Taylor v. Fairfield Resorts Inc./Wyndham et al, No. 2:2007cv01602 - Document 124 (D. Nev. 2009)
Court Description: ORDER Granting in part as to retaliation and hostile work claims, and Denying in part as to race and gender discrimination 107 Motion for Summary Judgment. Signed by Judge Robert C. Jones on 11/10/09. (Copies have been distributed pursuant to the NEF - AXM)
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Taylor v. Fairfield Resorts Inc./Wyndham et al Doc. 124 1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 7 SHARI R. TAYLOR, 8 Plaintiff, 9 10 vs. FAIRFIELD RESORTS, INC./WYNDHAM et al., 11 Defendants. 12 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2:07-cr-01602-RCJ-GWF ORDER 13 14 This Title VII case arises out of alleged race and gender discrimination and subsequent 15 retaliation. On December 12, 2007, Plaintiffs Shari R. Taylor and Julianne Batiste sued Fairfield 16 Resorts, Inc./Wyndham (“Fairfield”), Scott Dowling, Robert Weaks, Terri Barajas, Steve Thomas, 17 and Diane Howell in this Court on three causes of action under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 18 1964. (#5). Pending before the Court is Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (#107). 19 Plaintiff has filed a Response (#118) and Supplemental Affidavit (#120). The Supplemental 20 Affidavit (#120) consists of two affidavits already attached to the Response (#118). Defendant has 21 not filed a reply. For the reasons given herein, the Court grants the Motion for Summary Judgment 22 (#107) as to the retaliation and hostile work environment claims and denies the Motion as to the race 23 and gender discrimination claims. 24 I. 25 FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY Fairfield hired Taylor as a timeshare sales representative in August 2005. (#77 ¶ 4). In April Dockets.Justia.com 1 2006, Fairfield transferred her to the Training Department. (Id.). It was allegedly company policy 2 to promote telemarketers from the Training Department to the Referral Department upon the 3 completion of certain performance requirements. (Id.). Taylor alleges that although she met these 4 requirements in May 2006, she was not promoted to the Referral Department, while a Caucasian- 5 American male who did not meet the requirements was promoted. (Id.). Based on this, Taylor filed 6 a complaint with the Nevada Equal Rights Commission (“NERC”) on July 24, 2006. (Id.). Taylor 7 claims that she was immediately placed on suspension in retaliation for her complaint to the NERC. 8 (Id.). Once her suspension was lifted, Fairfield placed Taylor in the Referral Department, but, 9 according to Taylor, Fairfield further retaliated against her by both failing to provide her the training 10 necessary to her professional success and creating a hostile work environment, causing Taylor to 11 resign. (Id. at ¶¶ 5–6). Taylor claims this was a “constructive discharge” in retaliation for her NERC 12 complaint. (Id. at ¶ 6). Taylor then received a Dismissal and Notice to Sue from the NERC, dated 13 August 29, 2007. (Id. ¶ 8). The AC also lists facts surrounding former Plaintiff Batiste’s similar 14 alleged experiences, but because she has been dismissed with prejudice as a plaintiff in this case, 15 the Court need not address this portion of the AC. 16 On August 26, 2008, the Clerk entered a Notice of Intention to Dismiss Defendant Dowling 17 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m). (#27). The deadline to respond terminated 18 without cure. Dowling has therefore been dismissed as a Defendant. On January 6, 2009, the Court 19 granted the parties’ stipulated request to dismiss Defendants Weeks, Barajas, Thomas, and Howell 20 from the action with prejudice. (#50). On June 18, 2009, the Court granted the parties’ stipulated 21 request to dismiss Plaintiff Batiste with prejudice. (#101). Only Plaintiff Taylor and Defendant 22 Fairfield remain. Defendant filed the present Motion for Summary Judgment (#107). 23 II. LEGAL STANDARDS 24 A. 25 The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for summary adjudication when “the Summary Judgment Page 2 of 22 1 pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the 2 affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the party is 3 entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Material facts are those which may 4 affect the outcome of the case. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A 5 dispute as to a material fact is genuine if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to return 6 a verdict for the nonmoving party. See id. A principal purpose of summary judgment is “to isolate 7 and dispose of factually unsupported claims.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323–24 (1986). 8 In a summary judgment posture, the Court must consider the parties’ respective burdens. 9 “When the party moving for summary judgment would bear the burden of proof at trial, it must 10 come forward with evidence which would entitle it to a directed verdict if the evidence went 11 uncontroverted at trial. In such a case, the moving party has the initial burden of establishing the 12 absence of a genuine issue of fact on each issue material to its case.” C.A.R. Transp. Brokerage Co., 13 Inc. v. Darden Rests., Inc., 213 F.3d 474, 480 (9th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted). In contrast, when 14 the nonmoving party bears the burden of proving the claim or defense, the moving party can meet 15 its burden in two ways: (1) by presenting evidence to negate an essential element of the nonmoving 16 party’s case; or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving party failed to make a showing sufficient 17 to establish an element essential to that party’s case on which that party will bear the burden of proof 18 at trial. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323–24. If the moving party fails to meet its initial burden, 19 summary judgment must be denied and the court need not consider the nonmoving party’s evidence. 20 See Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 159–60 (1970). 