JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. KB Home et al, No. 2:2008cv01711 - Document 344 (D. Nev. 2010)
Court Description: ORDER Granting in part and denying in part 228 Plaintiff JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.'s Motion to Amend/Correct Complaint. The motion is denied as to proposed count one with respect to the Parent Defendants and granted in all other respects. Amended Complaint shall be filed on or before 10/12/2010. Signed by Judge Philip M. Pro on 9/27/10. (Copies have been distributed pursuant to the NEF - EDS)
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JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. KB Home et al Doc. 344 1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 *** ) JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) ) KB HOME et al., ) ) Defendants. ) ___________________________________ ) ) AND ALL RELATED ACTIONS ) ) 2:08-CV-01711-PMP-RJJ BASE FILE ORDER 14 Presently before the Court is Plaintiff JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s 15 (“JPMorgan”) Motion Seeking Leave to Amend the UCC Complaints Against the Home 16 Builder Defendants (Doc. #228), filed on February 12, 2010. Defendants filed an 17 Opposition (Doc. #238) on March 17, 2010. Plaintiff filed a Reply (Doc. #245) on March 18 26, 2010. The Court held a hearing on this motion on August 6, 2010. (Mins. of 19 Proceedings (Doc. #324).) 20 The parties are familiar with the factual predicate for this case, and the Court will 21 not repeat the facts here except where necessary. JPMorgan contends it has learned through 22 discovery of fraudulent acts by Defendants (“Builders”) and their parent companies 23 (“Parents”), and now seeks to amend to add claims for intentional interference with 24 contractual relations, fraud in the inducement, payment due under the limited guarantees, 25 and declaratory relief. JPMorgan contends it learned through discovery that since April 26 2008 the Builders repeatedly have purported to change the dates of their takedowns Dockets.Justia.com 1 scheduled in the Acquisition Agreement by extending the deadlines starting in April 2008 2 and continuing to the present. JPMorgan contends Builders failed to inform JPMorgan of 3 these changes, even though all of the relevant agreements require JPMorgan’s consent to 4 any modification to the takedown schedule. JPMorgan contends the failure to inform it of 5 these changes fraudulently induced JPMorgan to enter into the Forbearance Agreement 6 (“FA”), triggered the limited guarantees executed by each Builder, and disrupted the 7 contractual relationship between JPMorgan and South Edge. JPMorgan also seeks a 8 declaration that these acts are null and void. JPMorgan contends there is no prejudice as the 9 action still is in its early stages in this Court. Builders respond that amendment should be 10 denied because it is futile, untimely, and prejudicial. 11 Generally, a plaintiff may amend his or her complaint once “as a matter of 12 course” within twenty-one days after serving it, or twenty-one days after service of a 13 responsive pleading or motion. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1). In all other cases, a party may 14 amend its pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse party. Fed. 15 R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). “The Court should freely give leave when justice so requires.” Id.; see 16 also Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962) (“Rule 15(a) declares that leave to amend 17 ‘shall be freely given when justice so requires’; this mandate is to be heeded.”). The Court 18 considers five factors in deciding whether to grant leave to amend: “(1) bad faith, (2) undue 19 delay, (3) prejudice to the opposing party, (4) futility of amendment, and (5) whether 20 plaintiff has previously amended his complaint.” Allen v. City of Beverly Hills, 911 F.2d 21 367, 373 (9th Cir. 1990) (citing Ascon Props., Inc. v. Mobil Oil Co., 866 F.2d 1149, 1160 22 (9th Cir. 1989)). The futility analysis determines whether the proposed amendment would 23 survive a challenge of legal insufficiency under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). 24 Miller v. Rykoff-Sexton, Inc., 845 F.2d 209, 214 (9th Cir. 1988). 