Barendt v. Gibbons et al, No. 3:2008cv00161 - Document 36 (D. Nev. 2009)
Court Description: REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION : RECOMMENDING that the District Judge enter an Order DENYING P's 21 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction. Objections to R&R due by 6/20/2009 Signed by Magistrate Judge Robert A. McQuaid, Jr on 6/4/2009. (Copies have been distributed pursuant to the NEF - DRM) Modified on 6/5/2009 to add punctuation (DRM).
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Barendt v. Gibbons et al Doc. 36 1 2 3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 7 SABIN BARENDT, 8 9 10 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Plaintiff, vs. JIM GIBBONS, et al., 11 Defendants. 12 3:08-CV-161-LRH (RAM) REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF U.S. MAGISTRATE JUDGE 13 This Report and Recommendation is made to the Honorable Larry R. Hicks, United 14 States District Judge. The action was referred to the undersigned Magistrate Judge pursuant 15 to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and the Local Rules of Practice, LR IB 1-4. Before the court is 16 Plaintiff’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction (Doc. #211). 17 (Doc. #24), and Plaintiff has replied (Doc. #27). 18 recommends that the motion be denied. Defendants have opposed After a thorough review, the court I. BACKGROUND 19 20 At all relevant times, Plaintiff Sabin Barendt (“Barendt”) was in custody of the Nevada 21 Department of Corrections (NDOC) as an inmate at Lovelock Correctional Center (LCC). 22 Barendt has filed a motion2 for a mandatory preliminary injunction “requiring the 23 impoundment of all Federal Funds aquired [sic] and/or expended by the Nevada Department 24 25 1 26 2 Refers to court’s docket number. 27 The motion for preliminary injunction makes a number of claims not contained in the complaint. The court has denied Barendt's motion for leave to amend his complaint. (Doc. #35.) Accordingly, these allegations will not be considered by the court. 28 1 Dockets.Justia.com 1 of Corrections since May 4th, 2007, or in the alternative the Religious Programs, at Lovelock 2 Correctional Center (L.C.C.), to that which was in place prior to, on or about, March 10th, 3 2007.” (Doc. #21 at 1.) Barendt belongs to the Jewish faith. (Doc. #7 at 7.) The gravamen of 4 his complaint is that the prison’s nightly count of inmates interferes with the Friday evening 5 Shabbat religious service. (Id. at 6.) Barendt alleges that the pre-Shabbat candle lighting 6 ceremony (called Seder Kabbahlat Shabbat) is supposed to coincide with the setting of the sun. 7 (Id. at 10.) As clarified during oral argument, while Barendt is allowed by himself to perform 8 the Seder Kabbahlat Shabbat, other inmates must remain in their cells until the count is 9 completed, typically around 7:15 pm. II. LEGAL STANDARD 10 11 The Ninth Circuit uses two alternative tests to determine whether a temporary 12 restraining order should issue. According to the “traditional test,” the equitable criteria for 13 granting preliminary injunctive relief are: (1) a strong likelihood of success on the merits; (2) 14 the possibility of irreparable injury to the plaintiffs if injunctive relief is not granted; (3) a 15 balance of hardships favoring the plaintiffs; and in certain cases (4) advancement of the public 16 interest. Beardslee v. Woodford, 395 F.3d 1064, 1067 (9th Cir. 2005); Textile Unlimited, Inc. 17 v. A. BMH & Co., Inc., 240 F.3d 781, 786 (9th Cir.2001) (citing Los Angeles Mem'l Coliseum 18 Comm ‘n v. Nat'l Football League, 634 F.2d 1197, 1200 (9th Cir.1980)). In the alternative, the 19 Ninth Circuit uses a “sliding scale” or balancing test where injunctive relief is available to a 20 party demonstrating either: (1) a combination of probable success on the merits and the 21 possibility of irreparable harm; or (2) that serious questions are raised and the balance of 22 hardships tips in its favor. A & M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1013 (9th 23 Cir.2001) (citing Prudential Real Estate Affiliates, Inc. v. PPR Realty, Inc., 204 F.3d 867, 874 24 (9th Cir.2000)). These last two criteria are “outer reaches ‘of a single continuum.’” Los 25 Angeles Memorial Coliseum Comm., 634 F.2d at 1200-01 (internal citations omitted). 26 /// 27 /// 28 2 Under the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), additional requirements must be 1 2 satisfied before granting injunctive relief against prison officials: 6 Preliminary injunctive relief must be narrowly drawn, extend no further than necessary to correct the harm the court finds requires preliminary relief, and be the least intrusive means necessary to correct that harm. The court shall give substantial weight to any adverse impact on public safety or the operation of a criminal justice system caused by the preliminary relief and shall respect the principles of comity set out in paragraph (1)(B) in tailoring any preliminary relief. 