21 If the moving party meets its initial responsibility, the burden then shifts to the opposing 22 party to establish that a genuine issue as to any material fact actually does exist. See Matsushita 23 Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). To establish the existence of a 24 factual dispute, the opposing party need not establish a material issue of fact conclusively in its 25 favor. It is sufficient that “the claimed factual dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve Page 3 of 22 1 the parties’ differing versions of the truth at trial.” T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors 2 Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 631 (9th Cir. 1987). In other words, the nonmoving party cannot avoid 3 summary judgment by relying solely on conclusory allegations that are unsupported by factual data. 4 See Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989). Instead, the opposition must go beyond the 5 assertions and allegations of the pleadings and set forth specific facts by producing competent 6 evidence that shows a genuine issue for trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e); see also Celotex, 477 U.S. 7 at 324. 8 When considering a summary judgment motion, the Court examines the pleadings, 9 depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any. 10 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). At summary judgment, the judge’s function is not to weigh the evidence and 11 determine the truth but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial. See Anderson, 477 12 U.S. at 249. The evidence of the nonmovant is “to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to 13 be drawn in his favor.” Id. at 255. But if the evidence of the nonmoving party is merely colorable 14 or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted. See id. at 249–50. 15 B. 16 Federal courts are of limited jurisdiction, possessing only those powers granted by the 17 Constitution or statute. See United States v. Marks, 530 F.3d 799, 810 (9th Cir. 2008) (citations 18 omitted). The party asserting federal jurisdiction bears the burden of overcoming the presumption 19 against it. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). Federal Rule of 20 Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) provides an affirmative defense via a motion to dismiss for lack of subject 21 matter jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). Additionally, a court may raise the question of subject 22 matter jurisdiction, sua sponte, at any time during pendency of the action. United States v. Moreno- 23 Morillo, 334 F.3d 819, 830 (9th Cir. 2003). “[W]hen a federal court concludes that it lacks subject- 24 matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the complaint in its entirety.” Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 25 U.S. 500, 514 (2006) (citing 16 J. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 106.66[1], pp. 106-88 Subject Matter Jurisdiction Page 4 of 22 1 to 106-89 (3d ed. 2005)). A district court’s dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is 2 reviewed de novo. Ass’n of Am. Med. Colls. v. United States, 217 F.3d 770, 778 (9th Cir. 2000). 3 III. ANALYSIS 4 A. 5 Although Defendant has concentrated on the merits of Plaintiff’s claim and has not argued 6 lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the issue must be addressed in the present case, because Plaintiff 7 nowhere in the AC or the original Complaint identifies the basis of the Court’s jurisdiction over her 8 Title VII claims, and a court must dismiss a case sua sponte where it does not have jurisdiction to 9 decide the merits. Plaintiff filed her complaint with the NERC, but she apparently never filed any 10 claim directly with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). As explained 11 below, without more, this fact pattern would normally result in a lack of federal subject matter 12 jurisdiction over a Title VII claim. However, in the present case, there is jurisdiction over the Title 13 VII claim because of the worksharing agreement between the NERC and the EEOC. Subject Matter Jurisdiction 14 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 limits the jurisdiction of federal courts to those 15 claims that the EEOC has had an opportunity to examine. The scope of federal jurisdiction over a 16 complaint under Title VII is coextensive with the claims administratively exhausted with the EEOC, 17 including claims actually adjudicated by the EEOC and claims filed with the EEOC but which the 18 EEOC fails to adjudicate or investigate: 19 20 21 To establish subject matter jurisdiction over his Title VII retaliation claim, [the plaintiff] must have exhausted his administrative remedies by filing a timely charge with the EEOC. This affords the agency an opportunity to investigate the charge. Subject matter jurisdiction extends to all claims of discrimination that fall within the scope of the EEOC’s actual investigation or an EEOC investigation that could reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge. 22 Vasquez v. County of Los Angeles, 349 F.3d 634, 644 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b); 23 B.K.B. v. Maui Police Dep’t, 276 F.3d 1091, 1099–1100 (9th Cir. 2002)) (footnotes omitted). The 24 Ninth Circuit has explained that when a plaintiff chooses to first file his or her complaint with the 25 Page 5 of 22 1 appropriate state agency, it extends the time limit for filing the complaint with the EEOC from 180 2 days to 300 days: 3 9 Discrimination claims under Title VII ordinarily must be filed with the EEOC within 180 days of the date on which the alleged discriminatory practice occurred. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1). However, if the claimant first “institutes proceedings” with a state agency that enforces its own discrimination laws—a so-called “deferral” state—then the period for filing claims with the EEOC is extended to 300 days. Id.; see 29 U.S.C. § 626(d)(2). Charging parties have the benefit of the 300-day time limit for filing their federal claims even when they have missed the state’s filing deadline for submitting those claims to the state deferral agency. See EEOC v. Commercial Office Prods. Co., 486 U.S. 107, 123, 108 S.Ct. 1666, 100 L.Ed.2d 96 (1988) (holding that state time limits for filing discrimination claims do not determine the applicable federal time limit). As Nevada is a deferral state and [plaintiff] first instituted proceedings with its antidiscrimination agency, the district court wrongly concluded that her filing deadline was only 180 days. 10 Laquaglia v. Rio Hotel & Casino, Inc., 186 F.3d 1172, 1174 (9th Cir. 1999) (footnotes omitted). 