25 /// 26 //// 2 1 A. Futility 2 1. Intentional Interference With Contractual Relations 3 Builders argue this claim is futile as against the Parents because they did not vote 4 or cause South Edge’s Members to vote to extend the takedown schedule. Further, Builders 5 argue it is not intentional interference for limited liability company (“LLC”) managers to 6 cast votes affecting the LLC. JPMorgan responds that its claim is not alleged against either 7 South Edge as the LLC, or its members in their capacity as members. Rather, because the 8 Members are parties to the Acquisition Agreement, to extend the takedown schedules any 9 amendment had to be signed by the Members both as members of the LLC and as counter- 10 parties to the Acquisition Agreements. As to the Parents, JPMorgan alleges the Parents 11 engaged in the same acts through their control of the Members. 12 13 14 15 Under Nevada law, to state a claim for intentional interference with contractual relations, a plaintiff must allege: (1) a valid and existing contract; (2) the defendant’s knowledge of the contract; (3) intentional acts intended or designed to disrupt the contractual relationship; (4) actual disruption of the contract; and (5) resulting damage. 16 17 J.J. Indus., LLC v. Bennett, 71 P.3d 1264, 1267 (Nev. 2003). The defendant’s “mere 18 knowledge of the contract is insufficient to establish that the defendant intended or 19 designed to disrupt the plaintiff's contractual relationship; instead, the plaintiff must 20 demonstrate that the defendant intended to induce the other party to breach the contract with 21 the plaintiff.” Id. at 1268. 22 The Acquisition Agreements, which contain the takedown schedules, are 23 contracts between South Edge and each Member Builder. The Builders thus signed the 24 Acquisition Agreements as counter-parties with South Edge. The Acquisition Agreements 25 provide that “[n]o addition to or modification of any term or provision of this Agreement 26 shall be effective unless set forth in writing and signed by both Parties.” As a result, 3 1 JPMorgan plausibly alleges that each Member not only voted as Members of the LLC to 2 extend the takedown schedule, they also agreed to the extensions as counter-parties to the 3 Acquisition Agreement. The claim therefore is not futile as against the Builders. 4 As to the Parents, JPMorgan points to paragraphs 13, 36, 47, and 127 in support 5 of this claim. Paragraph 13 does not allege any facts, it states only that this action seeks to 6 hold the Parents liable for, among other things, wrongful interference with the contracts 7 between the Members and South Edge. Paragraph 36 states that the Parents have interfered 8 with South Edge’s and JPMorgan’s rights with respect to the Acquisition and Operating 9 Agreements “by failing and refusing to permit and enable Defendant Member to honor its 10 obligations to complete land purchases as set forth therein.” This allegation does not allege 11 the Parents induced the Members to amend the takedown schedules. Paragraph 47 states 12 only that each Parent signed the Acquisition Agreement and sets forth language from the 13 Acquisition Agreement that no amendment shall occur absent JPMorgan’s prior written 14 approval. Paragraph 127 alleges that through the Parents’ “comprehensive and continuous 15 use of [their] management control and vetoes over [South Edge’s] performance and 16 enforcement of its obligations,” the Parents have “breached [their] fiduciary duties, as well 17 as [their] contractual and other duties, to Lenders under the Loan Documents, as well as to 18 Borrower under Defendants’ Contract Collateral.” This general allegation of parental 19 control over a subsidiary is insufficient to support the factual contention that the Parents 20 directed or controlled the decisions regarding the takedown amendments. 21 Paragraph 57 of JPMorgan’s proposed amended complaint identifies those parties 22 it alleges were involved in the amendments to the takedown schedule as the “Takedown 23 Fraud Defendants.” The Parents are not included in the list of Takedown Fraud 24 Defendants. There is no factual allegation that the Parents directed the Members to amend 25 the takedown schedule. JPMorgan therefore has not sufficiently alleged the Parents’ 26 involvement in the amendments to the takedown schedule, and the Court will deny 4 1 amendment on this claim as to the Parents. 