Odebrecht Construction, Inc v. Prasad, No. 1:2012cv22072 - Document 24 (S.D. Fla. 2012)
Court Description: OPINION ORDER Following 21 Order Granting Preliminary Injunction. Signed by Judge K. Michael Moore on 6/29/2012. (rg1)
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I THE UNI N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FOR TH E SOUTHERN DI STRI OF FLORI CT DA Ca eNo.1 c 22072- M s 2- vKM ODEBRECHT CONSTRUCTI l C. ON, N , a Fl r d co por i o i a r aton, Pli it antfl V S. ANANTH PRASAD, i hso cal a ct a S c eay o n i y i c pa i s e r t r f y teFlrd De rme t fT a s rain, h o ia pa t n o r npo t t o D e e nt f nda . / OPI ON FO LLOW I ORDER GRANTI PRELI I NI NG NG M NARY I NJUNCTI ON THI MATTER i beo eteCo r u o PlitT sMo in f raP ei n r lj n to S s f r h u t p n ani to o r lmia y n u cin ( No 5 . Plitf c aln e t c nsi in lt o a a n me tt scin 2 7 1 5 ECF . ) anif h le g s he o t o ai f n me d n o e t 8 .3 , mt y o Fl i St t e ,ç ohi to agans c r c i wih s r tni d c orda aut s ç pr bii n i t onta tng t c u i ze ompa es' The n ni . ' mendme nt t s c i 287. 35 c n be f o e ton 1 a ound a Cha er201 1 Laws ofFl i ,and ge r l pr bis t pt 2- 96, orda ne aly ohi t t St t ofFl i fo a r ng publcco r c si e es ofonem ilon dola st c pa es he ae orda r m wa di i nta t n xc s li lr o om ni who ha E i s ope atons' i Cuba. Pl i if a gues t t t n ve < ne s r i ' n bus antf r ha he mendment vi aes t ol t he f l ng pr sons of t Unie St t Consiuton:t Supr m a y Clus t For i n olowi ovii he td aes tt i he e c a e, he eg Afais Power and t For i Comm e ce Clus Pl n if alo a gues t a fr , he egn r a e. aitf s r he mend e i m nt s i r tve by is own t ms De enda de e t s c am san f rhe a guesPl ntf ca nope a i t er . f nt nis he e l i d ut r r ai if nnot ma eterq iies o n n c s ayf rt sCo r t is eap ei n r ij n to .Fol wi k h e u st h wig e e s r o hi u to su r l a y n u cin lo ng mi a he rng o Plitf M o in f ra Prlmi ay Ij n to o M o a ,J n 25 2 2 a d ai n anifs to o ei n r nu cin n nd y u e , 01 , n h vn c n ie e Dee d tsRe p n e( No 1 )a d Pli ifsRe l ( No.1 ) t i a ig o sd rd fn mz' s o s ECF . 5 n antf p y ECF 6 , hs Co r e trd a Or e Gr ni Plitf' M o in f ra P ei n r lj n to ( No. ) u t n ee n d r a tng an ifs to o r l a y nu cin ECF mi 21 . 1 Thi opi on f l ws a s t f t m or f l t r as f t s Cour' Or Gr ntng s ni olo nd e s orh e uly he e ons or hi ts der a i Plitf sMo inf raPrlmi r Ijmcin. anif to o ei nay nt to 1. THE PARTI 1 ES Esa ihed i 1 t bls n 990,Pl i ifOde ec Consr ton,I i a Fl i c or ton t antf br ht tuc i nc. s orda om a i hat mai a nsisprnc pa plc ofbusne si Cor Ga es Fl i Ove t ye r age i oft nti t i i l a e i s n al bl , orda. r he a s, nces he Saeo Flrd a d lc lg v r me t h v a r e Plitf tit-i p oe t n u tngt tt f o ia n o a o en n s a e wad d an if hry fve rj cs mo ni o a o ma ey $3. bilon, and i 2011 a1 of Pl i ifs r nue a oxi t l $21 5 ppr xi t l 9 li n , l antf eve - ppr ma ey 4. mil n wu d rv d fo p b i ifa tu t ea ta s o tto p o e t. Re e ty Br wad lo i e ie r m u lc n r sr cur nd rn p rain rj cs c nl , o r Count a r Pli ifa c tac vaue a a oxi a ey $ milon t r nova e t For y wa ded a ntf on r t l d t ppr m t l 226 li o e t he t La r eAipor. ude dal r t Pl ntf i a s i a y ofOde e htS. ,a tdi r ii d Br z la co om e ae i t ai if s ubsdir br c A. ç ve sfe a iin ngl r t n he e nee i ngi rng, c t u ton, wa e a onsr c i t r nd wa twa e , eha , r l esae, c mi a , a se t r t nol ea t t he c l nd p to h mia feds' Am.Co l ! 2 ( No.4 . Od b e h S. e g g si b sn s er c e c l il . ' mp . 0 ECF , ) e rc t A. n a e n u ie s oper to i Sou h Ame ia,Ce r lAm e i ,Norh Am e i t Ca i n,Afi Eur , ai ns n t rc nta rca t rca, he rbbea rca, ope a t M i eEm t Though Pli ifm ant i t ti hasne rc nd he ddl s . antf i a ns ha t ve onduc e busnes oper to td i s ai ns i t Re i ofCuba,one ofOde e htS. ' s i a i ,COIOve s msLt ,i i ve i n he publc br c A.S ubsdires re d. s nvol d n a c n tu to p oe tt e pa d te Cu a Po to M ail Thep o e t a a c s o ne ry $1 o sr ci n rjc o x n h b n r f re . rj c, t o t f al bilon,i f nde s t taly by t Br z lan Deveopm e Ba li s u d ubsan i l he a ii l nt nk. Br zii n Pr i tDim a a la esden l Rous e ftaveedt t Po tofM a ilt vi w t pr r soft por' r no ton a r c ty a s f r l o he r re o e he og es he ts e va i s e en l s Fe ua y 201 See M a t w Brsow & Crs Vae i Rous ef i Cuba Poi st U . Hum a br r 2. the it i lro, s fn nt o S. n Ri ht Re or BLOOMBE Fe 6,201 a l e a hlp:/ c s c d, RG, b. 2, vaiabl t /- . oomber c ne / zbl g.oe wszol Ol 3lc sr rg sr or i x de - n-ous ef-r de- ison-o- / a to-i ht-ec d-nt s o r s fta m s i t comm u itc ht l s- uba. m . lT fcsh ri ae tk n fo Pli tf M o in f ra Prlmi ay Ij n to ( No.5 , he a t een r a e r m anifs to o ei n r n u cin ECF ) Dee ntsRes e( No.1 , ndPl ntf Repl ( No.1 . fnda ' pons ECF 5) a ai ifs y ECF 6) 2 rm nt a porai n De e nt Ana h Pr s d i Se ea y of t Fl i Depa t e of Tr ns tto f nda nt a a s cr tr he orda CfDOT' . Esa ls e i 1 6 ,FDOT i a d c ntaie a e y c a g d wi c o dn tn , F ' tb ih d n 9 9 ) s e e rlz d g nc h r e t o r iaig h ma nti ng,a r gultng publc ta po tton i t Stt ofFl i i ani nd e ai i r ns ra i n he a e orda. I f rhe a e oft s n u t r nc hi dut e c oft ag y' s vii i r ponsbl f a quii comm odiis a con r cua y, a h he enc s ubdi sons s es i e or c rng te nd ta t l s ni s t rt die ton a g da e ofDef nt As Se r tr of FDOT,Def nda i e ce mde he r c i nd ui nc enda . c ea y e nt s c r d wih i plm e i a e or ng t CubaAmendme wih r pec t FDOT c r t ha ge t m e ntng nd nf ci he nt t es t o ontacs vaue atonem ilon dolar orm or . l d li l s e I .JURI CTION I SDI Plitf b i st i a to p ru n t 4 U. C. 1 8 t r d e siscame d p iain anif rng hs cin u s a t o 2 S. j 9 3 o e r s t li d e rv t o ofrgh s prvie s a i t te s c ed by t Consiuton a t l of t Unied i t , i l ge , nd mm miis e ur he tt i nd he aws he t S ae . Ac o dn l j rs ito le i ti Co r pls a tt 2 U. C.j 1 31 1 4 () a d tts c r igy,u idcin is n h s u t t u n o 8 S. j 3 , 3 3 a, n r 1 6 () 3 7 a. 1 1 BACKG RO UND 1. é.TheCubaAme . ndme nt 0n M ay 1 201 Fl i Gove norRi k Sc tsgne i o lw Comm ite Subsiut f , 2, orda r c ot i d nt a te tt e or Comm it Subsiut f r Hous Bil 99,whih wa codii d a Cha er 201 1 6, La of tee tt e o e l c s fe t pt 2- 9 ws Fl i (het ubaAmendme '. TheCubaAme nti t mos r c ntefo t byt Stt orda t ç c nt'2 ) ndme s he t e e fr3 he ae 2 A s c elf De e ntco r c l not d,t a e ouns or f nda r e ty e he m ndme alo pr bis t Stt ofFl i nt s ohi t he a e orda fo a r ng publc c r t i e es of $1 milon t c r m wa di i ontacs n xc s li o ompa es who have G i s ni t nes bus ope ai ns'i Sy i Pli if howe r s ik aly c le r to ' n ra. antf, ve , pec t l ha lngest a pec s oft Am e he s t he ndmen t t tr lt t busnes oper tonswih Cu . Fort sr s t Cour r f st t Am e ha e ae o i s ai t ba hi ea on, he t e er o he ndmen t a t çcuba Am e s he ç ndme . nt' ' 3The St t ofFl i and is mt cpa iisha a l hit r ofe c i l sa i am e a ae orda t mi i lte ve ong so y na tng egilton i d t Cu a S e ea,Fa ul S nae o Fl.ltr Unv.v W in 61 F.d 1 6 ( 1 Ci.2 0 b . e . .. c t e t f a n en. i . n , 6 3 20 1 1 r 01 ) v ( p odn c n tmto aiy o Trve Ac, wh c r srce Flrd S ae u i riis fo u h lig o si in l f a l t ih etitd o ia tt nveste r m t s ndi bot sa e a t pe ng h t t nd t tt ' fmds on ac i te r l t t ta lt a G e r itsa ey a nonsae' t tviis e aed o r ve o t rors t t ' s t ' deinaed by t Unie Stts De rme of Stt as a sae s or oftrors ;ABC sg t he td ae pa t nt ae tt pons er im) Ch res l . . o s n, 91F. p . d 1 7 ,1 0 ( . F a 2 0 )(n onige f r e n o a tr.nc v Br n o 5 Su p 2 2 2 3 4 SD. l. 0 8 e j i n n o c me t f 3 4 n ovi s n e e nt r ha om ny s e dn o Fl i t pl c pr s e on Cuba a d pr de ,i r l va pa q t ta c pa t ngage i f orda o a e es m busne s o r tons i Cuba' m a nott d on,s i s pe a i n ' y t bi ubmi a pr a f ,or e eri o orr ne a t opos l or nt nt e w c r c wih a a ncy or l a gove mne ale iy f goods or s rvce of $1 m ilon o onta t t n ge oc l r nt ntt or e is li r mo e' 2 2Fl. ws1 6, 2 2 (me dngFL S A j28 .3 ) r . 