ruling on 11 a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the motion will be treated as one for summary judgment. 12 Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). Upon such conversion, the parties must be notified and given a 13 reasonable opportunity to present evidence. See Anderson v. Angelone, 86 F.3d 932, 934 (9th 14 Cir. 1996). Defendant filed his Motion to Dismiss, or in the Alternative Motion for Summary 15 Judgment on July 13, 2009. (Doc. #48.) On July 14, 2009, the parties were provided with 16 notice of the motion pursuant to the requirements of Klingele v. Eikenberry, 849 F.2d 409 (9th 17 Cir. 1988), and Rand v. Rowland, 154 F.3d 952 (9th Cir. 1998). (Doc. #49.) Because the court 18 considers evidence outside the pleadings, Defendant’s motion will be treated as one for 19 summary judgment. Plaintiff received notice, a reasonable opportunity to present evidence, 20 opposed Defendant’s motion, and subsequently moved for summary judgment himself. (Docs. 21 #53, 55.) 22 II. LEGAL STANDARD 23 The purpose of summary judgment is to avoid unnecessary trials when there is no 24 dispute over the facts before the court. Nw. Motorcycle Ass’n v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 18 F.3d 25 1468, 1471 (9th Cir. 1994). All reasonable inferences are drawn in favor of the non-moving 26 party. In re Slatkin, 525 F.3d 805, 810 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 27 477 U.S. 242, 244 (1986)). Summary judgment is appropriate if “the pleadings, the discovery 28 2 1 and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any 2 material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (citing 3 Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)). Where reasonable minds could differ on the material facts at issue, 4 however, summary judgment is not appropriate. Warren v. City of Carlsbad, 58 F.3d 439, 441 5 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1171 (1996). In deciding whether to grant summary 6 judgment, the court must view all evidence and any inferences arising from the evidence in the 7 light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Bagdadi v. Nazar, 84 F.3d 1194, 1197 (9th Cir. 8 1996). In doing so, the court must defer to the professional judgment of prison administrators 9 when an inmate civil rights complaint is involved. Beard v. Banks, 548 U.S. 521, 526, 530 10 (2006); Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 132 (2003). 11 The moving party bears the burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion, 12 together with evidence demonstrating the absence of any genuine issue of material fact. 13 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). Once the moving party has met its burden, 14 the party opposing the motion may not rest upon mere allegations or denials of the pleadings, 15 but must set forth specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial. Anderson, 477 U.S. 16 at 248. Although the parties may submit evidence in an inadmissible form, only evidence 17 which might be admissible at trial may be considered by a trial court in ruling on a motion for 18 summary judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). 19 In evaluating the appropriateness of summary judgment, three steps are necessary: (1) 20 determining whether a fact is material; (2) determining whether there is a genuine issue for the 21 trier of fact, as determined by the documents submitted to the court; and (3) considering that 22 evidence in light of the appropriate standard of proof. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. As to 23 materiality, only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the 24 governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment; factual disputes which 25 are irrelevant or unnecessary will not be considered. Id. Where there is a complete failure of 26 proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case, all other facts are 27 rendered immaterial, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex, 28 3 1 2 477 U.S. at 323. III. DISCUSSION 3 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Tate “blocked, took, and destroyed” a Discover Magazine 4 subscription renewal, which offered Plaintiff a discounted subscription rate, in violation of the 5 First Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment. (Pl.’s Compl. 5.) Plaintiff claims that the 6 envelope from Discover was clearly marked “first class” and did not constitute “bulk mail.” 7 (Id.) Plaintiff asserts that due process is required before any mail addressed to a prisoner is 8 taken and destroyed by prison officials. (Id. at 6.) Defendant argues that Plaintiff cannot 9 establish that Defendant’s conduct resulted in the deprivation of Plaintiff’s constitutional 10 rights. (Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. 9 (Doc. #48).) 11 Plaintiff adamantly claims that his renewal billing statement for Discover magazine was 12 sent in an envelope marked “First Class Mail.” (Pl.’s Compl. 5; Pl’s Opp. to Summ. J. 11 (Doc. 13 #53).) However, the evidence submitted by Defendant indicates otherwise. Plaintiff states that 14 he grieved the incident at issue in grievance number 200695311. (Pl.’s Comp. 5.) The official 15 response to this grievance states that “inmates are not allowed to [receive] bills unless they are 16 [sent] in an envelope.” (Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. B at 24 (Doc. #48).) Moreover, the 17 official response at the first level of review advises Plaintiff that he should “write to Discover 18 and request that they send [his] renewal subscription via First Class Mail” because “[t]his will 19 ensure [Plaintiff] receives [his] materials.” (Id.) These official responses demonstrate that 20 Plaintiff’s renewal was not sent in an envelope or by way of First Class Mail. As the non- 21 moving party, Plaintiff must put forth evidence beyond his allegations to demonstrate that 22 there is a genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether his renewal was sent via First 23 Class Mail. Plaintiff points to the remaining half of the billing statement delivered to him as 24 evidence that the renewal was sent via First Class Mail. (Pl.’s Opp. to Summ. J. 11, 48.) 