2 2. Fraud in the Inducement 3 Builders contend that South Edge, not the Builders, made the representations in 4 the FA that JPMorgan now claims to be false because the FA was between JPMorgan and 5 South Edge. Builders further argue the FA contained no misrepresentations, as it listed the 6 default associated with failing to follow the takedown schedule. Builders contend that 7 purporting to alter the takedown schedule is not a default, it is only the actual failure to take 8 down the property at the scheduled time that constitutes default. Additionally, Builders 9 contend the FA contained a catchall phrase which covered other defaults, which would 10 include the amendments to the takedown schedule. Builders also claim they made no 11 misrepresentation because they never have claimed that the purported amendments to the 12 takedown schedule alter the terms of the Credit Agreement or otherwise modify any of the 13 Loan Documents. Builders argue JPMorgan cannot plead reliance because it agreed to 14 extend the takedown schedule in the FA. Finally, Builders argue JPMorgan has not and 15 cannot plead damages. JPMorgan argues Builders signed the FA, and thus had a duty to disclose the 16 17 amendments to the takedown schedule. JPMorgan also argues the FA does not identify the 18 amendments as among the specified defaults in the FA. JPMorgan contends the amendment 19 without JPMorgan’s consent is a default under the relevant agreements. JPMorgan also 20 contends the Builders have argued the amendments alter the takedown schedule under the 21 Acquisition Agreements, which affects JPMorgan’s collateral and ability to collect on the 22 loan. JPMorgan contends it pled reliance because it only agreed in the FA to a certain 23 takedown extension for which it received consideration, it did not agree Builders 24 unilaterally could alter the takedown schedule indefinitely. Finally, JPMorgan argues it has 25 pled damages because it forewent its rights to collect during the forbearance period. 26 /// 5 1 The elements of a claim for fraud in the inducement are: (1) the defendant made a 2 false representation, (2) with knowledge or belief that the representation was false (or 3 knowledge that it had an insufficient basis for making the representation), (3) with the 4 intent to induce the plaintiff to consent to the contract’s formation, (4) the plaintiff 5 justifiably relied on the misrepresentation, and (5) the plaintiff suffered damages as a result. 6 J.A. Jones Constr. Co. v. Lehrer McGovern Bovis, Inc., 89 P.3d 1009, 1018 (Nev. 2004). 7 In the context of an intentional misrepresentation claim, Nevada has equated a false 8 representation with “the suppression or omission of a material fact which a party is bound in 9 good faith to disclose.” Nelson v. Heer, 163 P.3d 420, 426 (Nev. 2007) (quotation omitted). 10 Fraud in the inducement must be proven by clear and convincing evidence. J.A. Jones 11 Contr. Co., 89 P.3d at 1018. 12 13 a. Who Made the Alleged Misrepresentations? The FA is “by and among” South Edge, the various Builders and their Parents, 14 and JPMorgan. JPMorgan identifies three alleged misrepresentations: (1) JPMorgan argues 15 Section 3(d) of the FA was false because it stated that takedowns were “currently scheduled 16 for April 15, 2008,” when in fact three times prior to signing the FA, Builders had agreed to 17 extend the schedule; (2) JPMorgan argues Section 15(a) was false because it represented 18 that as of the date of the FA, there were “no defaults or Events of Default . . . under the 19 Loan Documents other than the Specified Defaults,” when in fact there was another default 20 in the form of the undisclosed modification of the takedown schedule; and (3) JPMorgan 21 contends Section 15(b) of the FA represents that “the Loan Documents and the provision 22 thereof . . . have not been modified, supplemented or waived” was a misrepresentation 23 because Builders knew they had modified the takedown schedule. In addition to asserting 24 these alleged misrepresentations, JPMorgan contends Builders induced JPMorgan to enter 25 into the FA through a fraudulent omission by failing to inform JPMorgan of the 26 modifications to the takedown schedule. 6 1 Section 3(d) of the FA does not attribute the statement “currently scheduled for 2 April 15, 2008” to any particular party. Sections 15(a) and (b) are prefaced with the 3 statement that “Borrower,” which is South Edge, represents the following statements. 4 JPMorgan thus does not allege facts supporting a plausible entitlement to relief that 5 Builders made any affirmative misrepresentations. However, JPMorgan has alleged facts 6 supporting a plausible entitlement to relief based on an omission. Builders signed the FA 7 knowing that they had amended the takedown schedule, but did not inform JPMorgan of 8 that fact despite statements in the FA which suggested the original takedown schedule still 9 was in effect. 10 11 b. Is Amendment of the Schedule a Default? Section 9.01 of the Credit Agreement sets forth Events of Default. Section 12 9.01(d) provides that it is an Event of Default if South Edge “shall fail to observe or 13 perform any covenant, condition or agreement contained . . . in Article VII.” In Article VII, 14 Section 7.03(a) states that South Edge “shall not amend, modify or terminate any 15 Acquisition Agreement without the prior written approval of” JPMorgan. The purported 16 amendments therefore are Events of Default. 