01 a La 9 j ( ) a n i A. T T 71 5 . ' Fort pur e oft CubaAm e he pos s he ndme ,a ( nt Yompa ' sde i t mea a <e iy or ny'i fned o n ny tntt bu i s a s cain,i l i a1 whol o e s bsdais maoiy-wn d s b ii e , snes so ito ncudng 1 l wn d u i ire , j rt o e u sdmi s y pa e c r nt ompa e ,o a fla e ofs h e ii sorbusne sa s a i , ha e ssf rt pur e ni s r fiit s uc ntte i s s ocitons t t xit o he pos ai ' s i f ng n o ma ig p ok. FL S A j21 4 3 . çBusness oper tons' i defned as tengagi i f kn r t ' A. T T. 5.7 /) l i ' c omme cei a f m i Cuba orSy i ' 2 2 Fa La 1 6 j2b) Ta e t g te ,h Cu r n ny or n rm' 01 l. ws 9 , ( . k n o eh r te ba Ame ndmen e f ci y enc t f e tvel omp% s dom e tc c es si ompa eswih no c ni t onne ton t Cubaot rt n ci o he ha bypr oxy. 'heCubaAme I ' ndme e or esispr sonst oug ac rii a i r uie e . Bef e nt nf c t ovii hr h e tfc ton eq r m nt or s ubmitng abi orpr a f a c ta t a c pa m us c tf t ti doesno ha busnes ti d opos l or on r c , om ny t eriy ha t t ve i s o ai i Cuba. per tons n Co a is fu d t h ve s b te a fle c ri to a e s b e tt a mp n e o n o a u mitd as e tkai n r u j c o t ç vi pe ly e t t gr atrof$2 m ilon ort c t n ç l nat qual o he e e ci li wie he moun oft c r c f whih t t he onta t or c he f lec ri to wa s bmitd. I j2 5 ()1 . Ad iin l o e i ha b e d tr n d as etkain s u te ' d. ( )a ( ) dto al nc t s e n eemie t ' y, n ndme s t t Fl i Sel r of Tr vel Ac , whih i pos one ous r gul to a me nt o he orda le s a t c m ed r e ai ns nd p n lis o s les o ta e r ltd sr ie t Cu a;MimiLi h Pr ic v.M imiDa e e ate n elr f rv l eae e vc s o b ) n c t oe t n - d Cn v,9 F.S p 2 1 7 ( D.Fl.2 0 ) (no nn e o c me to M imi d Comt t . 7 u p. d 1 4 S. a 0 0 e j i ig nfr e n f a -Da e t y r s utons whih pur td t ba M im iDa Count fo e e i i t a co r c wih a e ol i , c pore o n a - de y r m nt rng n o nta t t ny fr t med t be doi busnes die ty ori r cty wih Cuba' orû ny i vi lwho has im t dee o ng i s r c l ndie l t ' t ndi dua a ta ldt Cubai vi ai ofU. ta lrsrcinsdurngt pr c di t ye r' rvee o n olton S.rve etito i he e e ng en a sl. 4A sFl i Go r li k Sc tnot d i a lte t Fl rda Sec e a y ofSt t Ke Dez r çl orda ve nor tc ot e n e tr o o i rtr a e n tne , lt i i pe a i t t Fl i a t Unie Stt con i t pl e e onom i pr s ur on t s m r tve ha orda nd he t d aes tnue o ac c c es e he Cuba a Syra g nme s Onl by brngi t bea e r we pon i oura s nalc we n nd in over nt . y i ng o r ve y a n re an af c tu c nge.g' Cu Ame nt de tae Fl i ' c fe t r e ha 'he ba l ndme ) monsrts ordas ommime t s e di t nt o pra ng poltc la ec iia nd onomi fe m i Cuba. Pl' Mot,Ex.1B ( No.5- . c redo n ' .s . ' - ECF 3) 4 t ta c ha ompa s c rii ai was f s ,t c ny' e tfc ton ale he ompan i r nde ed i i bl t bi on a y s e r nelgi e o d ny c nrc wi a a e c o l c lg v r me tle tt f rt e y as J=j2 5 ()2 . o ta t t n g n y r o a o en na n i o hre e r. # ( )a( ) h y K Fedea La Reai t Cuba rl w ltnc o l t fve de a f l ng t comm unit t ove of Cuba i l n he i c des olowi he s ake r n 959, t f r l he ede a govemm e hase t ac l nt naced omplx and c e ompr he i s ofs nc i a ns Cuba The Cuban e nsve et a tons gai t . Ases Co tolRe uains 31 C. R p .51 (h % g ain ',wee is e by t fd r l s t nr g lto , F. t 5 t e t ulto s' r su d he e ea Re ) g v r me to J l 8 1 6 ,md rt Trdn W iht eEn myAc ( W EA',5 U. C. p o e n n n u y , 9 3 t e he a ig t h e tç T ' 0 S. a p. ) û 5 b . Ih Re u ai n a p y t alpes n a d e t is s b e tt Un td S ae j rs it n ( )5 'e g lto s p l o l ro s n ni e u j c o ie tts u idci t o a ge al p ohi t tade wih Cuba a ta l t Cuba. Se 31 C. R p . 51 The nd ner ly r bi r t nd r ve o e F. t 5. Re a i a e a nit r by t De rm e of t Tr s r s Ofi of For i n As e s gultons r dmi se ed he pa t nt he ea u y' fce eg st Co to (r F 'a d teEx c tv Brn h h sc nsd rbeds r t n rg r n t es o ea d nr l % AC' n h e ui e a c a o ie a l icei e adig h c p n ) o i e e aton oft Re atons 1 mplm nt i he gul i . d. T Cu a De ca y Ac o 1 9 (CDA' ,2 U. C.j 6 016 0 wa e ce i he b n mo rc t f 9 2 t t ' 2 S. j 0 - 01 , s na td n ) r s e t t Cuba gove n e ' G onssen dir ga d f i e a i l ac e e sn r e pons o he n r m nts ç it t s e r or nt m tonaly c pt d t nda ds c ofhuma rghsa ...de r tcvaue .'J= j6001.TheCDA,i e ala, ohi t fr gnn i t nd moc ai l s' #. ntr i pr bis oei 5I 1 Congrs a nde t Trdi W iht Ene Ac (C EA' t a y onl durng n 977 e s me d he a ng t he my t iTW ' o ppl y i ) tmesofdecar d war and ena t d t l e na i i l e , c e he nt r tonalEme g nc Economi Po r Ac of 1 re y c we s t 977, 5 U. C.j 1 011 0 frno wa t e r e ce . Se Ac o De .2 ,1 7 ,Pu L. . 0 S. j 7 - 7 6 o n- ri meg n is e t f c 8 9 7 b. No me 9 - 2 , S a.1 2 (o iida 5 U. C. j 1 011 0 a p j5b (97 & S p I 1 8 ); 5 2 3 91 tt 6 5 c d fe t 0 S. j 7 - 7 6, p . ( ) 1 6 u p.V 9 0) s e a s No e,The l e na i Eme g ncv Economi Powe sAc : A Conc e sona Ate p t e lo t nt r tonal re c r t s i l tm t o Co to Prsd n il r e c Po r 9 HAR L. V.1 0 ,1 0 0 ( 98 ) AsteUntd n r l e ie ta Emeg n y we , 6 V. RE 1 2 1 6- 7 1 3 . h ie St t Supr me Cour hm e aned, ç ahe t n r rng t Pr i nt t de a e a ne aes e t s xpl i ç t r ha equii he esde o clr r w natonale er nc i or rt c i exi tng e onom i e ba goe ,s h ast ta i tCuba i m ge y n de o ontnue s i c c m r s uc ha ga ns , Co r s decded t gr ndf t r e si e r s s of t Pr sde ' ç tonal e r nc ng es i o a a he xitng xe cie he e i nts na i me ge y' a hortes' Re n v.W ad,468 U. 222,229 ( 98 Cç hi g a ahe pr son as ut ii . ' ca l S. 1 4) - s r ndft r ovii lo f p o ie t a çth Prsd n ma e tn t e rie o s c a t o iisf ro ey a p ro s r vd d h t ll e e ie t y x e d he xecs f u h u h rte o n - e r ei d upon adetr i ton f e c s h extnson t tt e r ie ofs h a horte wih r s c t e m na i or a h uc e i ha he xe c s uc ut iis t e pe t o s hc r f a t ryea i i t nai li eetoft Unie Stt .'( i 50U. C. uc ounty or nohe r s n he tona ntrs he td aes'' quotng S. a p. 5b ). I i u e t e ecr u tnc st a t Cu nAsesCo to Re ulto srman p j ( )) t s nd r h s ic msa e h t he ba s t nr l g ain e i i efe t n fc. basd s i ai ofco ni l aed i t Unie Stt fom ta ng wih Cuba,se L= e ubsdires mpa es oc t n he td aes r rdi t e d. j6 0 () a d e o r t P ei e t s be tt te Pr sd n ' o ds rto t sn to 0 5 a , n mp we s he r sd n , u j c o h e i e ts wn icein, o a cin ot rc re doi busnes wih Cuba bywihhol ng a dunde t For i n A s itnc Ac of he ountis ng i s t t di i r he e g ssn e t 1 61 2 U. C.j21 . S e 2 U. C. 6 0 ( ( . Th CDA alwst P e ie tt wav 9 , 2 S. 51 e 2 S. j 0 3b)A) e lo he r sd n o ie t s nc i i he a tons mpos d b t CDA s d t Pr i tde e m i t tt Cuba g n e e y he houl he esden t r ne ha he n over m nt has t n a ton c it ntwih t pr mke c i onsse t he omoton of de oc a as s cii ly delnea e by t i m r cy pe fca l i td he CDA.Seej. j6007. #. s Th Cu a Lie t a dDe c ai Soi ai Ac o 1 9 (Lie tdAc' , 2U. C. j e b n b ry n mo rtc ld rt t f 9 6 l b ra t) 2 S. j y ç ' 6021 60916wase c e s ty a trt Cuba go r ntdowne t prva eplne c ryi n ve nme d wo i t a s a r ng , na t d horl fe he a icasr Cuba Ameia . Se 22 U. C.j6046;s eas Ti W ene ,Clnt Consdes nt- to n- rc ns e S. e lo m i r i on ir Pt s n: Cuba f Plne Atac N . .TI ,Fe 25, 1 mihi ns or a t k, Y MES b. 996,a A1. The Li ra Acti t be td s di de i o f ttes pr c ded by s c i cont ni Fi ngs Pu pos s a Defnii . vi d nt our il , e e e tons ai ng ndi , r e , nd i tons Til 1 fste he ng l er tona Sa tons Ag ns t Casr Gove nme ' c fe te , ç r ngt ni nt na i l nc i ai t he to r nt' odii s e onomi s nc i a ns Cuba whie a s i e ala,pr hi tng i r tfna ng of Cuba c c a tons gai t , l