25 However, neither this portion of the billing statement nor any other evidence submitted by 26 Plaintiff actually shows that the renewal was sent in an envelope via First Class Mail. Plaintiff 27 fails to support his allegation with any factual support, and Defendant has shown an absence 28 4 1 of a genuine issue of material fact. Thus, the court will address the NDOC’s practice of 2 removing subscription renewals from the magazines themselves but will not address removal 3 of renewals sent in an envelope via First Class Mail. 4 A. First Amendment 5 “Publishers have a First Amendment right to communicate with prisoners by mail, and 6 inmates have a First Amendment right to receive this mail.” Prison Legal News v. Lehman, 7 397 F.3d 692, 699 (9th Cir. 2005). However, a prisoner’s “constitutional rights are subject to 8 substantial limitations and restrictions in order to allow prison officials to achieve legitimate 9 correctional goals and maintain institutional security.” Walker v. Sumner, 917 F.2d 382, 385 10 (9th Cir. 1990). A prison may adopt regulations or practices impinging on a prisoner’s 11 constitutional rights if those regulations are reasonably related to legitimate penological 12 interests, such as security, order and rehabilitation. Witherow v. Paff, 52 F.3d 264, 265 (9th 13 Cir. 1995). To determine if a prison regulation is reasonably related to a legitimate penological 14 interest, the court considers the following factors: (1) whether there is a “valid, rational 15 connection between the prison regulation and the legitimate governmental interest put forward 16 to justify it”; (2) whether there are “alternative means of exercising the rights that remain open 17 to prison inmates”; (3) what impact the requested accommodation “will have on guards and 18 other inmates, and on the allocation of prison resources generally”; and, (4) whether the 19 “absence of ready alternatives is evidence of the reasonableness of a prison regulation.” Turner 20 v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 90 (1987). The first factor is the most important. Prison Legal News, 21 397 F.3d at 699. 22 With respect to the first factor, Defendant argues that the prison regulation authorizing 23 the removal of magazine inserts is rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest. 24 (Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. 10.) Inmate mail is processed pursuant to NDOC Administrative 25 Regulation (AR) 750. (Id. at 3.) Under AR 750.03-1.6, subscription renewal cards and other 26 offers for subscriptions to magazines are removed prior to distribution of the magazine to the 27 inmate. (Id. at 3, Ex. A at 10.) According to Defendant, the NDOC removes subscription 28 5 1 renewal cards and other offers for subscriptions to magazines because prisoners subscribe to 2 publications (presumably, indicating they should be billed later) and then fail to pay for the 3 subscription, leaving the NDOC liable for the subscription. (Id. at 3.) Defendant asserts that 4 Plaintiff continues to receive his authorized publications despite the removal of the renewal 5 card. (Id. at 10.) 6 Plaintiff contends that Defendant’s assertion that the NDOC would be held responsible 7 for unpaid prisoner subscriptions is without merit and is not a legitimate governmental 8 interest. (Pl.’s Opp. to Summ. J. 9 .) Plaintiff argues that Defendant has failed to present proof 9 that the NDOC or Defendant Tate has been held responsible in some way for a prisoner’s 10 unpaid publication order. (Id. at 10.) 11 The NDOC regulation requiring the removal of subscription renewal inserts in 12 magazines is rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest. Even if the NDOC is not 13 held financially responsible for unpaid prisoner subscriptions, the prison has a legitimate 14 interest in the rehabilitation of prisoners by reducing the opportunities for prisoners to defraud 15 others by ordering goods for which they are unable or unwilling to pay. In the official response 16 to Plaintiff’s informal grievance number 200797071, the NDOC indicates that the prison has 17 become the “Fraud Police” because of “the number of inmates that attempt to defraud the 18 system.” (Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. B at 20.) In light of the “substantial deference” a court 19 must accord “to the professional judgment of prison administrators,” the court finds that the 20 prison regulation at issue is rationally related legitimate penological interests. Overton v. 21 Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 132 (2003). The first factor weighs in favor of Defendant. 22 With respect to the second factor, Plaintiff may renew his magazine subscription 23 through means other than the insert included with the magazine. Publications and magazines 24 may be renewed by prepaid subscription, or the subscription renewal form may be sent to 25 Plaintiff via First Class mail from the publisher. (Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. 10, Ex. A at 9,10, Ex. 26 B. at 24.) Accordingly, the second factor also weighs in Defendant’s favor. 27 /// 28 6 1 With respect to the third factor, Defendant argues that not removing the subscription 2 renewals would subject the NDOC to potential financial liability for unpaid subscriptions. 3 (Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. 10.) However, Defendant fails to provide evidence to support this 4 conclusory assertion. Thus, the court does not find Defendant’s argument persuasive. See 5 Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d 878, 887 (9th Cir. 2008)(concluding that the Arizona Department 6 of Corrections failed to provide adequate evidence supporting its assertion that increased costs 7 would result from plaintiff’s requested accommodation). 