17 c. Did the FA Disclose All Defaults? 18 Section 15(a) of the FA provides that South Edge warrants that as of the date of 19 signing the FA, “there are no defaults or Events of Default . . . under the Loan Documents 20 other than the Specified Defaults.” The FA defines Specified Defaults as “any Default or 21 Event of Default arising solely with respect to the failure by a Member to complete its 22 scheduled Takedown on April 15, 2008.” The FA also defines Specified Defaults as “any 23 other Defaults or Events of Default existing as of the date hereof or which may arise during 24 the Forbearance Period (as defined below), other than any New Material Default.” The FA 25 defines New Material Default as, among other things, “any other Defaults or Events of 26 7 1 Default . . . involving the failure to pay money or that, individually or in the aggregate, 2 would materially and adversely affect (1) the value of the Collateral, (2) the ability of the 3 Agent or the Lenders to exercise remedies with respect to any Collateral or Guaranties, or 4 (3) the timing of such remedies; provided, however, that a New Material Default shall not 5 include any event with respect to a Member or Parent Guarantor which does not give rise to 6 termination of this Forbearance Agreement under Section 5(e).” Section 5(e) refers to the 7 voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy or appointment of a receiver for any Member or Parent 8 Guarantor. 9 Amendment of the takedown schedule is a New Material Default because it 10 would affect the collateral and would affect JPMorgan’s remedies. If South Edge and the 11 Members amend the Acquisition Agreement by extending the takedown schedule, it affects 12 JPMorgan’s ability to enforce the takedown schedule under the Acquisition Agreement, an 13 agreement in which JPMorgan has a security interest. 14 15 d. Reliance JPMorgan contends it has pled reliance because when it agreed to the extension 16 in the FA, it did so with knowledge and for consideration, for a determinate period of time. 17 But what it did not know was that Builders were extending the takedown schedule without 18 its knowledge, for no consideration, and in a manner that suggested the takedowns could be 19 modified indefinitely in the future so that takedowns would never come due unless Builders 20 wanted that result. 21 JPMorgan has alleged reliance sufficient to support amendment, as it has alleged 22 it would not have agreed to forbear and negotiate further if it had known the Builders were 23 taking the position they could change the takedown schedule at will and indefinitely put off 24 the takedowns. That it agreed to a limited extension of the takedown schedule in exchange 25 for some consideration does not mean it did not rely on the representations in the FA, and 26 Builders’ silence in the face of those representations, that the original takedown schedule 8 1 was in effect. e. Damages 2 JPMorgan has alleged damages because it forbore under the FA, and thus 3 4 extended the time frame for recovering its money. Whether JPMorgan will be able to 5 establish its entitlement to such damages is not a proper inquiry at the amendment stage. JPMorgan has alleged facts supporting a plausible entitlement to relief for its 6 7 intentional interference with contractual relations claim. This claim is not futile as against 8 the Builders. However, the claim is futile as against the Parents for the reasons set forth 9 above. 10 3. Payment Due Under the Limited Guaranty 11 Builders argue this claim is futile because the Limited Guaranty is not triggered 12 unless there is a fraudulent misrepresentation in the Loan Documents, and the FA is not a 13 loan document as that term is defined in the Limited Guaranty. JPMorgan responds the 14 Limited Guaranty is triggered by misrepresentations not only “in” the Loan Documents, but 15 “under” the loan documents. JPMorgan contends that because the misrepresentations 16 reference the Loan Documents, the misrepresentations were “under” the Loan Documents. 17 JPMorgan also argues the FA is itself a Loan Document because it was delivered by 18 Builders to JPMorgan pursuant to the Credit Agreement. JPMorgan further argues the 19 Limited Guaranty is triggered by a fraudulent omission “in respect of the Loans or the 20 Obligations,” and the failure of Builders to advise JPMorgan of the amended takedown 21 schedule is a fraudulent omission “in respect of” the loans or obligations. 