lo, ntr i o bii ndiec i nci a i t ci t Pr sde t oppos Cu n m e nd nsm tng he e i nt o e ba mberhi a va i i t m ai s p t rous n e tonalor ni to ga zai ns a d i si to s S e2 U. C. 6 216 4 Til l,G sitn et aFr ea d I d p n e t n n tt in . e 2 S. jj 0 - 0 6. te I W ssm c o e n n e e d n u Cubw'a ho iest Pr i nt a trc uli w ih Co r s t t dif e se t a ss a ' ut rz he esde , fe ons tng t ng es , o nke fer nt t ps o s it çrnsto g v mme to ad mo rtc l ee td g ve n i Cu . S eL= j 6 616 6 t a iin o e n r e caial lce o mme t n ba' e d. j 0 - 0 7. t y ' Th si cu e e o rn t ePr sd n t s s e d e o mi s n to s I j6 6 Til 11 i n ld s mp weig h e ie t o u p n c no c a cin . d. 0 4. te 1, tpr eci n of Pr ry Ri s ofUnie Stt s Na i l,'c eaes a saut y rghtof a i % ot to ope t ght td ae tonas' r t t t or i cton a i ta p r on oren iy whota t sp o t c i c t d by t Cuban gove n e fom a gans ny e s tt r fk r pery onts a e he r m nt r ny Ameia ctz n o c mp n S ei.j 6 816 8 Til I t cu in o Ce ti Ale s' rc n iie r o a y. e ps j 0 - 0 5. te V,t lso f ran in , Ex ' 6TheLi ra Ac i a s c be td t s lo omm onl r ere t a t He ms Buron Ac . y ef r d o s he l - t t 6 e ude fom t Unied St es i e ala,a a in who tr fc i c xcl s r he t at , nt r i ny le f afis n onss a e pr ry,a t c t d ope t cli t whih i owne by a Unie Stt s na i na , or a d por t ofier prncpal o am o c s d td a e to l' ' ny ç cor a e fc , i i , r s r hol rwih ac r lng i e e tofan e iy whi h hasbe i ve i t c ica i of ha e de t ontoli nt r s ntt c en nvol d n he onfs ton pr ry or tafkki i c ic t d pr ry,a cl m t whih i owne by a Unied St e ope t r f ng n onfs a e ope t ai o c s d t ats nai l' I j6091. tona. d. ' The pa s of t Li ra Ac ca e a i e atona upr r a ong Unied St t ' s age he be t d t us d n ntnz i l oa m t aes a lesdu t t e r tniora r ac ofTil 11 Se Cl H.Fa ns t Ca li e o he xtae t il e h te 1. e yde r worh, nada W n nsU. r S. o La P n lznM Cu a Co re N. TI S Jme 1 ,1 9 ,a 16 Ct n d a d M e io n w e aii b mme c , Y. ME , t 8 9 6 t 7 ca a a n xc alo a unce t s nno d oday t tt y woul fl a c ha he d ie ompl n ag ns t Hem s Buron Ac t rt ait ai t he l - t t mde he No t Ame ia Fre Trd Ag e me t' Th Eu o e n Unin a o td r g lto d ca i rh rc n e a e re n . ). e r p a o d p e e uains e lrng t e r t niora pr sonsoft Hem s he xta e t il ovii he l -Buron Actt be une or e e wihi t EU. See t o nf c abl t n he Col lRegulton 227196,Pr ec i A g ns t Efecs oft Exta Teniora Applc ton mci ai / ot tng ai t he f t he r t il ia i ofLe sai Adopt d By a Thid County,and Aci Bas Ther on orRe uli The e r , gil ton e r r tons ed e s tng r fom 1 9 O..( 3 9 ;s eas J r e Hu e,Th HemsBu tn Blc i S a eo te Eu o e n 9 6 J L 0 ) e lo ù g n b r e l - ro o knc tmt f h r p a Uno ,2 FO AM I ' L..6 9,7 (9 ) (h o iln t e pa s g o EU r g ain in 0 RDH NTL J 9 01 1 97 c r n ci g h s a e f e ulto s d sgn dt n ur lz t eef c of h LietdAc) Th UntdKig o M e io a dCa a a e i e o e taie h fe t t e b ra t. e ie n d m, xc , n n d p se smia me s rs S eTh Exrtnio ilUS Le ilto ( n t nsa ans Cu a Ia a s d i lr a u e . e e tae tra gsain Sa ci g i t b , r n o a dLi a ( oe to o Tr dn l tr ss Or e ( 9 6 ,S 1 6 31 ;F r in Exr trio il n by ) Pr tcin f a ig n ee t) d r 1 9 ) 1 99 / 71 o eg taert ra Me s r sAc ( A) R. C.c F- , 5( 9 5 ( n. rp itdi 2 I M . 9 ; Ac t au e t FEM , S. , h. 29 j 1 8 ) Ca ) e rne n 4 . 7 4 An t o , L. Amend t Forin Extaert i M e tr Ac,BilC-4 ( 996) rprntd i 36 IL. .115 he eg rtrioral asles t l 5 1 , e i e n . M ( 9 7 ;çayd p oe co a c me co yl iv ri nd n r se ta j r sq ec nr v ng n e 1 9 ) f e e rt c in l o ri a n e so e o ma x rn em u o ta e a l l 7 d rc o itr a in l ( mmec a d Fo eg S a d r s lvet n Pr tcin La ee h n en co a' Co re n ' r in tn a d n sme t oe to w Co ta e igt eI tr ain lLa , O.Oc. 3 1 9 , e rn e i 3 IL. .1 3( 9 7 . nrv nn h ne n to a w) D. , t 2 , 9 6 rp itd n 6 . M 3 1 9 )7 l poran l t Li ra Ac c ans a wave pr son,whih a l t Pr i ntt m t ty, he be td t ont i i r ovii c lows he esde o s pe Til I1f a pe i ofsx mont s d t Pr sden de e m i < he s pe i i us nd te 1 or rod i hs houl he e i t t r ne i us nson s t ne es a y t t nai l i e ess of t Unied St t and wil e die a ta ii t c s r o he tona nt r t he t aes l xpe t r nston o d mo r c i Cu a' S e 2 U. C.j6 8 . l lg to f ri n ra to t Til 1Io t e e c a y n b . e 2 S. ' 0 5 n ih f o eg e cin o te l f h Li ra Ac ,Pr sde Clnt i be td t e i nt i on nvoke t Li ra Ac ' wai rpr son on J y 1 1 d he be td ts ve ovii ul 6, 996. S eSttme to Acin o Til IIo te Cub n Lie t a d De c ai Soi aiy( b ra ) e ae n n to n te I f h a b ry n mo r tc ld rt Lietd Ac o 1 9 ,3 W E KL COMP P S DOC.1 6 (u1 1 ,1 9 ) Til Ilha sn e b e t f 96 2 E Y . RE . 2 5 J y 6 9 6 . te I s i c e n wave e y sx mont ,fr tby Pr i i d ver i hs is esdentClnt t n by Pr sde Bus a m os r ce ty i on, he e i nt h, nd t e nl by Pr ientOba a hasne re f c i y be a i d. esd ma, nd ve fe tvel en pple Addi t t nlm e ous f r lr gul tons gove ni r ltonsw ih Cuba i t Tr de ng o he l r ede a e ai r ng e ai t s he a Sa i Reor and Expor Enhan mentAc of2000,22 U. C.jj 7 nctons f m t ce t S. 2017209. n e Trde a Sanci ns Ref r a Expor Enha eme Ac r lxed va i a i ullr l a m e ca to o m nd t nc nt t ea rous grc tza nd di l e e enty, e i nt elxed esrc i s nci wih r s c t Cuba. I M or r c l Pr sde Obama hasr a r titonson a tons t e pe t o d. ultons o lo ntr i e i ous gani tons o pons Cuba b a ndi t Reg a i t al w , i e ala, r lgi or zai t s or y me ng he r i ous ta t Cuba unde a ge r lce e;a r die i tt i ofhi r e elgi r vel o r ne al i ns cc e td nsiutons ghe ducai n t to o s orta t Cuba;a a U. pe s t s nd r m it nc t non-amiy m e r i Cuba pons r vel o nd ny S. r on o e e ta es o f l mbe s n r y- li l fcily l 339:tf e Ame ia Li t a t' -h rc n bery nd 1 A ddii ly, t Godfe M ilken Bil ofi a l BilCtona l he De rtc Soi t ( moc ai ldmiy Loyaly)Ac,'wa a strc lbilitoduc d i Ca din Pa ln nt t t' s aiia l nr e n na a rime . The bilwoul have al d çde c ndan s of Tore ,whos pr ry wa c icaed wihout l d lowe t s e t is e ope t s onfs t t co pe ai n by t Contne a Cong e s durng t Ame i a Re uton,t fl s t i m ns to he i nt l rs i he rc n vol i o ie ui n Ca di c tag ns a en iy t ti i çr t ki i s h pr ry.' Le le R.Gol r na an our ai t ny tt ha t s tafk ng' n uc ope t ' si dbe g, Co me ,Tr de Polcy a Elc i Ye r Polc e : The Tr h about Til l1 of t Hel m nt a i nd e ton- a ii s ut te l he ms Bu tnAc,1 Nw. .NTLL. BUS 21 , 3 ( 9 7 .Th b lwa n v rp s e . ro t 8 JI ' & . 7 2 7 1 9 ) e il s e e a s d 8 t s ppo tprvat e nomi aci t M ARK P.SUL VAN, o u r i e co c tviy. LI CONGR.RES ARCH SERV.RL 3113 E , 9, CUBA: S. S RI INSONTR LA RE T A S5 7( 01 ) U. RE T CTO AVE ND MIT NCE -1 2 1 . I V.LEGAL STANDARD A d src c u tma is eaprlmia yijmcin wh r t emo n pat d mo srts itit o r y su ei n r nt to e e h vig ry e n tae ()as bsn ta lk lh o o s c s o t eme i ;( )t a irpaa l ij r wilb s fee 1 u tnil ieio d f uc e s n h rt 2 h t re rb e n u y l e u fr d s t e st eijmcin is e ; 3 t etr ae e ij r t t mo a to t ih wh tv rd ma e mls h nt to su s ( ) h h e tn d n u y o he v n u weg s ae e n g t p o o e ijmcin ma c u et o p sn p ry a d( )i is e ,heij n to wo l n t he r p s d nt to y a s he p o ig a t; n 4 f su d t n u cin ud o b a e s t te pu l itr s. Se e v Le r,23 F.d 1 6 , 1 7 ( 1h Ci.2 0 ) e dv re o h bi n ee t iq l . poe 4 3 1 3 1 6 1 t r 0 0 ; c M c nad s Co p v.Ro e to , 1 7 F.d 1 01 1 0 ( 1h Ci. 1 9 ) çA)p ei n r Do l' r . b rs n 4 3 3 , 3 6 1 t r 9 8 . i r l a y ( mi ijmcin i a e ta r ia y a d d m tc rme y n tt b ga td u ls te mo a tce ry nt to s n x ro dn r n r si e d o o e rn e ne s h v n lal esabls d t f lde ofpe s i ' ast ea h oft f trpr e st . M c onad' Co p. t ihe he btr n r umson'' o c he o l er quiies D ls r , 1 F.da 1 0 (n en lctto sa dq oain o te ) 47 3 t 3 6 itr a iain n u tto s mitd . V .Anal i ys s AsSubsa i Li i ofSuc s tntal kelhood ce s Pl i ifa guest tt Cu Ame e vi aest f lowi pr vii oft Unie antf r ha he ba ndm nt olt he o l ng o sons he t d St t s Consiu i t Supr m a y Cl us , t For i n Afar Powe , a t Fo egn ae tt ton: he e c a e he eg f is r nd he r i Co me c Clus Pl i if as a gu t a e e i i r tve by isown t r m r e a e. antf lo r es he m ndm nt s nope a i t e ms. Thi s Cour now a l esPl ntf slke i t nayz ai if i lhood ofs c swih r pec t e h oft s cai s uc es t es t o ac he e l m . 