8 Issuing magazines to inmates with the included renewal cards would not impact prison 9 guards or the expenditure of prison resources significantly. Because the NDOC administrative 10 regulations indicate that other types of inserts (such as stickers, lipstick, and perfume) must 11 be removed in addition to subscription renewal cards, prison resources may actually be 12 conserved by leaving the renewal cards in the magazines rather than removing them. (Def.’s 13 Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. A at 11 (AR 750.03-1.6).) 14 renewal cards in the magazines on inmates would be quite beneficial. Allowing prisoners to 15 receive magazines with the included renewal cards would provide inmates another way to 16 access subscription renewals. In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the court must 17 view all evidence and any inferences arising from the evidence in the light most favorable to the 18 nonmoving party. Bagdadi, 84 F.3d at 1197. Therefore, because not removing the renewal 19 card would only minimally impact prison resources while benefitting inmates, the third factor 20 weighs in Plaintiff’s favor. Additionally, the impact of leaving the 21 With respect to the fourth factor, Plaintiff bears the burden of showing that there are 22 obvious, easy alternatives to the regulation. Mauro v. Arpaio, 188 F.3d 1054, 1062 (9th Cir. 23 1999). If Plaintiff can identify an alternative that fully accommodates the right at a de minimis 24 cost to valid penological goals, the prison policy is an exaggerated response. Turner, 482 U.S. 25 at 90-91. Here, Plaintiff does not offer an alternative to the current NDOC policy. Rather, 26 Plaintiff primarily argues that other NDOC facilities allow magazine renewals to be issued to 27 inmates and, thus, the SDCC should do so as well. (Pl.’s Opp. to Summ. J. 13-16.) Plaintiff’s 28 7 1 argument merely shows his disagreement with the SDCC and fails to identify an easy 2 alternative to the regulation. The fourth factor weighs in Defendant’s favor. 3 The court concludes that Plaintiff has not established a genuine issue of material fact 4 that the magazine renewal insert policy violates his First Amendment rights. Because three of 5 the four factors weigh in Defendant’s favor, Defendant has shown that the mail policy is 6 reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives. Therefore, Defendant should be 7 granted summary judgment on Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim. 8 B. Fourteenth Amendment 9 Plaintiff also argues that Defendant failed to provide Plaintiff notice that the magazine 10 renewal was removed as required by the due process protections of the Fourteenth 11 Amendment. (Pl.’s Compl. 6.) 12 The Supreme Court has held that “withhold[ing] delivery of [inmate mail] must be 13 accompanied by minimum procedural safeguards.” Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 417-18 14 (1974), overruled on other grounds by Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 413-14 (1989). 15 Specifically, an inmate has a “due process liberty interest in receiving notice that his incoming 16 mail is being withheld by prison authorities.” Frost v. Symington, 197 F.3d 348, 353 (9th Cir. 17 1999). It is “not the prison’s rejection of [inmate mail] that makes out a procedural due process 18 claim; it is the lack of notice of that rejection.” Sorrels v. McKee, 290 F.3d 965, 972 (9th Cir. 19 2002)(emphasis in original). 20 Defendant’s removal of Plaintiff’s Discover magazine subscription renewal bill from 21 inside the magazine does not constitute the withholding mail. Under AR 750.03-1.6, “[i]nserts 22 within a magazine will be removed prior to issue” and disposed of in accordance with AR 23 750.06. (Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. A at 11.) Courts have found that a prisoner possesses 24 a liberty interest, and thus, is entitled to notice when a magazine is withheld entirely or when 25 inmate mail is censored. Frost, 197 F.3d at 353 (holding that a prisoner has a “due process 26 liberty interest in receiving notice that his incoming [magazines are] being withheld by prison 27 authorities” based on obscenity concerns); Procunier, 416 U.S. at 417-18 (holding that a prison 28 8 1 official’s “decision to censor or withhold delivery of [inmate mail] must be accompanied by 2 minimum procedural safeguards”). Here, however, Plaintiff’s magazine was delivered, in its 3 entirety, without any alteration to the substantive content. Receiving the renewal card, itself, 4 within the magazine fails to amount to a liberty interest. Consequently, the mere removal of 5 the renewal card from the magazine by prison officials does not require the procedural 6 protections afforded by the Fourteenth Amendment. Therefore, Defendant is entitled to 7 summary judgment on Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment claim.3 IV. RECOMMENDATION 8 9 10 11 12 IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that the District Judge enter an Order GRANTING Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. #48). IT IS FURTHER RECOMMENDED that the District Judge enter an Order DENYING Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. #55). 13 The parties should be aware of the following: 14 1. That they may file, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(c) and Rule IB 3-2 of the 15 Local Rules of Practice, specific written objections to this Report and Recommendation within 16 fourteen (14) days of receipt. These objections should be titled “Objections to Magistrate 17 Judge's Report and Recommendation” and should be accompanied by points and authorities 18 for consideration by the District Court. 19 2. That this Report and Recommendation is not an appealable order and that any 20 notice of appeal pursuant to Rule 4(a)(1), Fed. R. App. P., should not be filed until entry of the 21 District Court's judgment. 22 DATED: January 22, 2010. 23 24 25 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 26 27 28 3 The court does not find it necessary to consider the remaining defense raised by Defendants at this time. 9
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