11 In cases like Laquaglia, where a complainant files a complaint with both the state agency and the 12 EEOC simultaneously, the EEOC complaint will be deemed to have been “constructively filed” for 13 the purposes of exhaustion and limitations periods upon the sooner of: (1) sixty (60) days after the 14 complaint is filed with the appropriate state agency, or (2) the date on which the appropriate state 15 agency terminates its proceedings. See id. at 1174–75 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(c)). 4 5 6 7 8 16 When the provisions of the statute are construed together, this means that a Nevada plaintiff 17 who files a complaint simultaneously with both the NERC and the EEOC must file the complaint 18 with the NERC “within 240 days of the alleged discrimination to ensure timely filing with the 19 EEOC, or the [NERC] must have terminated its proceedings before expiration of the 300-day 20 period.” Id. at 1174. This gives state and local agencies the ability to consider complaints before 21 needlessly invoking federal jurisdiction, but it is not a substitute for EEOC review—a plaintiff must 22 still file with the EEOC at some point (and in compliance with any relevant statutory limitations 23 periods) in order to invoke federal jurisdiction. Porter v. California Dep’t of Corrections, 419 F.3d 24 885, 891 (9th Cir. 2005) (“[A]n employee . . . who initially files a charge of discrimination with a 25 state agency in a state like California, must file a charge with the EEOC within 300 days of the Page 6 of 22 1 alleged unlawful employment practice in order to preserve the claim for a subsequent civil action 2 under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1).” (emphasis added)) (citing Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 3 536 U.S. 101, 109 (2002)). The Morgan Court was adamant that filing a charge with the EEOC was 4 mandatory. See Morgan, 536 U.S. at 109. However, a claim filed only with a state agency is also 5 deemed to have been immediately filed with the EEOC if the state agency receiving the filing has 6 a worksharing agreement with the EEOC under which the state agency is an agent of the EEOC for 7 the purpose of receiving charges. Green v. Los Angeles County Superintendent of Schools, 883 F.2d 8 1472, 1476 (9th Cir. 1989). NERC is such an agent. 29 C.F.R. § 1601.74(a) (listing NERC’s 9 predecessor, the Nevada Commission on Equal Rights of Citizens). 10 Although failure to exhaust administrative remedies under Title VII is a jurisdictional bar 11 to suit in federal court, untimeliness in filing with the EEOC is not a jurisdictional defect, but is 12 subject to the doctrines of waiver, estoppel and equitable tolling, as is a statute of limitations. Zipes 13 v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 393 (1982). This is because the statutory time limits 14 for filing a complaint with the EEOC are found in a different subsection of the statute than the grant 15 of jurisdiction. Id. at 393–94. The Ninth Circuit has applied the same “separate provisions” logic 16 in concluding that failure to receive a right-to-sue letter is not a jurisdictional defect where a 17 complaint has been filed and the claimant is entitled to such a letter. Surell v. Cal. Water Serv. Co., 18 518 F.3d 1097, 1104 (9th Cir. 2008). In summary, failure to file any EEOC complaint at all is a 19 jurisdictional defect to a Title VII claim in federal court, but a district court may consider waiver, 20 estoppel, and equitable tolling where an EEOC complaint is simply untimely filed or where the 21 EEOC has not issued a right-to-sue letter where a claimant is entitled to one. 22 Here, Plaintiff has attached to the AC a copy of a July 12, 2007 letter from the NERC, 23 notifying her that her case had been closed after NERC’s initial determination that her complaint 24 could not be substantiated and her failure to seek reconsideration within fifteen days. (#77, Ex. A). 25 The letter went on to inform Plaintiff that she could seek a “substantial weight review” of NERC’s Page 7 of 22 1 findings with the Los Angeles District Office of the EEOC within fifteen days of the letter. (Id.). 2 The letter noted that NERC’s findings did not prevent Plaintiff from “filing a lawsuit in state court 3 pursuant to Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS) 613.420.” (Id.). Section 613.420 permits suit in the 4 Nevada district court when NERC concludes that there has been no unfair employment practice in 5 relation to a complaint. Nev. Rev. Stat. § 613.420. Plaintiff does not claim that she ever filed a 6 complaint with the EEOC. She claims only that she received a “Dismissal and Notice to Sue from 7 the NERC.” (#77 ¶ 8). However, copies of her complaints to the NERC, provided by Defendant in 8 the present Motion (#107), indicate that her complaints were also presented to the EEOC on August 9 10 and September 20, 2006. (Id., Exs. M, P). And, as noted above, filing with the NERC constitutes 10 filing with the EEOC. Therefore, the complaints here were deemed filed with the EEOC when filed 11 with the NERC, Green, 883 F.2d at 1476, and the Court has jurisdiction over the Title VII claims. 12 B. 13 Plaintiff claims it was company policy to promote telemarketers from the Training 14 Department to the Referral Department upon the completion of certain performance requirements: 15 “ma[king] thirty-six sales within a period of three consecutive weeks that retained a seventy to 16 eighty per cent (70-80%) closing ratio.” (#77 ¶ 4). Taylor alleges that although she met these 17 requirements in May 2006, she was not promoted to the Referral Department, while an unidentified 18 Caucasian-American male who did not meet these requirements was promoted. (Id.). Based on this, 19 Taylor filed a complaint with the NERC on July 24, 2006. (Id.). Taylor claims that she was 20 immediately placed on suspension in retaliation for her complaint to the NERC. (Id.). Once her 21 suspension was lifted, Fairfield placed Taylor in the Referral Department, but, according to Taylor, 22 Fairfield further retaliated against her by both failing to provide her the training necessary to her 23 professional success and creating a hostile work environment, causing Taylor to resign. (Id. at 24 ¶¶ 5–6). Taylor argues this was a “constructive discharge” in retaliation for her NERC complaint. 