1 The Supr m a y Cl us & Fe a Pr e pton . e c a e der l e m i E de aim , ce r t t c tm tona de i a s t prncpl t t bot t Te r ls ntal o he onsi i l sgn, dopt he i i e ha h he N ai tonala St t Gove n nd ae r ment ha e e nt ofs r gnt t o he i bound t r s c . s ve l me s ove ei y he t r s o e pe t' ' A rz v.U nied St t , i ona t a es - U. S. ( 2)(lpop.at7 (ii Grgor v.As r t501U.S. 201 si , ) ctng e y hc of, 4 2 4 7 ( 9 :. To r s le c n lcsbewe n lwso te t s veeg s te Untd S ae 5 , 5 1 91 e ov o fit t e a f h wo o ri n , h i tts e Consiuton pr des ç-hi Consi i a t La oft Unie St t whi h s l bem a tt i ovi , % s f tmton, nd he ws he td aes c ha l de i pls a c t ee f.. s al etes p e lw o t eln a tej d e i e r saes al n t u n e h ro . h l b h u rme a f h a d; nd h u g s n vey tt h l r be bot t r by, a hi i t c tt i or l md he e nyt ng n he onsiuton aws of a sa e t t c r r ny t t o he onta y not t t ndi ' U. CONS a t V1 c1 2. Ac di y,a f wihsa ng. ' S. T. r. , . cor ngl undnme a prncpl of t ntl i i e he Consiu i i t t Cong e s ha t powe t pr mpt sae lw. Eve a e al expr s tt ton s ha r s s he r o ee tt a n bs nt z es pr son f rpr e pton,s e Chambe ofComm e c ofU. v.W hii 1 S.Ct 1 ovii o e m i e r re S. tna, 31 . 968,1 977 ( 01 ) teS p e Co r h sh l ta saelw mu tyedt ac n r si n la ti a la tt 2 1,h u rme u t a ed h t tt a s il o o g e so a c n t e s wo oh rcrl tnc s Fis,çwl e Co g e sitn fd r l a t tc u yt eted 'saelw t e icl a e . rt ç h n n r s ne ds e ea lw o o c p h l l, tt a ms l i t t r ai p e mpe . Cr s vv. tl rinReainsComcl 5 0U. 3 , 7 ( 0 0 n ha a e s re td' o b Na' Fo eg lto ' t i, 3 S. 63 3 2 2 0 ) (iig Caioni v. ctn lf r a ARC Am. r ,4 0 U. 9 1 0 ( 9 9 . Se o ,çv n i Co g e sh s Co p. 9 S. 3, 0 1 8 ) c nd t e f n rs a e notoc upid t fed,sae lw i naur ly pr empt d t t e e ofa confi twih a f r l c e he i l tt a s t a l e e o he xt nt ny lc t ede a sat e' ll( ii Hi v.Davi t 31 U. 52,66-67( 941 . A c lc e sswhe i t ut ' d, ctng nes dowiz, 2 S. 1 )S onfit xit nt . i i sbl fraprvaepa t t c ywihbot f rla saelw,ia a t r l r s mposi e o i t ry o ompl t h edea nd tt a ka nd t e unde whe te cr u tn e o r)p riua c s ,( c le g d saelw)sn sm a o tcet te h ic msa c s f a a t lr a e t haln e tt a tnd s n bsa l o h c he a c mp ihme ta d e e uin o t e f l p r s s a d o j ci e o Co g e s' L a 3 3 c o ls n n x c to f h ul upo e n b e tv s f n r s.' 4s t 7 ' (uotngHi s 312U. a 67 . q i ne , S. t ) I Cr bv,t Supr n os he eme Cour s r tni d a M % s chus tssa e 1w t tpr bie sa e t c u i ze a e t t t a ha ohi td tt e ii fo pur hasng goodsors r i e fom a pe s ore iy doi busnes wih Bur nttes r m c i e vc s r ny r on ntt ng i s t ma. The sa e l de i d S ng busne s't c r i e ala,an e iy f vi any ope a i , tt aw fne t doi i s ' o ove , nt r i y ntt û ng ha r tons la e ,fa hs s mao i o e s bsdais d srb to a re n s o a y oh r smia e s s rnc ie , j rt wn d u i ire , itiu in g e me t, r n te i lr y8''e Supr me Cour hmsr c nie t tt e c t gore a e no t i dl ditnc . See Cr bv 1 h e t e og z d ha hes a e i s r t l gi y si t' r ' os v.Na' Forin Reai Councl 530 U. 3 366 n. ( tl eg ltons i, S. 63, 6 2000)Ct ca e ava it ofsae Be us rey tt lws a r a i m a c lc wih a f de alsa e,wheherbe a e a prva e pa t cn a nd egultons y ontit t e r t mt t c us i t ry nnot c mpl wihb t s t o p o iin o b c u eteo j ci so t f d r l tt t aefu tae o y t oh es f r v so s r e a s h be t ve f he e ea saue r r sr td, ti dpr e i maybeunde soodasas i ofco lc pr -mpto ''(uoi Engls v. fel e-mpton rt peces nfit ee in.' q tng ih Ge Elc Co.4 6U. 7 7 , 5(9 0 :. n. e . , 9 S. 2, 9 n. 1 9 ) 10 a re nsi Bu ma( y n r, rb ig temaoipo e s b iir ,l e s eo fa c ie g e me t n r M n ma) o en h j rt wn d u sda y i n e r rn hs c of s h a pe s ' Cr bv,530 U . a 367. Tir e mont afe t M as a hus ts 1w was uc r on. ' os S. t le hs tr he sc et a ena t Congr s pa sd a sa e i i s nci on Bur ced, es se tmt mposng a tons ma. L. a 368. The fdea 4 t e rl s nc i i a tons mpos d diec s nc i on Bur ve t d t Pr sde wih t powe t i pos e r t a tons ma, se he e i nt t he ro m e f rh rsn to s b e tt c ranc n iins a d drce t Prsd n t de eo amutltrl u te a cins u j c o e ti o dto , n ie td he e ie t o v lp l aea i srtgyt f trde r ya i ovehuma rght i Bur L.a 369. tae o ose mocac nd mpr n i s n ma. da t The Supr me Cour hed t t t M as a hus ts sae 1 w c lc e w ih t f de al e t l ha he s c e t t t a onfit d t he e r sa u e i t t t mposng s nci on Bur f t e r s . Fis ,t sae 1 f sr t d t i a tons ma or hr e ea ons rt he t t aw m tae he Prsde ' dicei t c r ec no cs ncinsa ns Bur J a 373 e i nts s rton o ontol o mi a to gai t ma. #. t -74. Se ond,t c he sae lw r ul t a br de s t of e ii s a a tvii t n t f de a 1w a i t t a eg aed oa r e ntte nd c i tes ha he e r l a nd mpos d e dif r n pe li s I a 37* 79.Thid,t sa el w i e f r d wih t Pr i tsdieci t fe e t nate . d. t r he tt a nt re e t he esden ' r tve o tde l a mulia e alsr t gy' by o t ci t Pr i ntsa lt t ts a f t N ai n ç veop tlt r ta e ' bsnltng he esde ' biiy o çpe k or he to wih one voi e i deai wih ot rgove n e s' I a 381. He e,t Cuba Am e t c n lng t he r m nt . d. t ' r he ndme nt s f r fom t s m e s tomi a f rt s r as i lkey unc tm tona . ufe s r he n horc ngs nd o he e e ons s i l onsi i l TheCu Ame e fusr t t Pr sde ' dic e i t ca e u l cai ae s nc i ba ndm nt r taes he e i nts s r ton o r f ly lbr t a tons a an tCu ai a c r a ewi U. f rin p lc o j ci e . Asn td t CDA alwst g is b n c o d nc t S. o eg o iy b e tv s h o e , he l he o Pr sde t wave t s tons i e i nt o i he anci mpos d by t CDA s d t Pr i ntde e mi t tt e he houl he esde t r ne ha he Cuba gove m e thast n a ton co it n wih t pr o i ofdemoc ac ass c tc l n m n ake c i nsse t t he om ton r y pe ii aly d l e td b t CDA. S e 2 U. C.j 6 0 The Lie td Ac as c n an a wav r ei ae y he n e 2 S. 0 7. b ra t lo o ti s ie pr vii whi h al w st Pr i o son, c lo he esdentt s pe va i usec o us nd ro onomi s nc i a i tCuba a c a tons ga ns , nd t e doi busne swih Cuba,s ul t Pr i tde e mi çhe s pe i i nec s r t hos ng i s t ho d he esden t r ne ç us nson s es a y o t t nai li e e t oft Unie Stt a wile die a ta ii t democ ac i Cuba. he tona nt r ss he t d a es nd l xpe t r nston o r y n ' ' Se 22 U. C.j6085. The f tt te y Pr i ntsnc t Li rad Ac ' e cmen ha e S. ac ha ver esde i e he bet ts na t t s 11 de i t i ke t Ac ' wai rpr so demonsr t t Pr sden ' c r ulc i a i of cded o nvo he ts ve ovii n ta es ht e i ts a ef albr ton s nci ns ag ns Cuba a cla l e nc s t f de a g nmen ' i e not t penai e a to ai t nd e ry vi e he e r l over ts nt nt o lz f egn co ni who do busnes wih Cuba.Thi i i sa k c r s t t CubaAm e or i mpa es i s t s s n t r onta t o he ndment , whih f c f r i c pa es wih dom e tc s i are - s c fcal exe e fom t c or es o egn om ni t si ubsdi is pe ii ly mpt d r he f de a gove nme ' s nc i - t c e rl r nts a tons o hoos b we n doi busnes wih Fl i a Cuba. The e et e ng i s t orda nd Cuba Am e ndme afor t Pr i nt no dic e i t contol wha a ot s t a de f c o nt f ds he esde s r ton o r t m mt o at e onomi s nc i above a beyo wha t f der l gove nme has de de t be t c c a ton nd nd t he e a r nt ci d o he a o it a oun ofe no i s nctons. ppr pra e m t co m c a i The Cuba Ame m e a s r ul t a br ders ofe ii and a tvii t n f de a nd nt lo eg aes oa et nttes c i