7 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(2). “Section 3626(a) ... operates simultaneously to restrict the equity 8 jurisdiction of federal courts and to protect the bargaining power of prison administrators-no 9 longer may courts grant or approve relief that binds prison administrators to do more than the 10 constitutional minimum.” Gilmore v. People of the State of Cal., 220 F.3d 987, 999 (9th Cir. 11 2000). 3 4 5 III. DISCUSSION 12 13 14 A. LIKELIHOOD OF SUCCESS A likelihood of success on the merits is the first factor to consider in deciding whether 15 to grant the preliminary injunction. Barendt’s claim founders on the redressability 16 requirement for standing. This issue is raised sua sponte because “federal courts are required 17 sua sponte to examine jurisdictional issues such as standing.” B.C. v. Plumas Unified School 18 Dist., 192 F.3d 1260, 1264 (9th Cir.1999). To state a cognizable claim, Barendt must 19 demonstrate that it is “likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed 20 by a favorable decision.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (TOC), 21 Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 181, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.Ed.2d 610 (2000). 22 The remedy sought by Barendt in his complaint is not an order permitting inmates to 23 attend the Friday night Shabbat service through an “outcount” procedure3, but rather an 24 injunction preventing NDOC from receiving federal funding. (Doc. #7 at 21.) In his motion 25 for a preliminary injunction, Barendt offers no proof that NDOC would change the counting 26 27 28 3 This is when prisoners are counted for administrative purposes at a location other than their cells. 3 1 procedure to accommodate inmates wishing to attend Seder Kabbahlat Shabbat if the court 2 awarded the requested relief. At best, the remedy he seeks only offers a “speculative” 3 possibility that the prison would change its practices in response to the financial constraints 4 imposed if this court were somehow to prevent it from receiving federal funds. On this basis 5 alone, the motion should be denied. See Laidlaw, 528 U.S. at 181, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.Ed.2d 6 610. 7 Turning to the merits, Barendt brings his claim under the Religious Land Use and 8 Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc et seq., which provides in relevant 9 part: 10 11 12 13 No government shall impose a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person residing in or confined to an institution... even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability, unless the government demonstrates that imposition of the burden on that person (1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and 14 (2) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest. 15 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1(a). “Religious exercise” is defined as “any exercise of religion, whether 16 or not compelled by, or central to, a system of religious belief.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-5(7)(A). 17 “A person may assert a violation of [RLUIPA] as a claim or defense in a judicial proceeding and 18 obtain appropriate relief against a government.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-2(a). 19 To establish an RLUIPA violation, the plaintiff bears the initial burden to prove that the 20 defendants’ conduct places a “substantial burden” on his “religious exercise.” Warsoldier v. 21 Woodford, 418 F.3d 989, 994 (9th Cir. 2005). Once the plaintiff establishes a substantial 22 burden, defendants must prove that the burden both furthers a compelling governmental 23 interest and is the least restrictive means of achieving that interest. Id. at 995. RLUIPA is to 24 be construed broadly in favor of the inmate. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-3(g) (“This chapter shall 25 be construed in favor of a broad protection of religious exercise, to the maximum extent 26 permitted by the terms of this chapter and the Constitution”). The Ninth Circuit has set out 27 four factors for the RLUIPA analysis: (1) what “exercise of religion” is at issue; (2) whether 28 4 1 there is a “burden,” if any, imposed on that exercise of religion; (3) if there is a burden, whether 2 it is “substantial;” and (4) if there is a “substantial burden,” whether it is justified by a 3 compelling governmental interest and is the least restrictive means of furthering that 4 compelling interest. Navajo Nation v. U.S. Forest Service, 479 F.3d 1024, 1033 (9th Cir. 5 2007), aff’d en banc, 535 F.3d 1058, 1068 (9th Cir. 2008). 