Johnson et al v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyds of London, No. 2:2009cv02495 - Document 16 (E.D. La. 2009)
Court Description: ORDER & REASONS - Ordered that the case be DISMISSED for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Signed by Judge Helen G. Berrigan on 10/2/09.(plh, )
Download PDF
<![CDATA[
Johnson et al v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyds of London Doc. 16 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA MALCI JOHNSON, ET AL. CIVIL ACTION VERSUS NO: CERTAIN UNDERWRITERS AT LLOYD’S LONDON (AKA PROCTOR FINANCIAL INC., EQUITY PARTNER INSURANCE SERVICES INC., FOREST INSURANCE FACILITIES, BURNS & WILCOX, MARTIN INSURANCE AGENCY, INC., N-SURANCE OUTLETS, INC., INSURISK EXCESS & SURPLUS LINES) SECTION: “C” (5) 09-2495 ORDER & REASONS1 This matter is before the Court on the issue of subject matter jurisdiction in this diversity matter. The Court ordered counsel to submit memoranda on the issue by April 30, 2009. On August 3, 2009, the Court further instructed Defendant to submit evidence fully setting forth its citizenship, including a list of all of its names and underwriting members, by August 24, 2009. Having reviewed the record, memoranda of counsel, and the law, the Court has determined that it does not have subject matter jurisdiction for the following reasons. I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND Plaintiff homeowners originally filed suit in the Eastern District of Louisiana as part of the mass insurance case of Abadie, Civil Action No. 06-5164, to recover payment for property damage under their insurance policy with Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London (“Lloyd’s”) following Hurricane Katrina. Rec. Doc. 1. Magistrate Judge Wilkinson, Jr. severed Abadie. Rec. Doc. 1-3. 1 Francisco A. Besosa-Martínez, a third-year student at Tulane University Law School, assisted in preparing this opinion. Dockets.Justia.com Plaintiffs then filed an individualized amended complaint against their insurer. Rec. Doc. 1. On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina allegedly damaged Plaintiffs’ property. Rec. Doc. 1 at 3. Plaintiffs estimate the damages to be $44,152.71 for dwelling, $22,000 for contents, and $8,800 for loss of use. Rec. Doc. 4-3. Plaintiffs also seek double damages pursuant to LSA R.S. § 22:1220, penalties pursuant to LSA R.S. § 22:658, attorney fees, and court costs. Rec. Doc. 4 at 5. At the time of this event, Plaintiffs claim an insurance policy covered the damaged property with Lloyd’s, a foreign citizen doing business in the State of Louisiana. Rec. Doc. 1. at 1. Plaintiffs claim the amount of insurance coverage “was based on the estimated cost of replacing the home and its contents, and amount estimated by the Defendant or an agent authorized by them to determine the replacement cost of each individual home and its contents.” Rec. Doc. 1 at 3. Furthermore, Plaintiffs have furnished the Court with professional estimates detailing the damages and repairs needed. Rec. Doc. 4-3. As of the date of filing, Plaintiffs claim to have received $10,000 from Defendant pursuant to the insurance policy.2 Rec. Doc. 4-2 at 2. In response to the Court’s request for supplemental information on diversity of citizenship, Defendant filed two unsworn declarations signed by Tom Deitz and William Strover. Rec. Doc. 14 and 15. In his unsworn declaration filed August 24, 2009, Mr. Deitz, the United States Claims Director for Catlin, located in Atlanta, Georgia, asserts that, “to the best of [his] knowledge, none of the underwriters from the syndicates [subscribing to Plaintiffs’ insurance plan] are located in the State of Louisiana.” Rec. Doc. 14-2. Defendant then filed Mr. Strover’s unsworn declaration on September 1, 2009. Rec. Doc. 15. Mr. Strover, the Claims Adjuster for Catlin Underwriting 2 The Court makes no finding as to the sufficiency of this proof with regard to establishing the existence of the jurisdictional minimum. 2 Agencies, Ltd. in London, United Kingdom, stated that, upon further investigation, it was revealed that one “name” subscribing to the Kiln Syndicate #510 in Plaintiffs’ insurance policy is located in the State of Louisiana. Rec. Doc. 15-2 at 2. Plaintiffs have not presented any objections or questioned the validity of these unsworn declarations. II. LAW & ANALYSIS a. Applicable Law Subject matter jurisdiction is awarded to federal courts in “civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and is between--(1) citizens of different States; (2) citizens of a State and citizens or subjects of a foreign state; [and] (3) citizens of different States and in which citizens or subjects of a foreign state are additional parties[.]” 