tes ha e r l lw a i a nd mpos s dif r ntpe li . l i worh r pe tng t tt Cuba Amendme pe i s e fe e nates t s t e a i ha he nt nalze domesi e ii s f t busne s o r tonsoft i par ntcompa tc ntte or he i s pe a i her e ny. The Cuba Am e ndme ' nts efec t r a s f r be f t hus e che a yond do e tc i e ac i wih Cuba. Thi i not unlke t m s i ntr ton t s s i he exta e t i r c ofTil IIt t Li td Ac whi h s ne i e na i lc r t nioral ea h te I o he bera t c pur d ntr tona ondemna i ton a wms uli t y wai d by t e c e i Pr i nt . M or ove ,t Cuba Ame e nd tmael ve hr e ons cutve esde s e r he ndm nt pe lz do e tc compa e ha ng busne s ope a i i Cu w ihout exc pton, whih na ies m si ni s vi i s r tons n ba t e i c c lc s wih t ca e ul c afe exe i c aned i t Tr Sa tons Re o m a onfit t he r f ly r td mptons ont i n he ade nci f r nd Expor En nc me Ac of2000,22U. C.jj72017209.TheCubaAme t ha e nt t S. ndme as i es nt lo mpos dif e pe te t n t e pr c i d by f de al l fer nt nali s ha hos es rbe e r aw. Compa es who vi a e t Cuba ni olt he Ame ndmen a e la e t f e cvi fnesa a e pr bied fom bi ng on a c r c wih a t r i bl o ac i l i nd r ohi t r ddi ny onta t t Fl i a nc or l l gover m e a e iy f t ee yea s n e e pe tes a e m a ke y orda ge y oca n nt l ntt or hr r. s nali r r dl dif r ntfo t penate a i se e by OFAC f vi a i off der llw. fe e r m he lis dm nitr d or olton e a a Fi l tz Cuba Ame naly, le ndme i e f r wih t Pr i ntsdie i e un rt Li ra nt ntre es t he esde ' r ctv de he be td Ac a ot rf de a sa ut t f t rde oc ac a as itade oc a i ly eec e gove n t nd he e r l tt es o ose m r y nd ss m r tca l l t d r ment i Cuba. Ast Supr me Cour o e v oneoft Pr i ntskey powe sofperuason i t n ht e t bs r ed, he esde ' r s i n he f e g polc a t i t powe t ç r n f t be ft of a es t t e ie na i l or i n iy r na s he r o ç gai or he neis ba cc s o he ntr tona ec onomy wihoute pton f e l ve f nc of wil nil by i t xce i or nc a s e ed f ly- ly nconsse poltca t tc . it nt ii l aci s' ' Cr by,530 U. a 381. E he s h e e i do quaiy hi c pact t pr s nta c r nt os S. t ç n uc xc ptons W lf s a iy o e e ohe e poston on be l oft na i lec ii ha f he tona onomy,he i we ke d,ofc s notonl i de i wih s a ne our e, y n alng t t ... r me,buti wo ki t t rwih ot rna i i ho sofr ac ng c mon polcy he egi n r ng ogehe t he tons n pe e hi om i a çompr he i sr t y. I a 381 nd c e nsve' taeg ' d. t -82. The Cuba Am e ' ndmentt di i s t hus m nihes he Prsd n ' b r an n p we b i sn ic n itn s n to sn ts be tt te Prsd n ' ei e ts a g ii g o r y mpo i g n o sse t a cin o u j c o h e ie ts dic ei n. s r to De e n a gue t t t r i no contit be us not ng i t Cuba Am e f nda t r s ha he e s lc ca e hi n he ndme nt ç lows t t whih t f de alfn e r pr bis' Res , at 9. Thi i onl one wa of çl a ha c he e r r m wo k ohi t . ' ss y y p. a ay i ap tnilc nlc a d inoe Cr s v' a mo iin ta & sa to sae d a n t n lzng o e ta o tit n g r s o b s d nto h t t lncin r rwn o l onl t ba wha t y pr hi tbutt al wha t y per t and t i yo r t he o bi o low t he mi, he nconsse ofs nc i itncy a tons heeunder nest c esi lc i aton off ce. Cr by,530U. a 380;seas j. a r mi he ongr sona albr i or ' os ' S. t e lo J. t s 3 6 (idng ac ntitb t e fdea a d sae lw b c us çh sae sa ep naie s me 7 fn i o lc ewe n e rl n tt a e a e t e tt tmt e lz s o t p iaea to t t h fd rlAc (sa miitrd b t Prsd n)ma alw, n p lslves rv t cin ha t e e e a t a d n see y he e ie t y lo a d u l e r o itu n e t tte fd r lAc d e n tra h. Ne t Dee d n a g e t tr l nc o f nl e c ha h e ea t o s o e c ' ). x , fn a t r u s ha ei e n a Cr by i migui bec us unlke i Cr bv,t Pr i ntdoes notha br a hort t os s s ded a e i n os he esde ve oad ut iy o vi nc d he r e r ovii c i a e s nc i a i tCuba. Re p. a 9. Ase de e by t num e ousf de alpr sons albr t a tons gans s ,t vesi t Pr i tng he esdentwih t powe t wave or s pe s tons agans Cuba a we la t he ro i us nd anci i t - s l s t e Pr i nt ' dec sons t a t ly i voke s h powe - t s a gum e i smpl untu hr e esde s ii o cual n uc r hi r nt s i y r e. Fi ly,Defnda a gue t ta cl m r r di t Cuba Am e e ' alege i imen nal e nt r s ha ny ai eg ng he ndm nts l d mpar t of t Pr i n ' powe t s k a ba gan e f c i y wih ot r nai i s ultve he esde ts r o pea nd r i fe tvel t he tons s pec ai 13 or ng o e nt l ompl i ant be us t CubaAmendme ha notye t ke e f t Acc di t Def nda ,çno c ca e he nt s t a n fec . s t ve , houl or e o i mtl ha bee fld wih t W TO. J Thi Cour,howe r s d notbe f c d t watt i a s n ie t he ' Z ' fr lW TO c mpan i fld b f r e j i n asa et a o i fc ce ry d mi ih st o ma o lit s ie eo e nonig tmt h t n t a e lal i ns e he s Pr sde ' ba gani powe i t f e g a f isa ena. e i nts r i ng r n he or i n far r Not t t ndi t Cuba Am e wihsa ng he ndme ' c lc wih f de a lw,Congr sha cea l nts onfit t e r l a es s l ry i e d t ç cu t fed' r a i t t s c mty' polc t r Cuba. Fe r 1w ntnde o f py he i l ' eltng o hi ot r s i y owa d oc de al a r gult s al m pec sof c me ce wih Cuba,i l ng bu no lm ied t t i e ae l s t om r t ncudi t t i t o he mporai a tton nd e xporai ofvarousg tton i oodsan s r i es tave bewe n t Unie St e and Cuba a prvae d e v c , r l t e he t d ats , nd i t rg so a to a i tt Cuba gove me . Se ABC Chare s I v.Br on,591F. pp. i ht f c in ga ns he n m nt e tr . nc. ons Su 2 1 7 ,1 0 ( D.Fl.2 0 )(ç- f d rlg v l n ma ce ri t Trdng W ih te d 2 2 3 4 S. a 0 8 çl e ea o enme t de la n he a i -he t h Ene y Ac and r l td r gulto t ti i e t oc upy t fel whe i c e t r gultng m t e ae e ai ns ha t nt nds o c he i d n t om s o e a i i t r c i wih Cuba. n e a tons t Unde Na sos t Tr di W ih t Ene y Ac i t prm eexn eof r t i , he a ng t he m t s he i mpl whe t gove men acs tn an a e of t que f de a c e a has cr fe a balnc n he m t t i ra mi e r l onc m nd a td a ed, tio e a p o c t a is .'q o igNa'F r inTrd Co n i v. ti ,1 F.d 3 , 7 alrd p r a h o n sue' (u tn t o eg a e u cl Nasos 81 3 8 7 ' l ( s Ci.1 9 :) s eas s p aPM IlB (h o iln fd r llwsrltn t Cu a . Be a s 1t r 9 9 ; e lo u r I. c r n ci g e ea a eai g o b ) c u e t CubaAme e f usr t t G a e t io ed a oac ' t f de als heme, ti , he ndm nt r taes he f nc d, al r ppr h'of he e r c bal Na sos 1 F. a 77,he CubaAme e i lkel unc tt i na . 81 3d t t ndm nt s i y onsiuto l De e nt a gues t t Fac t Se t of Fl i I e n.Uni riy v.W i 61 F. f nda r ha uly nae orda nt r ve st nn, 6 3d 1 0 ( 1 Ci. 0 i c nr lig a d ta t fedi n tp e mp e Th Elv nh Cic i i 2 6 1 1 r 201 ) s o to l n h t he il s o r e td. e e e t r ut n n Fa ulv Se e f md no fed pr empton wih r s c t a Fl i sa ut t tpr bie Gst e c t nat ot il e i t e pe t o orda t t e ha ohi td t at ornon- a e f nds'ma a l e t sae u ve ste fom bei us d t ta lt any nai stt u ' de vaiabl o t t ni r iis r ng e o r ve o ton de i td b t Unie St t s De t sgnae y he td ae parmentof St t as a sae s or of trors . Fa uly ae t t pons e r im c t Se t howe r i ditnguiha e f r many r s ,not l s bei t El ve h Cic ts nae, ve , s si s bl o ea ons ea t ng he e nt r ui' 14 ditnci be wee t Fl i sa u e whi h doe t a tm ptt pr hi t o e n t obsr c , si ton t n he orda t t t , c s d te not o o bi, r ve o t u t ta ng br dl by a r di oa y nyone wih a t nyone, a s e tve- oc e e lws s h as t Cuba ' nd elc i pr m m nt a - uc ' he Ame d n- wh r lthe o v o s ie (l t r d e ta e a r s-heb a d' J= a 1 0 n mt t ee ç l b i u d a is o e uc rd co st - o r . # t 2 9. l ' Fa uly Se t i t i ppost a t sCour hol t tt fe d i lkel pr mpt d. c t na e s hus na ie nd hi t ds ha he i l s i y ee e 2. Fe r lGove nmen ' For gn Afar Powe The de a r ts ei f is r The Consi i n gr nt t f de a gove n e va tpower ove f ei a f is U . tmto a s he e r l r m nt s r or gn far . S. CO T a t 1 j 8 9,1 U. CONS at l,j2;se as M a ei t eUSA Fo n v. ie NS . r. , j , 0; S. T. r. l e lo d n h u d. Untd Sae ,2 2F.d 1 0 ,1 3 ( 