6 Although RLUIPA does not define “substantial burden,” the Ninth Circuit has stated that 7 a substantial burden is one that is “‘oppressive’ to a ‘significantly great’ extent. That is, a 8 ‘substantial burden, on ‘religious exercise’ must impose a significantly great restriction or onus 9 upon such exercise.” Warsoldier, 418 F.3d at 995 (quoting San Jose Christian Coll. v. City of 10 Morgan Hill, 360 F.3d 1024, 1034 (9th Cir. 2004)). The burden need not concern a religious 11 practice that is compelled by, or central to, a system of religious belief, see 2000cc-5(7)(A); 12 however, the burden must be more than an inconvenience. Navajo Nation, 479 F.3d at 1033 13 (internal quotations and citations omitted). In fact, RLUIPA “bars inquiry into whether a 14 particular belief or practice is ‘central’ to a prisoner’s religion.” Cutter v. Wilkenson, 544 US 15 706, 725, n. 13 (2005). The burden must prevent the plaintiff “from engaging in [religious] 16 conduct or having a religious experience.” Navajo Nation, 479 F.3d at 1033 (internal citations 17 omitted). 18 Barendt fails to demonstrate that he suffers a “substantial” burden to practicing his 19 religion under the first step of the RLUIPA analysis. By his own admission during the oral 20 hearing on this motion, he is permitted to attend the candle-lighting service by himself. His 21 complaint appears to arise from the fact that other inmates are not permitted to attend, thereby 22 precluding the recitation of prayers as a group. (Doc. #21 at 20.) The inability to collectively 23 worship does not exact an “oppressive” effect on Barendt’s practice of his religion or preclude 24 him from having a religious experience. Other Jewish inmates are permitted to join Barendt 25 at the conclusion of the count on Friday evenings. Furthermore, group service on Saturday 26 evenings are able to proceed without hindrance. Therefore, the court finds it unlikely that 27 Barendt can make a “strong” showing of a likelihood of success on the merits of his claim. 28 5 1 Beardslee, 395 F.3d at 1067. 2 B. IRREPARABLE INJURY 3 The burden on Barendt’s practice of his Jewish faith has already been discussed above 4 as a threshold inquiry under RLUIPA. To reiterate, the court does not find that Barendt will 5 suffer from a substantial burden on the practice of his religion if the injunction is denied. 6 C. BALANCE OF HARDSHIPS 7 Finally, the balance of hardships in this case favors Defendant. The de minimis burden 8 on Barendt’s religious practice is not outweighed by the prison’s interest in the safety and 9 security of the institution. The responses to Barendt’s grievances indicate that all nonessential 10 outcount procedures were canceled because of problems involved with the transition to a new 11 computer system for accounting inmates. (Doc. #21 at 25 [Ex. A].) In response, Barendt only 12 offers his conclusory allegations that other nonessential groups are still permitted to utilize an 13 outcount procedure. The other remedies proposed by Barendt would require the court to order 14 the prison to reallocate personnel or to prescribe alternative security measures, which it is not 15 willing to do. The PLRA requires the court to accord “substantial weight to any adverse impact 16 on public safety” and follow the least intrusive means possible when considering injunctive 17 relief. 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(2) (emphasis added). Accordingly, the court finds that the balance 18 of hardships favors denying the motion for injunctive relief. 19 IV. RECOMMENDATION 20 IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that the District Judge enter an Order DENYING 21 Plaintiff’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction (Doc. #21). 22 The parties should be aware of the following: 23 1. That they may file, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C) and Rule IB 3-2 of the 24 Local Rules of Practice, specific written objections to this Report and Recommendation within 25 ten (10) days of receipt. These objections should be titled "Objections to Magistrate Judge's 26 Report and Recommendation" and should be accompanied by points and authorities for 27 consideration by the District Court. 28 6 1 2. That this Report and Recommendation is not an appealable order and that any 2 notice of appeal pursuant to Rule 4(a)(1), Fed. R. Civ. P., should not be filed until entry of the 3 District Court's judgment. 4 DATED: June 4, 2009. 5 6 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 7
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