25 (Id. at ¶ 6). The Merits Page 8 of 22 1 As to the disparate treatment claim, Defendant argues that Plaintiff did not meet the 2 requirement for a transfer, that her poor sales performance and attendance is documented, and that 3 an African-American female who did meet the relevant criteria was transferred by Taylor’s same 4 supervisor within months of when Taylor claims she should have been transferred. As to the 5 retaliation claim, Defendant argues that Plaintiff cannot possibly establish a causal connection 6 between her protected activity (her complaint to the NERC) and her suspension, because the 7 suspension pre-dated Defendant’s knowledge of Plaintiff’s protected activity. 8 As to Taylor’s performance and conduct, Defendant claims that on April 1, 2006, two 9 months after she began working for Defendant, Plaintiff received a Warning/Counseling Notice for 10 having been absent unexcused five times and late once. (# 107, Ex. D). Defendant appears to agree 11 with Plaintiff that to be transferred from the Training Department to the Referral Department 12 required thirty-six sales over a three week period,1 with 70-80% of the sales closed without anyone’s 13 assistance, although this requirement was apparently not documented. (Taylor Dep. 73:14–76:8, 14 Apr. 30, 2009). However, Defendant claims that the greatest number of prorated sales in any three- 15 week period attained by Taylor was thirty-five. (Taylor Dep. 101:15, 21–23; #107, Ex. E). 16 Defendant provides evidence that Taylor was counseled for lack of consistency and low sales 17 numbers on July 5, 2006, (#107, Ex. G), and that Taylor was warned in writing on July 9, 2006 that 18 she would be suspended pending further action if she did not achieve twelve deals per week for the 19 last two weeks of her ninety-day probationary period, which were July 9–13 and July 16–20. (#107, 20 Ex. H).2 Taylor received another warning on July 19, 2006 for being thirty minutes late to a sales 21 22 1 This amount was to be prorated to account for work days that were unavailable due to holidays. 23 2 24 25 This seems to indicate that the “promotion” Taylor claims she was denied was in reality not a promotion, but a successful completion of a ninety-day probationary period. For the purposes of a Title VII discrimination claim, however, such a transfer is in substance a promotion—it is an action favorable to one’s status within the organization. Page 9 of 22 1 meeting and fifteen minutes late to another meeting. (#107, Ex. I). On August 15, 2006, Taylor 2 received a Notice of Corrective Action due to poor sales, indicating that she would have to increase 3 her sales to twelve per week for the next two weeks to avoid disciplinary action. (#107, Ex. J). 4 Finally, Defendant claims that on August 17, 2006, Fairfield learned that Taylor had approached 5 another employee, Tausha Prince, about copying sales data to a disc, which would be considered 6 theft of company information. (Taylor Dep. 83:16–23, 84:5–9; #107, Exs. B, K, L). Fairfield 7 suspended Taylor due to this but reinstated her later when it could not complete its investigation. 8 (Taylor Dep. 86:7–11; #107, Ex. K). 9 As to treatment of other employees, Defendant claims that the Caucasian-American male 10 transferred to the Referral Department in July 2006 was Gary Jones, who had closed twenty-nine 11 deals during the twelve work days available over the previous three-week period, which was 12 equivalent to thirty-six deals over fifteen days when prorated, and that he closed 90% of his deals 13 without assistance. (#107, Ex. F).3 Also, on March 5, 2006, Fairfield transferred an African- 14 American female, Yvonne Hutchison, from the Training Department to the Referral Department. 15 (#107, Ex. C). 16 The notice of charge from the EEOC mailed to Defendant is dated August 18, 2006, the day 17 after Taylor was suspended. (#107, Ex. M). Plaintiff admits having no evidence that Fairfield was 18 aware of her complaint to the EEOC prior to this date. (Taylor Dep. 134:2–6). Upon returning to 19 work, Taylor was placed in the Referral Department because the Training Department had been 20 disbanded for unrelated reasons, where she was to sell the same kinds of vacation packages she had 21 been selling in the Training Department. (Taylor Dep. 93:20–25, 97:19–22). 22 Taylor resigned on September 28, 2006, four days after returning to work. (Taylor Dep. 23 103:7–17). She then filed an amended charge and second amended charge with the EEOC claiming 24 25 3 This is equivalent to 36.25 deals over 15 work days. Page 10 of 22 1 race and gender discrimination and retaliation. (#107, Exs. P, Q). On August 27, 2007, NERC 2 closed Taylor’s charge. (#107, Ex. S). 3 1. 4 The Ninth Circuit recently laid out the framework for examining a Title VII 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Race and Gender Discrimination discrimination claim at the summary judgment stage: The Supreme Court’s landmark case regarding employment discrimination claims brought under Title VII, McDonnell Douglas v. Green, sets forth a proof framework with two distinct components: (1) how a plaintiff may establish a prima facie case of discrimination absent direct evidence, and (2) a burden-shifting regime once the prima facie case has been established. 