1h Ci. 01. se cu ieg a to po rrfe t ap a tc l tts 4 3 3 0 31 1 t r 20 ) Thi x lsv rn f we elcs r cia c n e b c us l o t s se o g v mme ti s c t a t itr s o t ecte , o n isa d o c m e a e t ll y tm f o e n s u h h t he nee t f h iis c u te n l r saes no ls t n t it r t of t pe e of t whol na i i pe a i l r r t t tt , e s ha he n e es he opl he e ton, m r tvey equies ha f de a powe i t fed a f tng f e g r ltonsbel f e tr l f e fom l ali t re e e. e rl r n he i l feci or i n ea i e t n iey r e r oc n e f r nc ' ' Hi s 31 U . a 63. For a sa e sa ue t e r h on t f r go r ne , 2 S. t tt tt t o nc oac he ede al ve nmen ' Fo ei ts r gn Afar Powe ,i mus ha mor t n ts f is r t t ve e ha Gome i i n a ori r tefe ti f r g c res' nc de t l ndiec f c n o ei n ounti y ' a ha t potntalf di oma i ç s u i oremba r s t' Zs he i v.M ilr 389 nd ve he e i or pl tc t r pton di ras men . ' c mc le , U. 4 9 4 4 3 (9 ) S. 2 , 3 - 5 1 68 . He e t Pa te e tc i a e e f tco e tng t a i a lt ofa Unie St t r , he ris xer onsder bl for nt si he pplc biiy t d aes Cour ofAppe sf t Fis Cic tpr c den t ta tc a e afve f c ort tf deer ni t al or he rt r ui e e t ha ri ult s i a t es or t mi ng whe a sa u e' efe ton f ei c res i mor t ç ncden alor i r t' Se Na sos n ttt s fc or gn ounti s e han ç i t i ndiec . ' e ti , - 1 F.3d a 53. N o i a voi i c r ui pr e t t dititc ti ABC Cha tr r le on 81 d n ic t ec den , he src our n re s ei d t 9 tng t s f c or t hol t ta s r t Fl i sae sa u e t Fl rda Tr ve Ac Am e he e a t s o d ha epa a e orda t t t t t - he o i a l t ndme s nt- 9' o e fv f co st a a c u tmus weg ae ( )t de in a d itn o t e lw;( )t e 1 s ie a t r h t o r Y t ih r : 1 he sg n n e t f h a 2 h a u to p rh sng p we te lw af ce ;( )te p s iii o oh rsae f l wig te mo n f u c m i o r h a fe td 3 h o sblt f te tts ol n h y o e a l;( )t ep oe t ldg db o h rf rin c u tis a d ( )t dfe e c sb t e te x mpe 4 h r t ss o e y t e o eg o nre ; n 5 he ifr n e ewe n h saea fde a a oac . Na'For gn Tr Col i v.Nasos 18lF. 38,53 ( s Ci. tt nd e r l ppr hes tl ei ade mcl ti , 3d 1t r 1 ) 999 . vi a e t f de a go r ntsFo egn AfaisPower Se ABC Chare s 591F.Supp.2d a olt d he e r l ve nme ' r i fr . e tr , t 1 n.4. Subs que t ABC Cha tr , 295 2 e nt o re s howe r t Elven h Cic ti Fa uly Se e di no ve , he e t r ui n c t nat d t a es t N asos f c or whe a l ng whe he t sa e a is vi a e t For i n ddr s he ti a t s n nayzi t r he t mt t s ue olt d he e g Afar Po r f is we . Thi Cour fndsi unne s a y t rgi y a r t t Fis Cic tsGvef c o t t I i s ti t ce s r o i dl dhe e o he r t r ui' a t r es. t s s fct t hol t tt Cuba Ame e lke y vi ae t ge r l c ie i e t bls i ufi int o d ha he ndm nt i l olt s he ne a rt ra sa ihed n Zs he ni v.M ilr whih i t s y,t Cuba Am e e ha mor t n a i i t or c r g le , c s o a he ndm nt s e ha n ncden al i r c e f ct o f e g c mtis an ha t po e il f di o a i dir pton o ndie t fe n or i n ot re d s he t nta or pl m tc s u i r e mbr a s nt The Cuba Amendme f c f e gn c s me . nt or es or i ompa es t choos bewee doi ni o e t n ng busne s wih Fl i a l wf busne s wih Cuba Thi a f c s not onl Cuba, bu i s t orda nd a ul i s t . s fe t y t gove n nt t ta a twih Cuba a Fl i ,i udi Br z la Ca da. Such i t c s r me s hat r ns c t nd orda ncl ng a i nd na s he a e h r .Plitf p rn c mp n i iv le i ap oe tt e p n teCu a Po t fM ail As ee anifs ae t o a y s n ov d n rjc o x a d h b n r o re . n td te p o e t a a c s o n a l $1 blin,i f n e s b tnil by t Br zla oe , h rj c, t o t f e ry il s u d d u sa tal o y he a i n i De l e Bn veopm nt nk. I ed,Br i ha ar a pr ese t Cuba Ame e . See Pa rci nde az l s le dy ot t d he ndm nt ti a M n ze , Fl ' Tr ng Pa t r W a n of Ba kl h i Gov. Sc t Si ns New M tz i a.s adi rne s r c as f ot c icuba Le ilto ,MI HE L Ap . ,2 2 2 2 W LNR 8 6 21C a a ai o e o Flrd ' csain AMI RA D, r 21 01 , 01 48 3 f n d s n f o i as lr tta ng pa t r ,s c onl t Br z l- whos sm iarc a ges r di rne s e ond y o a i e i l ompli s a ant boutt lw ha he a ve gone a lt wa t W a hi on. Br ii n M i se ofTr de and I ty Fe a Pi e e l he y o s ngt azla nit r a ndusr nz ndo m nt l br htup Fl i Hous Bil959 e le t smont wih U. Comme c Se ear J Br on oug orda e l arir hi h t S. r e cr t y ohn ys ';s as Si Romeo& J cki Came ,Br i a U. Ac ent t t Postve N. ' ee lo mon ) r a e l s azl nd S. c uae he ii , Y. . . . . TI S Apr 1 , 01 , t 0(t he is e weg o ( ie Sae - a i)rlto ,iean w ME , . 0 2 2 a A1 t r s u s ih n Untd tt sBr zl eains lk e ot Fl rda 1w t r tng c pa es t do busne s wih Cuba by pr ve i l lgove n e s o i a a ge i om ni hat i s t e ntng oca r m nt fom hii t m . The 1 c d c r rng he aw oul omplc e m a tr f Ode ec ,one of Br zls l r s iat te s or br ht a i' a ge t 1 6 c tuci c onsr ton ompani ,whi h i upgr ng t Po tofM im ia t s m e tme i i buidi es c s adi he r a t he a i t s l ng Cu asP r o M ai1'.F r inr lto siv let ed lc t b ln igo is e , n t eCu a b ' o t f re.) o eg eain n ov h eiae aa cn f su s a d h b ' Ame e t t efe tof whih i e c baed by t Stt of Fl i s ta tonalr e a a ndm n , he f c c s xa er t he a e orda' r dii ol s fa hpoi of Unied St t l s nt t aescuba f r i polc clary pos es es t pot nta t dir ptt o egn iy, e l s s he e il o s u he f de algove m e ts ha i oft e is . Se Unie St t v.Yos da I e . I ,526 e r m n ' ndlng hes s ues e t d aes hi nt m . nc. F.d 5 0 5 0 ( C. A.1 7 ) ( st e wo l h s g o s le a d ta e mo e c mpe 2 6 , 8 C. P. 9 5 ç h rd a rwn malr n rd W r o lx, f e > e ha r t ,i e ai lm one a y r e ve ,ba a esofpay e s a ta ba re s or i xc nge aes ntm tona t r es r s l nc m nt , nd r de r ir ha bec ve ome i r sngl i t rwi d,wih ta ba re s be ng us d ast si f t r nc of nc em i y n e t ne t r de r ir i e ool n urhe a e f eg polc ' orin iy. ). 3. r i Com me ceCl us Fo egn r a e The Unied St t s Consiuton g an s Cong es t powe t t egult Com me c wih t ae tt i r t r s he roG r ae re t fr inNain . U. CO T a t1 j2 c1 3.Th S p e Co r h sc n itn l r c gnz d oeg to s' S. NS . r. , , . ' e u rme u t a o sse ty e o ie t t t s alocai of po r i iil con a ns a ne tve c ha hi l ton we mplcty ti ga i omm a kno a t dor a nd, wn s he m nt Comm e c Cl us ,whi h pr bis c ran sa e aci n eve a e Congr sonall sa i or re a e c ohi t e t i tt to n bs nt es i egilton r g ain S eOkl. x Co nv. efro Lie .n .51 U. 1 ,1 9( 9 )(iigOul e ulto . e a Ta m' J fes n n s Ic, 4 S. 75 7 1 95 ctn il Co p v No t Da t , 0 U. 2 , 0 ( 9 2 ; S ae Po t n Ce n Co. Mi n s t , r . . rh koa 5 4 S. 98 3 9 1 9 ) Nw. tts rl d me t v. n eo a a 3 8U. 4 0, 8( 9 9 ;H. Ho d & So s l c v. Mo d, 3 U. 5 , 3 - 3 ( 9 9 5 S. 5 45 1 5 ) P. o n . n . Du n 3 6 S. 25 5 4 5 5 1 4 :. The For i Co me c Clus i pa tc a r cogniest ttç t r s c t f ei i e cotre egn nl r e a e n ri ulr e z ha çwih e pe t o or gn ntr ls and tade t pe e of t Unie Stt a t t ough a sngl g r r he opl he td es c hr i e ove nment wih unii d a t fe nd s c ls t , 41 S. 3 4 1 7 ) a qua e nai de t tonalpowe . ' J p n Lie Lt v.Lo An ee Cn v. 4 U. 4 4,4 8 ( 9 9 r' a a n . d. ' ( i Bd ofTr v.Unie Stts 289U. 48 59 (933:.0 quotng 1 . td ae , S. , 1 . 