22 The contractual parties to the Limited Guarantees are the Members, the Parent 23 Guarantors, and JPMorgan. The Members and Parents agreed to guarantee “any and all 24 actual losses, costs, damages and expenses incurred” by JPMorgan “as a direct or indirect 25 result of (i) any willful or fraudulent misrepresentation by the Parent Guarantor or the 26 Member Guarantor under any Loan Documents; [or] (ii) any fraudulent or unlawful act or 9 1 omission of the Parent Guarantor or the Member Guarantor in respect of the Loans or the 2 Obligations or any of the Loan Documents to which such Parent Guarantor or Member 3 Guarantor is a party[.]” The Limited Guarantees also provide that the Members and Parents 4 guaranty the same for any such acts by South Edge. 5 The Limited Guarantees provide that the capitalized terms have their meaning as 6 set forth in the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement defines Loan Documents as “(a) 7 [the Credit Agreement], any Notes delivered pursuant hereto or the Original Credit 8 Agreement, the Guaranties, the Environmental Indemnity Agreement and the Collateral 9 Documents and (b) any and all other instruments or documents delivered or to be delivered 10 by the Credit Parties pursuant hereto or pursuant to any of the other documents described in 11 clause (a) above.” Loans are defined as “the loans made by the Lenders to the Borrowers 12 pursuant to this Agreement.” Obligations means “all Loans, LC Disbursements, advances, 13 debts, liabilities, obligations, covenants and duties owing by any Credit Party” to JPMorgan 14 or the other Lenders. 15 The FA is not a Loan Document because it was not delivered pursuant to the 16 Credit Agreement. The FA requires South Edge and the Members to deliver the FA to the 17 other parties to the agreement, but it is the FA that requires delivery, not the Credit 18 Agreement. Consequently, a misrepresentation made in the FA would not qualify as a 19 misrepresentation “under the Loan Documents.” 20 However, the Limited Guarantees also are triggered by misrepresentations “in 21 respect of the Loans or the Obligations.” JPMorgan adequately has alleged a 22 misrepresentation “in respect of” the Loans or the Obligations by alleging Defendants, by 23 omission, misrepresented the takedown schedule or amendments thereto. Additionally, 24 Defendants agreed the Limited Guaranty would be triggered by South Edge’s 25 misrepresentations, and JPMorgan has alleged South Edge made affirmative 26 misrepresentations in the FA regarding the takedown schedule. The takedown schedule is 10 1 related to the structuring of the loan and the Obligations thereunder. As discussed above, 2 amending the takedown schedule without JPMorgan’s consent was a default under the 3 Credit Agreement. This claim therefore is not futile. 4 4. Declaratory Relief 5 Builders argue this claim is not ripe because there presently is no dispute as to 6 whether the internal vote to change the takedown schedules affected JPMorgan’s rights 7 under the Loan Documents, and in any event this issue will be addressed in JPMorgan’s 8 breach of contract claim. JPMorgan responds that JPMorgan’s rights are affected by any 9 amendment to the schedules in the Acquisition Agreement because that agreement has been 10 assigned to JPMorgan. JPMorgan contends that any modification that would make 11 payments due under the Acquisition Agreement perpetually changeable at the whim of the 12 Builders affects JPMorgan’s ability to collect on the loan. JPMorgan thus claims it is 13 entitled to know whether the purported amended takedowns are the actual schedule or 14 whether the original takedown schedule controls. 15 To determine whether to hear a declaratory judgment claim, the Court first must 16 determine whether there is an actual case or controversy within its jurisdiction. Principal 17 Life Ins. Co. v. Robinson, 394 F.3d 665, 669 (9th Cir. 2005). To determine whether there 18 is an actual case or controversy, the Court uses the same test for Article III cases or 19 controversies. Id. “A claim is usually ripe if the issues raised are primarily legal, do not 20 require further factual development, and the challenged action is final.” Center For 21 Biological Diversity v. Kempthorne, 588 F.3d 701, 708 (9th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted). 22 Additionally, the Court should consider “the fitness of the issues for judicial decision and 23 . . . the hardship to the parties of withholding court consideration.” Id. (quotation omitted). 