28 U.S.C.A. § 1332. It is well-established precedent that diversity of citizenship requires that there be complete diversity between the parties: “The [Supreme] [C]ourt understands these expressions to mean, that each distinct interest should be represented by persons, all of whom are entitled to sue, or may be sued in the federal courts. That is, that where the interest is joint, each of the persons concerned in that interest must be competent to sue, or liable to be sued, in those courts.” Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 267 (1806). Thus, diversity of citizenship requires that “each defendant [be] a citizen of a different State from each plaintiff.” Owen Equip. & Erection Co. v. Kroger, 437 U.S. 365, 373 (1978). Furthermore, when determining who is a party, courts apply the “real-parties in interest” test. When doubt arises as to the existence of complete diversity, the party claiming diversity 3 jurisdiction may submit an affidavit showing that diversity of citizenship exists. See Dausch v. Rykse, 52 F.3d 1425, 1427, fn. 1 (7th Cir. 1994)(“The initial jurisdictional statement indicated that the requirement of complete diversity of citizenship may be lacking. However, pursuant to the order of this court, [plaintiff] filed an affidavit showing that complete diversity of citizenship exists.”). An “affidavit” is “[a] voluntary declaration of facts written down and sworn to by the declarant before an officer authorized to administer oaths, such as a notary public.” Black’s Law Dictionary 62 (8th ed. 2004). Thus, an unsworn affidavit is considered deficient and not taken into consideration by the court. See Nissho-Iwai American Corp. v. Kline, 845 F.2d 1300, 1306 (5th Cir. 1988)(“It is a settled rule in this circuit that an unsworn affidavit is incompetent to raise a fact issue precluding summary judgment.”). There is a statutory exception, however, that permits “the use in Federal proceedings of unsworn declarations given under penalty of perjury in lieu of affidavits.” Carter v. Clark, 616 F.2d 228, 230 (5th Cir. 1980)(quoting H.R. Rep. No. 94-1616, 94 th Cong., 2d Sess. 1, reprinted in (1976) U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News, pp.5644, 5644). Under 28 U.S.C. § 1746, all matters that are permitted to be supported, evidenced, established or proven by affidavit “may, with like force and effect, be supported, evidenced, established, or proved by [an] unsworn declaration” as long as the affiant subscribes to the statement under penalty of perjury. If the declaration is made outside the United States, the affiant may do this by stating: “I declare (or certify, verify, or state) under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America that the foregoing is true and correct.” 28 U.S.C. § 1746(1). Furthermore, the language of the statute is very inclusive and the only exceptions are that “unsworn written declaration(s) given under penalty of perjury may not be substituted for 4 (1) deposition(s), (2) an oath of office, or (3) a document required to be signed before a specified official other than a notary.” Carter, 616 F.2d at 230 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 94-1616 at 2., reprinted at (1976) U.S. Code cong. & Admin. News, p. 5645. Whether or not this opens the judicial process to some abuse is not for the courts to decide; the court “must only determine what Congress says the law is.” Carter, 616 F.2d at 231. Federal courts across the nation have agreed, though through different rationales, that when determining the diversity of citizenship of the parties in a case involving Lloyd’s of London, all the “names” must be taken into consideration. See McAuslin v. Grinnell Corporation, 2000 WL 1059850 *3-*4 (E.D. La. Aug. 1, 2000)(Discussing how the Second and Seventh Circuits both reached the conclusion that the citizenship of each “name” should be taken into consideration; agreeing with the Seventh Circuit’s analysis and disagreeing with the Sixth Circuit rationale that only the citizenship of the lead underwriters should be taken into account.); see also E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. v. Accident & Casualty Insurance Co., 160 F.3d 925, 939 (2d Cir. 1998)(Holding that when a Lloyd’s underwriter is sued in a representative capacity, all of the “names” must