411 U.S. 792, 802–04, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). In the summary judgment context, the plaintiff bears the initial burden to establish a prima facie case of disparate treatment. Chuang v. Univ. of Cal. Davis, Bd. of Trustees, 225 F.3d 1115, 1123 (9th Cir. 2000). If the plaintiff succeeds in showing a prima facie case, the burden then shifts to the defendant to articulate a “legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason” for its employment decision. Id. at 1123–24. Should the defendant carry its burden, the burden then shifts back to the plaintiff to raise a triable issue of fact that the defendant's proffered reason was a pretext for unlawful discrimination. Id. at 1124. The central dispute in this case is whether Noyes’ evidence was sufficient to raise a triable issue of fact as to pretext. 13 Noyes v. Kelly Servs., 488 F.3d 1163, 1168 (9th Cir. 2007). 14 To make out a prima facie case in the failure to promote context, the Ninth Circuit “requires 15 the employee to show: ‘(1) she belongs to a protected class, (2) she was performing according to her 16 employer’s legitimate expectations, (3) she suffered an adverse employment action, and (4) other 17 employees with qualifications similar to her own were treated more favorably.’” Id. (quoting 18 Godwin v. Hunt Wesson, Inc., 150 F.3d 1217, 1220 (9th Cir. 1998)). Here, Plaintiff is an African19 American female who claims she met the performance requirements and was not promoted, while 20 an employee of a different race and gender who did not meet the requirements was promoted. (#77 21 ¶ 4). Although conclusory, this is enough to make out a prima facie case. If true, this would 22 constitute a prima facie claim of discrimination under Title VII sufficient for a jury to infer 23 discriminatory intent. The burden therefore shifts to Defendant to show a “legitimate, 24 nondiscriminatory reason” for its decision. Chuang, 225 F.3d at 1123–24. 25 Page 11 of 22 1 Defendant has provided evidence showing a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for not 2 promoting Taylor. Fairfield has provided Taylor’s own testimony that, in spite of her conclusory 3 allegation in the AC that she met the requirements for promotion, she never exceeded thirty-five 4 sales in any three-week period. (Taylor Dep. 101:15, 21–23; #107, Ex. E). Furthermore, Exhibit E 5 shows that the thirty-five sales was not Taylor’s consistent sales level, and that Taylor did not often 6 excel. Defendant has also adduced evidence indicating that Taylor was repeatedly counseled for 7 poor performance, both in her sales numbers, and even in her work attendance. Finally, Defendant 8 has adduced evidence that an African-American woman was promoted in March 2006 and that the 9 Caucasian-American man who was promoted in July 2006 had attained a pro-rated sales total of over 10 thirty-six sales in a three-week period. Defendant has carried its shifted burden of demonstrating 11 a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its decision not to promote Taylor. The burden therefore 12 shifts back to Plaintiff to show “a triable issue of fact that the defendant's proffered reason was a 13 pretext for unlawful discrimination.” Chuang, 225 F.3d at 1124. Taylor may show pretext either 14 directly, by showing that unlawful discrimination likely motivated the employer, or indirectly, by 15 showing that the employer’s explanation is not believable. Noyes, 488 F.3d at 1170. If the evidence 16 of pretext is circumstantial, Taylor must produce “specific” and “substantial” facts. Id. (quoting 17 Godwin, 150 F.3d at 1222). All the evidence produced, of either type, is considered cumulatively. 18 Raad v. Fairbanks-Northstar Borough Sch. Dist., 323 F.3d 1185, 1194 (9th Cir. 2003). 19 Plaintiff has met her shifted burden. Although her own claims and argumentation do not 20 meet the burden alone, the evidence attached to her Response (#118) does. Plaintiff admits in her 21 Response (#118) not having made thirty-six sales in any three-week period in June 2006, but she 22 denies that she never made more than twenty-six. (#118, ¶4). She never claims or provides evidence 23 that she made thirty-six sales, prorated for unavailable work days, in any three-week period during 24 her employ. Nor does she address the evidence that an African-American woman was promoted in 25 March 2006 and that the Caucasian-American man who was promoted in July 2006 had attained a Page 12 of 22 1 pro-rated sales total of over thirty-six sales in a three-week period. She claims that Defendant has 2 been unresponsive to her discovery requests in providing information concerning her sales record.4 3 Plaintiff bases her discrimination claim on the fact that she made more sales over a three 4 week period than Gary Jones. Jones made twenty-nine sales over a three-week period that included 5 only twelve available working days, for a prorated sales total of 36.25. Plaintiff claimed in her 6 deposition that she once made thirty-five deals over three weeks. Neither employee made thirty six 7 sales over a three week period, but the three-week period over which Taylor made her thirty-five 8 sales was not the same three-week period over which Jones made his twenty-nine sales. Jones only 9 had twelve working days to make those sales. As far as the Court can tell from the evidence, Taylor 10 had a full fifteen working days to make her sales, which is the normal amount of working days in 11 a three week period. This therefore represents a lower amount of sales per working day over the 12 relevant three-week period. Fairfield’s policy reflects a concern about consistency of sales over 13 time, and the fact that its policy accounted for short work weeks indicates a good faith attempt to 14 be fair. Taylor had a right to equal treatment under the policy Fairfield chose, but she did not have 15 the right to set the policy. Taylor’s own declarations do not meet her shifted burden. 16 However, the evidence attached to her Response (#118) satisfies her burden. Taylor’s 17 evidence establishes a genuine issue of material fact over whether African-American and/or female 18 employees were given older sales leads with which to work when in the Training Department than 19 their Caucasian-American and/or male coworkers were given, making it substantially more difficult 20 to make the required thirty-six sales over a three-week period. 