1 Iii 0 t s mpora t no e t tt For gn Comm e c Clus i ditnc fom t For i n Afar tnt o t ha he ei r e a e s si t r he e g f is Powe ,dic s d s a. Aso a tcl expl ns ç'hedor ntFor gn Comm e c Cl e a ie r s us e upr ne ri e ai , t' l ma ei r e aus rs s s ey o oft powe ço r gul t Comm e c wih f e g N ai ''whie t For i n Afar ol l ut he r t e ae r e t or i n tons' l he e g f is l J pa Li Lt v.Los Anc es Cot v,t Supr me Cour he d t t t powe n a n ne. d. el mt he e t l ha he r r erd he c e r und t For gn Comm e c Clus i gr a e t n t powe conf re by t onf red er he ei r e a e s e t r ha he s s ca e s i na or r t nt I e sa e Comm e c Clus 441 U. a 448. Thi i be us dicrm i t y team e of nt rt t r e a e. S. t f ei c or gn omm e c i re û may c eae pr e s s h a t po e ilf i e na i r t oblm , uc s he t nta or nt r tonalr t la i t t e a iton, ha c er t N ai a awhol ' Kr f Ge Foods I v.I onc n he ton s e. ' a t n. . nc. owa De tofRe nue & Fi ,5 p' ve n. 05 U. 7 , 9 ( 9 2 (iig J p n Lie 4 U. a 4 0 . Ac o dngy t S p e Co r h l S. 1 7 1 9 ) ctn a a n , 41 S. t 5 ) c r i l, he u r me u t ed t a as e1w voae te F r in Co re Clus wh n i çmp il)fd r lu io mi i h t ut a ilt s h o eg mmec a e e t t ars e e a n fr t n i y a ar awhe e f de a unionniy i e s ta,' ç eve st sN ai fom lpea ngwih one n e r e r l f t s s en i l'and i pr nt hi ton r s ki t ' S. t -53.1 t , he e t vo c 'i r ultng f e g ta ' J pa Li 441U . a 448 1 Laer t Supr m eCour i e n eg ai or i n r de. a n ne, q lfe J pan Li by hol ng t ta e a e ii die tve fom Cong es ,a sae l w doe uaii d a ne di ha bs nt n xplct r c i r r s tt a s notvi a e t For i n Com me c Cl e i i me ey has t or i n r s na es'bu doe no olt he e g r e aus f t r l G e g e o nc ' t s t f ti i ae f e gn a f is' Cont i r Cor ofAm .v.Fr nc s Ta Bd. 463 U. 15 1 4 tmplc t or i f ar . ' ane p. a hie x , S. 9, 9 ( 9 3 . A sae1w ç tv ra c wi fd r l ol y' l t u vo aet ç nevoc 'sa ad 18) tt a ç ain e t e ea p i 'wil h s ilt he ç a h c o ie' tnd r a tc a e i J n Li i i ç ihe i ia e f e g polcy is s whih mus be l tt t ri ult d n apa ne f t t t r mplc t s or i n i s ue e c t ef o he Fe r Gove n e orvi aesa cla f de a die tve. l A st Supr de al r m nt ol t e r e r l r ci ' d. ' he eme Cour obs r e t e v d, ç he s co oft s consde a i i ,ofcotre,es e i ly a s ci of pr e pton a l i . ç e nd t he e i r tons s ls s nta l pe es e m i na yss' ' = l d o he e a e hr he Powe E si ple outoft gr sofpowert t f der lgove nmentasawhol t oughoutt r t m id i he ant r Consiuton,a wel as t r srctons on t sa e fom e gi i c ra n f e g afar tt i s l he e ti i he t t s r nga ng n e ti or i n f is a tviis i Ari e 1' Lea M .W is Not 'he Fa e oft Dor c i te n tcl . 1 nne lon, e,F t he mantFor i n Comme c ez re Clus Afe Gan dia Cr by,1 COLUM. lEv.746,760( ) Cons que l Ghe a e tr rmen nd os 07 L.t 2007 . e nty,f t dor nt For i n Comm e c Cl us onl i i t s sae l gil ton t t a f t f r i ma eg re a e y nvalda e t t e sai ha fec s o egn co me c t dor nt f egn a f is powe c n i i t a1 sat l gilto t ti e f r s m r e; he ma or i fa r r a nvalda e 1 t e e sai n ha ntre e wiht fde a gove n ntsf ei af r power' J t he e r l r me ' or gn fais . . 'Z 1 The Supr m e Cour not d t tt e t r quie nt we e i a ton t t r quieme s 1 e t e ha hes wo e r me s r n ddii o he e r nt m iuae i Co ee Au o Trnst l c v. a y, 0U. 2 4 ( 9 7 ( n lzn a saetx c ltd n mplt t a i. n . Br d 43 S. 7 1 7 ) a ay ig tt a u d rteItrtt Co reClu e . n e h n esae mmec a s ) He e i i hihl lkey t tt CubaAmendme vi aest For i n Comm e c Clus r , t s g y i l ha he nt ol t he e g r e a e. The Cu Am e ba ndme f c al dicrm i t agans f e g c nt a i ly s i naes i t or i n ompa eswho do lwf busnes ni a ul i s wih Cuba by ba ng t m fom sae pr ur m e opporu tes Thi a s nmot s t a t nni he r t t oc e nt t nii . s lo mt o n a tm ptby Fl i t r ult e no i a tviy be te orda o eg a e co m c c i t yond isbor r t ti ia esf ei a f r t de s ha mplc t or gn fais a d i ar fd rlu io miy S e s p aPM V. I( e c iig t e c n lc b t e fd r l n mp is e ea nf r t . e u r A. d srbn h o fit ewe n e ea lw a d teCu aAme dme t;s p aPM V. 2( ih ihi gp o et fo ta ep rn r) s e a n h b n n) u r A. hg lg tn r tss r m rd at es; e as Naqos 1 F.d a 69 (% a s husts ma notr ae conduc wholy be lo ti , 81 3 t t sac et y M egult t l yond is t bo de s Ye t M a s hus ts Bur a La by c toni sa e pr ur m e de ii on r r . t he s ac e t m wondii ng tt oc e nt c sons c n u tt a o cls i Bu ma - o sj t ta .) F r lr ey t s me r a o s t e Cub o d c h t c t n r - d e us h t' . o ag l he s e s n , h r ' a Am e ndmen i des t f de al go r nts a lt t s a wih one voi e i r gultng t mpe he e r ve nme ' biiy o pe k t c n e ai f r gn ta . Se Pa rcaM az ei Fl ' Tr di Pa t r W a n ofBac as i Gov.Sc tSi o ei r de e ti i z , a.s a ng rne s r kl h f ot ans Ne Anicu aLe ilto M I HE D,Ap . ,2 2 2 2 W L 8 8 3 (s a iin w t- b gsain, AMI RAL r 21 01 , 01 NR 4 6 21 ç zla Br M i se ofTr dtand I ty Fe a Pi e elbr nit r a ndusr m ndo m nt oughtup Fl i Hous Bil959 ea lert s orda e l ri hi mont wih U. Comm e c Sec e a y J m Br o who t d hi t a i sr ton c d no h t S. r e r t r ol ys n, ol m he dm nita i oul t d a yhn t i t saelgsainb c me lw .. .) F n ly t eCu aAme d n i n t o n tig mtl he tt e ilto e o s a .' . i al, h b ' n me t s o t e nsrbl j siid ' Ne En r y Co.o I .v.Li a h,4 6 U. 2 9 2 4 ( 9 8 , ç mo ta y u tfe , w eg d ' f nd mb c 8 S. 6 , 7 1 8 ) be us t f de alg nme ha a r a e c e wi s e d r gulto desg t s e r ca e he e r over nt s le dy na t d de pr a e a i n i ned o af gua d t i c u ty. Se Trdn W i t En my Ac,5 U. C.a p.j5 b ;s eas ABC Ch res h s o nr e a ig t he e h t 0 S. p ( ) e lo a tr, 591F.Supp.2d a 1 t 305. De e ntr le e l i y on I e sa e Comm e c Cl us pr ce ntt a gue t ti i f nda ei s xcusvel nt rt t r e a e e de o r ha t s c t gorcal e mptfom c tmtonalr tito whe i e t r i t publc c r t due t a e i ly xe r onsi i esrci ns n t ne s no i ontacs o t make- rii te pton. Res ,a 1 5 ( tng W hie v.M as Counci of Co t. he r tpa tcpan xce i p. t 4-1 cii t s. l nsr 19 Emp. Ic,4 0 U. 2 4,2 6 (98 ) Re v s l c v.Sa ,4 U. 42 ( 98 :. Tu s 2 . n . 6 S. 0 0 1 3 ; e e . n . tke 47 S. 9 1 0 1 i e , howe r t f c t t t c tt i l pr bii of sae dic i i ton agans gnor s ve , he a t ha he onsiutona ohi ton tt s rm na i i t f e g c me ce i br rt n t pr eci a f de t nor a i e sa e c or i n om r s oade ha he ot ton for d o m l nt rt t omm e ce. J pa r a n Li 441U. a 448. Fo t sr as Pli ifar st tt Supr ne, S. t r hi e on, a ntf gue ha he eme Cour hasi ple y hel t m i dl d t ma ke - i i ton e pton i pplc bl t t For i Comm e ce Clus Re y,a 7 he r tpm cpa i xce i na ia e o he egn r a e. pl t (iig Re v s 4 7 U. a 4 7n. (ts c uiy ma welb mo erg r uswh n ar sr ito ctn e e , 4 S. t 3 9 s lr tn y l e r io o l e e tan n f egnc ori omme c i alege ' r e s l d.). Eve i t mar tpa tci ton e e i i a i bl t t For i Com me ceCl us n f he ke - ri pa i xc pton s pplca e o he e gn r a e, howe r t Cu Ame ve , he ba ndme doe not s tsy t e e i Thi i be aus t ma ke nt s a if he xc pton. s s c e he r t pm ii to e ep i i no tc re bl nc t i c pai n xc ton s t %a t a he o mpos a c tons t t t Stt has t e ny ondii ha he a e he e onomi powe t dit t , a does no vai t a r quie e mer l bec us t St t c c r o ca e nd t ldae ny e r m nt ey a e he ae i mpos s i upo s m e wih whom i i i c r cua prviy.' Sout ce r lTi e t n o one t t s n onta t l i t ' h- nta mberDe s v. I c v W l nik , 6 U. 8 9 ( 9 4 .Ac o dn t t eS r meCo r n . . l c e 4 7 S. 2, 7 1 8 ) c r ig o h up e n uq The lmi of t m a ke - ri i nt docrne mus be t t i alow s a St t t i t he r tpa tcpa ti t ha t l ae o i pos bur ns on commer wihi t m a ke i whih i i a pa tcpa ,bu m e de ce t n he r t n c ts rii nt t alows i t go no f rhe .The St t ma not i pos c tons whe he by l to ut r ae y m e ondii , t r sat e,r ul ton,orc r c ,t thave a s t nta r ul t y efe touti of t ut eg ai onta t ha ubsa i l eg aor f c sde t tpa tc a mar t ha riulr ke L Hee,The Cuba Ame 4s r ndme us sFl i s lverge i t publc c rci mar t(n nt e orda' e a n he i onta tng ke i whc i d e p rii t )t e e ta efc o te ma k tc n itn ofc mpa ise a ig i ih t o s a t pae o x r n fe t n h r e o ssig o ne ng gn n c lwf l rd wih Cu (n whc i d e n tpat iae.Th si e cl t d wn te m e fc a u ta e t ba i ih t o s o ri p t) i s xa ty he o sra fe t c t m a ke pa tcpa doc rne f bi .Cons ue l t Cuba Am e he r t ri i nt ti or ds eq nty, he ndmentlkel vi aest i y ol t he Fo e gn Com m e c Cl us ri r e a e. 1 n e ma ke pm i pa i e e i r c ze t tSt t s a e notco tt tonaly lm ie by 2 r t ci ton xc pton e ogni s ha a e r nsiu i l i t d t Co me ce Clus when t y o r t a a t swihi a ma ke as o he m r a e he pe a e s c or t n r t ppos t r aor of ed o egult s t make.Se Huzhesv. e ndraSc a Cor ,426U. 794 ( 976 . he r t e Alxa i r p p. S. 1 ) 20 4. noper tveBy IsOwn Te m s I ai t r Seci n 9 oft Cuba Amend e sa e ,çl ss c i be to he m nt tt s f- e ton comesi pe a i on t da e -hi no r tve he t t tf de a lw ce s st a ho i et saest a ha e r l a a e o ut rz he tt o dopta e or et c r c i pr bii of nd nf c he onta tng ohi tons t t pe pr de f i t s s c i ' l con r tt Suda a Ia t c re FL ST he y ovi d or n hi e ton. n tas o ' n nd r n- he ountis A. AT j2 7.3 o ii al a d e sd - nge sha n ta t o ie sae lv ls n to sa an tCu a 8 1 5 rgn ly d r se - co r s s o u h rz d tt-e e a cin g is b . Fort sr a on,a f t tle c tt tona r as a tcult d i t sopi on,s e s a Pa t hi e s nd or he lr e onsiu i l e ons ri a e n hi ni e upr r V. .