24 If the Court determines it has jurisdiction, the Court then must decide whether to 25 exercise its jurisdiction. Principal Life Ins. Co., 394 F.3d at 669. To make this 26 determination, the Court considers the following factors: (1) avoiding needless 11 1 determination of state law issues; (2) discouraging forum shopping; and (3) avoiding 2 duplicative litigation. Id. at 672. The Court “must balance concerns of judicial 3 administration, comity, and fairness to the litigants.” Id. (quotation omitted). In addition to 4 the above factors, the Court may consider: whether the declaratory action will settle all aspects of the controversy; whether the declaratory action will serve a useful purpose in clarifying the legal relations at issue; whether the declaratory action is being sought merely for the purposes of procedural fencing or to obtain a ‘res judicata’ advantage; or whether the use of a declaratory action will result in entanglement between the federal and state court systems. In addition, the district court might also consider the convenience of the parties, and the availability and relative convenience of other remedies. 5 6 7 8 9 10 Id. A ripe controversy exists between the parties as to whether the amendments to 11 the takedown schedule have any legal effect under any applicable agreement. Although 12 Builders contend that they do not dispute the amendment did not affect the Credit 13 Agreement, Builders do not disclaim that the amendments affect the Acquisition 14 Agreement. Whether the amendments have any legal effect is primarily a legal question 15 which will not require further factual development, and the challenged action is final. 16 There are no concerns here about avoiding needless determination of state law issues, 17 discouraging forum shopping, or avoiding duplicative litigation. Declaratory relief as to the 18 amendments’ legal effect will serve a useful purpose in clarifying the legal relations at 19 issue. The claim therefore is not futile or unnecessary. 20 21 5. Punitive Damages Builders contend there is no basis to add punitive damages relief to this action. 22 Because JPMorgan’s fraudulent inducement claim is not futile, punitive damages likewise 23 are not futile at this stage of the proceedings. 24 B. Undue Delay and Prejudice 25 26 Builders argue JPMorgan unduly delayed amending because the extensions to the takedown schedule were discussed in a hearing many months ago, and were referenced in 12 1 documents produced in October 2009. JPMorgan responds that it moved to amend within 2 the time allotted in the Scheduling Order for amendment. JPMorgan also contends it did 3 not learn of all the facts supporting amendment until January 2010. JPMorgan argues that 4 passing references to amendments to the takedown schedule and unsigned votes to extend 5 the schedule were insufficient to support amendment earlier. JPMorgan moved to amend prior to the expiration of the deadline to move to 6 7 amend. JPMorgan’s motion therefore is timely under the Scheduling Order. The passing 8 references to amendments which the Builders cite would not have sufficed for JPMorgan to 9 assert its claims with the factual allegations necessary to support a plausible entitlement to 10 relief. Builders will not be prejudiced because the Court already has indicated it will solicit 11 from the parties a new proposed discovery plan and scheduling order following the Court’s 12 ruling on certain motions submitted at the August 6, 2010 hearing. (Mins. of Proceedings 13 (Doc. #324).) Thus, to the extent Builders need further discovery to address these new 14 claims, they may propose extending the discovery deadline. JPMorgan’s motion to amend is not futile, unduly delayed, or prejudicial. The 15 16 Court therefore will grant the motion to amend. JPMorgan must detach and file the 17 amended complaint within ten (10) days of the date of this Order. 18 C. CONCLUSION 19 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Plaintiff JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s 20 (“JPMorgan”) Motion Seeking Leave to Amend the UCC Complaints Against the Home 21 Builder Defendants (Doc. #228) is hereby GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The 22 motion is denied as to proposed count one with respect to the Parent Defendants. The 23 motion is granted in all other respects. 24 /// 25 /// 26 /// 13 1 2 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. shall file an amended complaint in compliance with this Order on or before October 12, 2010. 3 4 5 6 DATED: September 27, 2010 _______________________________ PHILIP M. PRO United States District Judge 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 14
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