21 22 First, the deposition of Rochel Collins includes the following exchange indicating that Collins witnessed race and gender discrimination against Taylor and others: 23 4 24 25 The sales charts provided by Defendant begin on June 4, 2006. If Plaintiff’s thirty-five sales made during a three-week period in May included a week where there was an unavailable work day, she would perhaps be able to show a triable issue of fact concerning discrimination. However, she has neither claimed nor provided evidence for this. Page 13 of 22 1 Q During your tenure at Fairfield did you observe discrimination based on sex, meaning gender, or Shari Renee Taylor? A Yes. 2 3 Mr. Rempfer: Objection. Vague. 4 .... 5 A 7 Because I saw that your leads were like way, way older than ours, but you were expected to produce at even a higher level than we were, which I couldn’t understand how you could produce an antiquated lead at a greater rate than a more recent client connection. . . . 8 .... 9 . . . I noticed they did that to a lot of females, black females, in your group of females. It was such a higher expectation of antiquated leads. 6 10 Q 11 12 Mr. Rempfer: Objection. Legal conclusion. 13 14 15 Did you observe discrimination based on race, on Shari R. Taylor in regards to continued telemarketing? .... A I would say yes, because there wasn’t that many black females. Even the ones that came in, they were watched with like – real quick, until they had maybe just you and maybe the other ones and that was it. 16 (Collins Dep. 14:4 –15:13 Aug. 20, 2009). Collins’s bare comparisons of her leads to Taylor’s are 17 not relevant to a claim of race discrimination without more, because Collins worked in the Referral 18 Department, while Taylor worked in the Training Department, where everyone’s leads were worse. 19 Also, Collins’s race is not clear from her testimony. The fact she is a female and had much better 20 leads than Taylor does not show there was gender discrimination here. If she is also African- 21 American, this would also tend to negate an inference of race discrimination based on the difference 22 between the quality of Taylor’s leads and Collins’s. However, in the exchange above, Collins 23 appears to be comparing Taylor’s and other black females’ leads to other employee’s leads within 24 the Training Department. She could also have wrongly inferred discrimination because her friends 25 in the Training Department all happened to have poor leads, but only because they were in the Page 14 of 22 1 Training Department, not because of their race or gender. The above exchange supports an 2 inference of discrimination, but does not require it. Later in the deposition, Collins testified as 3 follows: 4 Q So you don’t know how many people were in the Training Department? 5 A I know what I told you, and I can’t be more specific than that. I never broke it down. Q Let’s make it clear. You are accusing a lot of people. A I an telling you what I saw. I am telling you I saw a lot of different leads going to different people. I saw the leads that the white ones had and I saw the leads that the black ones had, and they were like this far apart [gesturing]. They had nothing in common. 6 7 8 9 10 (Collins Dep. 47:16–48:2). This testimony is better evidence of unlawful discrimination. It is an 11 allegation concerning the quality of sales leads given to black employees versus those given to white 12 employees within the Training Department. Collins also testified to a similar disparity in lead 13 quality with regard to gender: 14 Q Did you see any leads that Fairfield distributed that were given to men that were not given to women? A Yes. As a matter of fact – Q Let’s keep going. 15 16 17 18 (Id. 56:9–11). Although Collins was not able to specify which managers gave which better leads 19 to which persons or on which dates, a claim of race or gender discrimination need not be pled with 20 particularity. If a jury credited her testimony, it could reasonably infer race discrimination by 21 Fairfield as a company and render a verdict based on this even in light of her inability to remember 22 particular details. The evidence is weak because of its lack of specificity, but it is sufficient to 23 survive summary judgment. 24 Second, the deposition of Adero Fleming indicates that among some saleswomen, “[t]he one 25 that was black in color was the only one who never attended the training, was not given information Page 15 of 22 1 about the training from her team.” (Fleming Dep. 12:19–21, Aug. 20, 2009). This testimony could 2 support several inferences, one of which is that the African-American woman was perhaps offered 3 training (that Fleming doesn’t know about) and just never showed up for it. But another inference 4 it could support is purposeful race discrimination by Fairfield. 5 Taylor also provides the affidavits of Harry Shornberg, III and Rochel Collins, which are not 6 helpful. Shornberg attests that there was no written sales policy of which he was aware, that all 7 salespersons in the Training Department had “terrible leads,” and that a white woman was given 8 better sales leads than her coworkers (whose races and genders he does not identify). (#118, Ex. 2). 9 Collins attests that she worked in the Referral Department, that she regularly observed managers 10 harassing workers to the point that they quit, that she herself had been harshly criticized and forced 11 to remove personal items from her workspace, that “certain” salespersons received better leads than 12 others, and that some salespersons were bribing managers to get better leads. (#118, Ex. 3). These 13 affidavits do not provide any evidence of race or gender discrimination. The closest thing to a claim 14 of discrimination with respect to a protected class in these affidavits is Shornberg’s claim that a 15 white woman received better sales leads than her coworkers, but there is no attestation to the races 16 or genders of these coworkers, or whether this woman was one of the people allegedly bribing the 17 managers for better leads, which could account for any disparity without reference to race. The 18 affidavits tend only to show that Fairfield was an awful place for anyone to work. The deposition 19 of Donald K. Winston is also not helpful in establishing race or gender discrimination. (See 20 generally Winston Dep., Aug. 20, 2009). Winston testifies mainly to a lack of a written policy for 21 transfer from the Training Department to the Referral Department. Winston substantiates that Scott 22 Dowling set a verbal policy requiring thirty-six sales over a three-week period, with a 70-80% self- 23 closing rate, although he does not indicate the policy on proration for unavailable work days in the 24 excerpt that Taylor has provided. (Id. 25:19–23). 