-3,i i hi hl lkel t tt Cuba Am e A 1 t s g y i y ha he ndmen i i pe a i by isown t r s t s no r tve t em . De enda ur es t s Cour t r or t t ve y r as bl consr ton' t çs ve't f nt g hi t o es t o t r e ona e e tuc i ' o ta ' he sauefo b i gd ca e u c n ttto a . Rep.a 1 (iig Go ae v. r a q 5 0 U. tt t r m en e lr d n o si in l s , t 6 ctn nz ls Cah r 5 S. u 1 4 1 3 ( 0 7 Ac o dng t Dee d n ,t Co r s o l r a S ci n 9 o t Cu 2 , 5 2 0 $. c r i o fn a t he u t h u d e d e to f he ba Ame ndme ço m e t ,i t eve t Sec ear of Stt r m ove one of t counti s nt ç t an hat n he nt he rt y ae e s he re afeced by t Ac fom t Stt Spons sofTe r im ls ,t con r c i pr bii nsi t f t he t r he a e or rors it he ta tng ohi to n he Ac woul no l rbe e or ea e. De enda pr desno s t d onge nf c bl ' f nt ovi ' uppo tf t si t m r t ton a r or hi n e e a i nd t i e pr t ton c r c st e es tr sofSeci n 9. he ntr e ai ontadit he xpr s e m to p lrpaa eHa m o I ur = re rbl r r ni y Pl ntf a gue t ti wils f rir pa a ehn m i t CubaAme m e tke e f c f ai if r s ha t l ufe re r bl r f he nd nt a s fe t or trera o s ( )t ls ofisrg t o c mp t frsaec nr cs ( )tel s o rv n e a d h e e s n : 1 he o s t ih t o ee o tt o ta t, 2 h o s f e e u s n p o isfo c nr cs1 a d( )itre e c wih isa ii t pate wih oh rfr a d hr r ft r m o ta t, 3 n 3 nefr n e t t b ly o rn r t te ims n ie t a rt i e oye s. De e nd ea n mpl e f ndan ma m uc ofNo t ase n Fl i Cha e oft As ' of t kes h rhe t r orda pt r he s n Ge ea Co ta tr o Ameiav. t ofJ c s n il,8 6 F.d 1 3( 1h Ci.1 9 ) wh r n rl nr co s f rc Ci v a k o v le 9 2 28 1 t r 9 0 , e e t Elve h Cic the d t tir pa a ehn m doe notr ul fom a c r t r si biiy t bi he e nt r ui l ha re r bl r s es t r ontac o ' na lt o d 1 Asno e Stt ofFl i age i a l a gove nmen s ha a r Pl ntf t rp fve 3 td ae orda nces nd oc l r t ve wa ded ai if hit i poet a u tng t a go maey $ . blin a d i 201 ,a1o Plitf rv n rjcs mo ni o p rxi tl 39 ilo , n n 1 1 f anifs e e ue a oxi ael $21 5 m llon- was de i d fom publc i r sr c ur and ta poraton ppr m t y 4. li rve r i nfa tu t e r ns t i p oe t.Se s p aPat1 rj cs e u r r. . 21 on a c ta t The c r t i Norhe%t r Fl i ,howe r pos es e t a lt t s t on r c . ontacor n t e n orda ve , s s d he biiy o ue he mt cpalt f m one da es He e,Pli ifscli f m o y da a s a e ba r by t mi i iy or y mag . r antf a ms or ne m ge r red he El ent Ame m e .4 W he a pl n if f ce sgnii a e onom i ha m butcr ev h nd ntl n aitf a s i fc nt c c r mnots t ue he sae ofFl i f rm one dn tt orda o y mage ,G r i ir pa a e m a m a trofl m ' ABC Chm e s s ç m s r e r bl s hn te a ' r, 5 F. p 2 a 1 0 ( i n Te l Unv. Whie 9 F.d 2 ,21 ( d Ci.1 91;Am. 91 Su p. d t 31 ct g mp e i v. t, 41 2 01 5 3 r 9 ) i Fi S r s As' v. r e 1 9 F. p 2 6 ,7 ( Co n. 0 ) D. B. .l c v. ld n. e v . sn Bu k , 6 Su p. d 2 0 D. n 2 01 ; A. E. n . Toe oLu a Comt Bd o He 1h No 301CV 7 3 ,2 01W L 1 6 0 ( D. o, u . 2 01 ; c s t v . f at , . : 34 0 91 73 N. Ohi J l 6, 0 ) Clr Co sr Co.lc v.Pe a 9 0 F.S p 1 0 1 9 0 ( . Al.1 9 :. Th rf r , ak n t. . n . n, 3 u p. 47 , 47 -8 M D. a 9 6 eeo e Def nda ' a g e i i ppost a Pli tf hasade t l pr e nts r um nt s na ie nd a n if qua ey oven ir pa a eha m. re r bl r Q,TheThrae dl ur t t Mova Out i e tne ni v o he nt wechs Dee da tagu st a a ij n to wo l h r teDe a t n ' a ii t c ny o ti fn n r e h t n nu cin ud am h p rme ts b ly o a ' u t t s ve , s hown t t ha dut t r ponsbl alocae lm ie publc r s r s De e nt howe r ha nots y o es i y l t i t d i e ou ce . f nda , tesau q oh sp e e td ap o lm o ijze a y n .Mo e v r t ef d r l o e n n ha h tt s u a r sn e r be r nl d n o e r o e ,h e e a g v r me t s r ar dy e c e wi pr d r ulton desg d t s f ua d t sco ty. Se Tr di W ih t lea na t d des ea eg a i i ne o a eg r hi un r e a ng t he En myAc, 0U. C. p j5b ; e as ABC Ch res 5 F. u p. d a 1 0 . De e d n e t 5 S. Ap . () s e lo a tr, 91 S p 2 t 3 5 fn a t wilco i t de i a p ea be ftfom t sa usquo e r tme De enda a r a l r l ntnue o rve t nei r he t t ve y i f nt wa ds owe prc co r c t a busnes s h asPl i ifs I c r s ,Pli tf wilbe ir pa a y hn me ied nta t o i s uc antf . n onta t a n if l re r bl r d i t eCu aAme d nti n te j n d.Th r f r ,h t rae e ij r t Plitf o t ih fh b n me s o noie ee o e te h e tn d nu y o an if u weg s a yalg dd ma et p o o e ij n to ma c u eDee da t n le e a g he r p s d n u cin y a s fn n . S. 23 1 ds ha he eve h ndme doesnotbara nt 1 EX part Y our , 209 U. l ( 908)hol t tt El nt Ame 4 e m fd r la to fr ijmci r l fa an t a sae o fca c a g d wih e f ri g lgsain e ea cin o nt t ei g is tt fiil h r e t n o cn e ilto . ve e Unde Ex Pa t Yot howe r mone a y dn ag a euna l e. r re mg, ve , t r m es r vaiabl 22 Q.ThePublcI ees . i ntr t De enda a gue t tt ç i t ough iseeced r pr s t tves ha m a ce t t f nt r s ha he t c, hr publ t l t e e en a i , s de lar ha i wilno l ng rdo busnes wih t e who woul do busnes wih c ti sdesg t d by t t l o e i s t hos d i s t oun re i nae he fd r lg v r me ta saes ns r o tro im. Eno nn t eDe me tfo e f r igt e e ea o e n n s tt po o s f er rs j i ig h pm n r m n o cn h Ac c d fusr t t ti e e t' Res ,a 20. Thi ove l t oul r tae ha ntr s.' p. t s rooks t f c t tt publc i e e ti he a t ha he i nt r s s ale dy s f e l pr eced by f der llw,s e s pr PM I. a t tt publc i e e ti r a ufkinty ot t e a a e u a IB, nd ha he i nt r s s eve gr a e s r e tloug auniid f de a polcyt r Cuba t ti noti de o r src e n e t r e v d lr h fe e r l i owa d ha s mpe d r e tit d by Def nda . e nt V I C oncl i . us on A p ei n r ij n to i itn e t meey ç r sr e t r ltv p sto s o t e r l a y nu cin s n e d d o rl t e e v he eaie o i n f h mi p i nic S. pa test i a ti on t me is c be hel ' Uni ofTex.v.Camç s h,451 U. 390,395 ri mtl ral he rt an d.' y, - ( 9 1 ; n l t o teStt ofFl. Calwa , 8 F.d 5 ,5 3 ( t Ci.1 7 ) Ast 1 8 ) Ca a Auh. f h ae a v. la y 4 9 2 67 7 5h r 9 4 . he dsrc c u tn ABC Ch re so e v d ç g ie ti l tdp r os , p ry <sno rq rdt itit o r i a tr bs r e ,ç lv n h s i e u p e a a t i t e uie o l mi p o e h s c s i f l a a p ei n r n u cin h a ig' a d t e ti dng o fc a d r v i a e n ul t r l a pij n to e rn n h fn i s f a t n mi c n l so o lw ma eb ac ur g a tn ap ei n r ij n t n aen tb n ig a tilo o cu ins f a d y o t rn ig rlmi ay nu ci r o i dn t ra n o t meis''ABC Cha tr,591 F.Supp.2d a 1 0 (uoi Ca nich,451 U. a 395 . he rt.' res t 31 q tng me s S. t ) Ac or ngl f t r a ons c aned her i t s Cou t c l s t r i a s tnta c di y, or he e s ont i en, hi r onc ude he e s ubsa il lke i i lhood t tt CubaAm e ha he ndme wilbef nt l ound unc tt i lunde t Supr mac Cl us onsiutona r he e y a e, Fe a For i Afar Powe ,a t For gn Com me ceCl e. der l egn f is r nd he ei r aus ox x o uoicabravi ,ld,icydyrxezl. o sa o os n h e t ai o ats/ aop ,oz s yu h CHAELûool l s I TED STATES DI STRI J CT UDGE cc: Al cou e ofr or l ns l ec d 23
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