be diverse); Indiana Gas Co. v. Home Ins. Co., 141 F.3d 314, 317 (7th Cir. 1998)(After finding Lloyd’s was analogous to a general partnership, the Seventh Circuit held that “the underwriting syndicates have the citizenships of every name”); Queen Victoria Corp. v. Ins. Specialists of Hawaii, Inc., 711 F.Supp 553, 544 (D.Haw. 1989)(“Since Lloyd’s is an unincorporated group of underwriters, its citizenship is determined by the citizenship of all of its members.”); Bath Iron Works Corp. v. Certain Member Companies of the Institute of London Underwriters, 870 F.Supp 3, 7 (D.ME. 1994)(The Court held that the citizenship of all underwriters (both active and inactive) must be 5 considered when determining diversity jurisdiction); Lowsley-Williams v. North River Ins. Co., 884 F.Supp 166, 173 (D.N.J. 1995)(“[T]he plaintiffs must have pled the citizenship of each name participating in the North River reinsurance contracts in order for this Court to have diversity jurisdiction.”); Transamerica Corp. v. Reliance Ins. Co. of Illinois, 884 F.Supp. 133, 139 (D.Del. 1995)(The citizenship of Lloyd’s syndicates are determined by the citizenship of all syndicate members). The only time this reasoning does not explicitly apply in the Fifth Circuit is when a “name” sues, or is sued, in its individual, rather than its representative capacity. See Corfield v. Dallas Glen Hills LP, 355 F.3d 853, 854 (5th Cir. 2003). The sole case claiming that only the citizenship of the head underwriter is taken into account when it is sued in its representative capacity is Certain Interested Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London, England v. Layne, 26 F.3d 39, 43-44 (6th Cir. 1994). b. Analysis Defendant has presented sufficient evidence for this Court to conclude that the requirement of complete diversity is not met. In regards to diversity of citizenship, Defendant has brought two unsworn declarations to the Court’s attention. Rec. Doc. 14 and 15. While the first statement, signed by Tom Deitz, stated that “none of the underwriters from the syndicates above are located in the State of Louisiana[,]” further investigation led Defendant to submit a second unsworn declaration that reveals that one of the “names” attached to Plaintiffs’ insurance policy is a Louisiana citizen. Rec. Doc. 15. A question that arises, however, is whether a declaration that has not been notarized can be considered for purposes of establishing subject matter jurisdiction. It is true that an unsworn affidavit is not sufficient to prove a particular fact. Kline, 845 F.2d 6 at 1306. Congress, however, has specifically carved out an exception for unsworn declarations that follow a specific format and use certain language. See 28 U.S.C. § 1746. Here, both written declarations follow this predetermined format and insert the exact language prescribed in the statute for when the written declaration is written outside of the United States. Although allowing parties to verify their own assertions “with only the penalty of perjury to ensure their truthfulness may open the courts to some abuse[,]” the task imposed upon this Court is to “determine what Congress says the law is.” Carter, 616 F.2d 231. Therefore, because these unsworn declarations meet the requirements outlined in 28 U.S.C. § 1746, this Court cannot dismiss them simply because they are not notarized. Finally, based on the specific facts presented here, this Court–adopting the majority view that the citizenship of all “names” should be considered for purposes of diversity jurisdiction–must dismiss this case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Mr. Strover’s statement point out that one of the “names” on Plaintiffs’ insurance policy is a citizen of Louisiana. Thus, under the majority view, Defendant has demonstrated that there is no diversity of citizenship between the parties. 7 III. CONCLUSION Based on the record and the law, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to establish complete diversity of citizenship and consequently have not established subject matter jurisdiction. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that the case be DISMISSED for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. New Orleans, Louisiana, this 2nd day of October, 2009. ___________________________________ HELEN G. BERRIGAN U.S. DISTRICT COURT JUDGE 8
]]>
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You
should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google
Privacy Policy and
Terms of Service apply.