25 conclusory claims of race and gender discrimination against her. (#118, Ex. 7). Finally, Taylor’s own affidavit contains Page 16 of 22 1 In conclusion, the direct evidence of unlawful discrimination Taylor provides in the 2 Response (#118) via the Collins deposition, although not particularly strong, is enough to show a 3 genuine issue of material fact as to her claims of race and gender discrimination. A reasonable jury 4 could find for either Plaintiff or Defendant based on the evidence the parties have adduced. 5 Therefore, summary judgment is not appropriate on the Title VII race and gender discrimination 6 claims. 7 2. 8 The same burden-shifting regime applies in retaliation cases. Hernandez v. Spacelabs 9 Med. Inc., 343 F.3d 1107, 1112 (9th Cir. 2003). “To establish a prima facie case for a retaliation 10 claim under Title VII, [a plaintiff] must show: (1) that he engaged in a protected activity, (2) that 11 he suffered an adverse employment action, and (3) that there is a causal link between the two.” 12 Hernandez, 343 F.3d at 1113 (citing Steiner v. Showboat Operating Co., 25 F.3d 1459, 1464 (9th 13 Cir.1994)). Retaliation 14 Here, Plaintiff claims that she filed a complaint with the NERC on July 24, 2006, which she 15 amended on August 10, 2006, and that she was placed on suspension “on pretextual grounds” 16 immediately after Fairfield learned of this. (#77 ¶ 4). There is no dispute that Taylor filed her 17 complaints on the dates she claims and that this is protected activity. There is also no dispute that 18 Taylor was suspended on August 17, 2006. But there is a dispute over causation, and Taylor 19 provides no evidence from which causation could even be inferred. She makes conclusory claims 20 about pretext in the AC (Id.). However, she claims no facts that indicate causation. Even presuming 21 that Taylor had established a prima facie case, Fairfield would meet its shifted burden,5 and Taylor 22 would not then meet hers. None of the affidavits or depositions Plaintiff provides indicate that 23 24 25 5 Fairfield has presented evidence of Taylor’s poor performance and its suspicion on August 17, the day of her suspension, that she had attempted to steal confidential sales information. Page 17 of 22 1 Fairfield learned of the complaint before receiving a copy of the notice from the NERC, presumably 2 a few days after the date of August 18 listed on the notice, which is the day after Taylor was 3 suspended. (#107, Ex. M). 4 In Hernandez, the Ninth Circuit reversed a district court that ruled a Title VII claimant had 5 failed to make out the causation element of a prima facie case. 343 F.3d at 1113. The Ninth Circuit 6 pointed out that the defendant company in that case had conceded that Hernandez’s supervisor, Mr. 7 Pray, knew that Hernandez’s allegations of harassment had been brought to the attention of Ms. 8 Lasher, the human resources manager, and that Lasher had confronted Pray with the allegations. Id. 9 at 1110, 1113. The Ninth Circuit rejected the defendant’s claim that Pray had no knowledge it was 10 Hernandez who had reported the alleged harassment, because it was conceded that Pray knew 11 someone had made a complaint, and Pray could have known or suspected it was Hernandez. Id. at 12 1113–14. The court ruled that summary judgment was not appropriate under this fact pattern. Id. 13 Here, unlike in Hernandez, there is no evidence at all from which a reasonable jury could 14 infer causation. There is no evidence, nor even a claim, that any managers at Fairfield knew of 15 Taylor’s complaint to the NERC before her suspension. And unlike in Hernandez, here there is no 16 claim that Plaintiff or anyone else made any internal complaint of discrimination to any Fairfield 17 personnel. The only complaint in the present case was made externally, to NERC, and Plaintiff 18 provides no evidence at all that could lead to an inference that Fairfield knew of the external 19 complaint before they received notice from the NERC, sometime after August 18, 2006, which was 20 necessarily after Taylor’s dismissal on August 17. Plaintiff has positively admitted having no such 21 evidence. (Taylor Dep. 134:2–6). This is fatal to her attempt to make out a prima facie case of 22 retaliation. 23 Taylor also claims, however, that her treatment in the Referral Department during her short- 24 lived return to Fairfield beginning on September 24, 2006, was motivated by her complaint to the 25 NERC. There is no dispute that Fairfield knew of her complaint to the NERC by this time. Page 18 of 22 1 Although the bare fact that Fairfield knew of the complaint to the NERC before Taylor’s return may 2 support a prima facie case, it does not prevent summary judgment. 3 First, the alleged poor treatment was not an adverse employment action. Taylor claims the 4 treatment was “constructive discharge.” The Ninth Circuit “set[s] the bar high for a claim of 5 constructive discharge because federal antidiscrimination policies are better served when the 6 employee and employer attack discrimination within their existing employment relationship, rather 7 than when the employee walks away and then later litigates whether his employment situation was 8 intolerable.” Poland v. Chertoff, 494 F.3d 1174, 1184 (9th Cir. 2007) (footnote omitted). 9 Constructive discharge occurs when “the working conditions deteriorate, as a result of 10 discrimination, to the point that they become sufficiently extraordinary and egregious to overcome 11 the normal motivation of a competent, diligent, and reasonable employee to remain on the job to 12 earn a livelihood and to serve his or her employer.” Id. (quoting Brooks v. City of San Mateo, 229 13 F.3d 917, 930 (9th Cir. 2000)). 14 Taylor has not made out a case for constructive discharge. She bases the claim on her 15 allegations that Fairfield created a hostile work environment6 in that: (1) she received no additional 16 training upon returning after her suspension and being placed in the Referral Department; and (2) 17 that she was prevented from “learning any procedural routines from co-workers . . . .” (Id. ¶ 5). 18 As to the alleged lack of training, Fairfield responds that no training was needed because 19 sales representatives in the Referral Department sold the same types of vacation packages as those 20 in the former Training Department—in other words, it was the same job, but the employees were 21 no longer on probationary training status. Fairfield notes that the previous months Plaintiff spent 22 selling vacation packages in the Training Department was in fact her training for the Referral 23 Department position, which was the entire purpose of having the separate departments. No 24 6 25 As noted below, Taylor conflates a hostile work environment claim with constructive discharge. Page 19 of 22 1 additional training was necessary. Fairfield also notes that Taylor admitted receiving an additional 2 “15 minutes” of training when she came back to work in the Referral Department in her second 3 amended charge to the NERC. (#107, Ex. Q). But even if she had not received any additional 4 training, Plaintiff does not claim in the AC or her Response (#118) that any additional training was 5 routinely provided or appropriate. She only claims that she did not receive any. She also claims that 6 she was somehow prevented from learning “procedural routines,” but she does not explain what 7 these were or why they were necessary to perform her job. Nowhere does Taylor claim any actions 8 by Fairfield making work conditions “sufficiently extraordinary and egregious to overcome the 9 normal motivation of a competent, diligent, and reasonable employee to remain on the job to earn 10 a livelihood and to serve his or her employer.” 11 Taylor’s own evidence indicates that poor treatment was par for the course at Fairfield. As 12 Taylor points out, Collins’s affidavit indicates that she “regularly observed situation[s] in which 13 managers created hostile work environments for individuals they wanted to force to quit.” (#118 ¶ 14 18 (quoting id., Ex. 3)). Collins goes on to indicate that she was the recipient of such treatment 15 herself. (Id., Ex. 3). Collins also claims that disparate treatment in the Referral Department was due 16 at least in part to a system of bribery. (Id.). This only provides evidence that Fairfield’s managers 17 were generally hostile or perhaps that they demanded bribes from people generally. None of the 18 affidavits or depositions indicate any witnesses to Taylor’s alleged abuse in the Referral Department 19 upon return, much less that such abuse was due to her complaint with the NERC. Taylor provides 20 no evidence indicating that she was retaliated against because of her complaint, apart from the bare 21 timing of her complaint, return to work, and resignation. Her own affidavit is devoid of facts 22 indicating constructive discharge after her return. (#118, Ex. 7). She in fact admits that she resigned 23 because she anticipated discharge based on Fairfield’s alleged discriminatory practices and apparent 24 disinclination to remedy them, not because her work conditions became so awful as a result of her 25 complaint that she could not function: Page 20 of 22 1 2 3 After I filed a complaint with the [NERC] and Fairfield failed to respond to the action in any meaningful way, it became clear to me that I was facing either actual or constructive discharge if I remained at Fairfield. 4 Therefore, I left Fairfield’s employment as a result of what I considered to be unequal and unfair treatment of employees and the poor quality and handling of sales leads by the company and its managers. 5 (Id.). This might serve as additional evidence of disparate treatment at Fairfield, but it does not 6 make out a claim of constructive discharge. 7 3. 8 “To make a prima facie case of a hostile work environment, a person must show ‘that: 9 (1) she was subjected to verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature, (2) this conduct was 10 unwelcome, and (3) the conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the 11 victim’s employment and create an abusive working environment.’” Craig v. M&O Agencies, Inc., 12 496 F.3d 1047, 1055 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Fuller v. City of Oakland, 47 F.3d 1522, 1527 (9th 13 Cir.1995) (internal quotations omitted)). The elements of a claim based on race are the same, but 14 the verbal or physical conduct must be “based on her race.” Surell, 518 F.3d at 1108. Hostile Work Environment 15 Taylor claims Fairfield created a hostile work environment when she returned from 16 suspension, resulting in her “constructive discharge.” (#77 ¶ 5–6). She bases the hostile work 17 environment claim on her allegations that (1) she received no additional training upon returning after 18 her suspension and being placed in the Referral Department; and (2) that she was prevented from 19 “learning any procedural routines from co-workers . . . .” (Id. ¶ 5). 20 The hostile work environment claim fails to make out a prima facie case because Taylor 21 makes no claim that she was subjected to racist or sexist comments or physical behavior, such as 22 groping. This is the nature of a hostile work environment claim. The complaints Taylor makes 23 about her treatment in the Referral Department upon return to Fairfield are in substance claims of 24 disparate treatment and retaliation, which have already been addressed above. Therefore, the Court 25 grants summary judgment on the hostile work environment claim. Page 21 of 22 1 CONCLUSION 2 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Motion for Summary Judgment (#107) is GRANTED 3 in part as to the retaliation and hostile work environment claims and DENIED in part as to the race 4 and gender discrimination claims. 5 DATED: November 10, 2009 6 7 8 ___________________________________ Robert C. Jones United States District Judge 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Page 22 of 22
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