MAJID v. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION et al, No. 1:2016cv00731 - Document 11 (D.D.C. 2017)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION to the Order granting in part and denying in part the FBI's Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summary Judgment. Signed by Judge Gladys Kessler on 3/28/17. (CL)

Download PDF

MAJID v. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION et al Doc. 11 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Joseph Majid, Plaintiff, v. Federal Bureau Of Investigation, et al. Civil Action No. 16-731 {GK) Defendant. MEMORANDUM OPINION Plaintiff Wallace, his Joseph Maj id brings former co-worker at this lawsuit DynCorp against Nikki International, Inc. ("DynCorp"), the Federal Bureau of Investigation ("FBI"), and two unnamed agents of the FBI, John Doe #1 and John Doe #2 ("the John Doe Agents"). Mr. Majid alleges that while working in Afghanistan as an interpreter for the U.S. military, Ms. Wallace falsely told his supervisors that he was a security risk and potential terrorist sympathizer. He further alleges that this triggered an FBI investigation, and ultimately a campaign of harassment against him by the FBI and the two John Doe-Agents. Mr. Majid has brought numerous claims against the various defendants, based on the United States' Constitution, the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552(a), various California statutes, and the common law of the state of California. Dockets.Justia.com Presently before the Court is the FBI's Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summary Judgment [Dkt. No. 6] ("MTD" or "Motion"), arguing that the Court should dismiss those claims that Mr. Majid has brought against the FBI or grant summary judgment to the FBI on those claims. The FBI also argues that if the claims against the FBI are dismissed, the Court lacks jurisdiction to hear the remaining claims and should dismiss the entire action. Based on the Complaint, the Motion, the Opposition, the Reply, and the entire record herein, the FBI's Motion will be granted in part and denied in part. The constitutional and state law claims against the FBI contained in Counts VI and VIII will be dismissed, but the Privacy Act claims contained in Count V and the remaining claims against the other Defendants will not be dismissed. BACKGROUND I . A. Factual Background Mr. Majid is an American Citizen of Afghan descent who is fluent or proficient in a number of languages other than English, such as Dari, Pashto, Russian, and Turkmen. Complaint 1. Given his language skills he was hired by DynCorp in June of 2012 to serve as a security military personnel. linguist Id. at in Afghanistan, 1, 10-11. -2- assisting U.S. Mr. Majid and Ms. Wallace, another DynCorp employee, began working together in Afghanistan in January of 2013. Mr. Majid alleges that immediately after they Id. at began 12. working together, Ms. Wallace treated him with hostility because he was of Afghan descent and she was jealous that he was being paid at a higher salary than she received. Id. at He alleges she 12-14. spread false rumors about him to their military clients, and filed a false report with their superiors indicating that he was security risk and potential terrorist sympathizer, him to resign from DynCorp. Id. at 14-15. a which forced Mr. Majid alleges that because of this "defamatory" report, his security clearance has an "incident" associated with it, and that he can no longer obtain comparable linguist. Id. at employment to his position as a security 17. Mr. Majid alleges that, as a result of these false reports, the FBI began investigating him. Id. at 16. He alleges that two John Doe Agents have been intrusively surveilling him and implying to his employers potential terrorist. Id. at that he is 18, 25, a 26. security risk and a He alleges that as a consequence of the FBI investigation he has lost multiple jobs. See Id. at 16, 19. -3- B. Procedural Background Mr. Majid filed his Complaint on April 19, 2016. 1]. [Dkt. No. In Count I, Mr. Majid alleges that Ms. Wallace's reports to the FBI constitute negligent misrepresentation. Id. 27-34. In Count II-IV, Mr. Majid alleges that the John Doe Agents negligently carried out their investigation, intentionally inflicted emotional distress upon him, and invaded his privacy. In Count V, Mr. Maj id alleges that Id. the 35-45. FBI violated the Privacy Act, by maintaining inaccurate records about him. 46-50. Id. In Count VI, Mr. Majid alleges that the FBI and the two John Doe Agents deprived him of his rights to procedural due Id. process under the United States' Constitution. 51-57. In Count VIII, Mr. Majid alleges that the two John Doe Agents violated his freely, rights to life, liberty and happiness, and to be free of false stigma. Id. 58-64. to travel Finally, in Count VII, Mr. Majid alleges that all of the Defendants violated Sections 51.7 and 52.1 of the California Civil Code, subjecting him to threats based on his race or national origin and interfering with his right to privacy. A Summons was issued to the FBI, as well as to the two John Doe Agents, care of the FBI. [Dkt. No. 2-1]. -4- Similarly, a Summons was issued to Ms. Wallace, care of DynCorp. Id. Only the FBI has made an appearance before this Court. 1 On August 8, 2016, the FBI filed this Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summary Judgment, seeking dismissal of or judgment on those claims that have been brought against the FBI, contained in Counts V, claims are dismissed, remaining claims. Opposition. Reply. II. VI, and VII, and arguing that, if those the court lacks jurisdiction to hear the On [Dkt. No. 8] October 6, 2016, Mr. Majid filed his On October 27, 2016, the FBI filed its [Dkt. No. 9] . STANDARD OF REVIEW A. Motion to Dismiss 1. Standard for Dismissal under Rule 12{b) (1) for Lack of Jurisdiction Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, possessing "only that power authorized by Constitution and statute." Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). "It is to be presumed that a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction, and the burden of establishing the contrary rests upon the The Department of Justice has made clear that it represents only the FBI, as an agency, in this matter and that it does not represent the John Doe Agents. MSJ at 15 n.4. 1 -5- [plaintiff]." Id.; see also Shuler v. United States, 531 F.3d 930, 932 (D.C. Cir. 2008). In deciding whether to grant a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction under Rule 12(b) (1), the court must "'accept all of the factual allegations in the complaint as true. '" Jerome Stevens Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. F.D.A., 402 F.3d 1249, 1253-54 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315, 327 (1991)). Nonetheless, "[t]he plaintiff's factual allegations complaint will bear closer scrutiny in resolving a 12(b) than in resolving a 12(b) in the (1) motion (6) motion for failure to state a claim." Grand Lodge of Fraternal Order of Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F.Supp.2d 9, 13-14 (D.D.C. 2001). 2. Standard for Dismissal under Failure to State a Claim Rule 12 (b) (6) for Rule 12(b) (6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits dismissal for the "failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." dismiss, a Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b) (6). complaint must contain "To survive a motion to sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) quotation marks and citations omitted). plausible when the pleaded facts reasonable inference that the -6- A claim is (internal facially "allows the court to draw the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. Plausibility requires "more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully," but it is not a "probability requirement." At the Rule 12 (b) (6) Id. stage, the court accepts all of the complaint's factual allegations as true and draws all reasonable inferences from those facts Clinton, 292 F.3d 23S, 242 complaint, the ·court may "documents incorporated in plaintiff's favor. (D.C. Cir. 2002). consider into the "other complaint In addition to the sources," by matters of which a court may take judicial notice." SSl U.S. 308, 322 (2007) Miller, Federal Practice 201S). such reference as and Tellabs, Inc., (citing SB Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. and Procedure, (hereinafter "Wright & Miller))); Maggio, Cir. Browning v. § 13S7 (3d ed. 79S F.3d S7, 62 2004) (D.C. The court may take judicial notice of matters of public record. (D.C. Cir. 2007) Abhe & Svoboda, Inc. v. Chao, S08 F.3d 10S2, 10S9 (public records are "subject to judicial notice on a motion to dismiss"); see also SB Wright & Miller § 13S7. B. Motion for Summary Judgment Summary judgment may be granted only if the pleadings, the discovery materials, and affidavits on file show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. -7- See Arrington v. United ... States, 473 F.3d 329, 333 (D.C. Cir. 2006); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). "A dispute over a material fact is 'genuine' if 'the evidence is such that a reasonable nonmoving party.'" v. jury could return a Arrington, 473 F.3d at 333 Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 verdict for the (quoting Anderson (1986)). A fact is "material" if it might af feet the outcome of the case under the substantive governing law. Id. The burden is on the moving party to demonstrate the absence of any genuine issues of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). When a moving party successfully does so, the nonmoving party must show the existence of a genuine issue of material fact by providing "specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial," allegations or denials" to prevail. 517 (D.C. Cir. 2002) and "may not rest on mere Burke v. Gould, 286 F.3d 513, (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248 (internal quotation marks omitted) . The moving party is entitled to summary judgment when the nonmoving party fails to offer evidence sufficient to establish an essential element of a claim on which it will bear the burden of proof at trial. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. In reviewing the evidence on a motion for summary judgment, the court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the -8- nonmoving party and draws all inferences in her favor. Perez, 823 F.3d 701, 705 (D.C. Cir. Johnson v. 2016). "Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge at summary judgment." Barnett v. Inc., 715 F.3d 354, 358 (D.C. Cir. 2013) PA Consulting Grp. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Accordingly, the Court's role is "not [to] determine the truth of the matter, but instead [to] whether there is a genuine issue for trial." decide only Id. III. ANALYSIS A. Count V: Privacy Act Violation by the FBI Mr. Majid alleges that the FBI maintains records about him that are inaccurate, because they are based on the false and defamatory reports of Ms. Wallace, and he seeks an opportunity to review and correct these Complaint alternative, The 46-50. summary records pursuant to the FBI seeks judgment on this dismissal claim, Privacy Act. or, arguing in the that the records Mr. Majid seeks from the agency are exempt from the Privacy Act's access provisions. MSJ at 7-9. "A principal function of the [Privacy] Act is to require agencies to keep accurate systems of records." Doe v. F.B.I., 936 F.2d 1346, 1350 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (internal citations and quotation -9- marks omitted) . reasonable The efforts to Privacy Act ensure maintains about individuals. the Privacy Act grants the Id. requires accuracy agencies of the to make records it In furtherance of this goal, individuals the right to access agency records that pertain to them, records that are inaccurate. and to request amendment of any See id. (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552a(d)). "Where an agency denies such an amendment request, the Act grants the individual review." Id. seeking amendment (citing 5 U.S.C. § the right to obtain 552a(d) (3), (g)). agency If the agency refuses to amend the record, the individual may then seek judicial review of that determination. However, 5 U.S.C. § 552a(d) (3), (g). law enforcement agencies may promulgate rules to exempt criminal records systems from these individual access and judicial review provisions, if the records contain "information compiled for the purpose of a criminal investigation, reports of informants and investigators, identifiable individual." exercised this 5 U.S.C. authority to exempt § and associated with an 552a(j) (2) (B). its including The FBI has Central Records System ("CRS") from the individual access provisions of the Privacy Act. 2 28 C.F.R. § 16.96; Doe, 936 F.2d at 1353. As the FBI notes, making such investigative files available to the subject of an investigation would enable the subject to impede the investigation, by destroying evidence, or intimidating 2 -10- Records contained in CRS are exempt if "if they constitute law enforcement Accordingly, the records FBI within bears the the meaning burden of of the statute. demonstrating a law enforcement purpose for each record as to which it has claimed exemption in this case." Doe, 936 F.2d at 1353. "[R]ecords kept by a law enforcement agency must meet two criteria in order to qualify as law enforcement records:" First, 'the agency's investigatory activities that give rise to the documents sought must be related to the enforcement of federal laws or to the maintenance of national security . Second, 'the nexus between the investigation and one of the agency's law enforcement duties must be based on information sufficient to support at least a colorable claim of its rationality.' This second requirement is 'deferential to the particular problems of a criminal law enforcement agency' ; while it is not met where the agency offers a 'pretextual or wholly unbelievable' basis for a claim that its investigation was rationally related to its law enforcement duty, a reviewing court 'should be hesitant to second-guess a law enforcement agency's decision to investigate if there is a plausible basis for its deciiion.' Doe, 936 F.2d at 1353-54 (quoting Pratt, 673 F.2d 408, 420 (D.C. Cir. 1982)) (internal citations omitted). "When an agency meets both prongs of the Pratt test, burden shifts to the plaintiff to produce evidence the that the potential witnesses, or fleeing to avoid potential arrest. C.F.R. § 16.96(b) (1). -11- 28 asserted law enforcement rationale for an investigation was in fact pretextual." Id. at 1354. The FBI argues that Mr. Majid's Complaint makes clear that, to the extent any records about Mr. Majid exist, those records are exempt law enforcement records, and consequently, that he has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. 3 FBI notes that Mr. The Maj id's Complaint identifies the records he seeks as having been created pursuant to an investigation that was itself initiated after information was shared with the FBI that Mr. Maj id might pose a (quoting Complaint 34, 36, Complaint 46). "security risk to America." 53 and citing Complaint Consequently, establishes enforcement records." that the the FBI argues records he Reply at 4 14, 15, 18, 26, that Mr. seeks Maj id's are "law The FBI asserts that such law enforcement records are ordinarily contained in "investigative files," which are stored in CRS, an exempt system of records. FBI's Statement of Material Facts as to which there is No Genuine Issue ("SOMF") 4 [Dkt. No. 6] . 4 Consequently, the FBI argues that to the extent The FBI has refused to confirm or deny that Mr. Majid is the subject of an investigation or that it has any files regarding Mr. Majid. Reply at 5 n.2. 3 The SOMF refers to entries in the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations that exempt CRS from the Privacy Act. SOMF 4,5 (citing 68 Fed. Reg. 8671 (Feb. 20, 1998) and 28 C.F.R. -12- 4 that any records about Mr. Majid exist, they are necessarily law enforcement records stored in an exempt system of records. There is a major problem with the FBI's argument. Nowhere in the record - not in the Complaint, not in the briefs, not even in the FBI's Statement of Material Facts - does it establish that any and all FBI records about Mr. Majid are located in CRS. While it stands to reason that any such investigative files about Mr. Majid are stored in CRS - because that is the ordinary practice of the FBI - there is nothing in the record that conclusively establishes that such files are not stored in another system of records that is not exempt from the individual access and judicial review provisions of the Privacy Act. Bailey v. Bureau of Prisons is directly on point. Supp. 3d 50, 57 (D.D.C. 2015). 133 F. In that case, the plaintiff was a prisoner held in a Bureau of Prisons (BOP) facility. Id. at 52. He alleged that BOP had wrongly categorized him as a gang member, resulting in changes in the conditions of his confinement, and had violated the Privacy Act by maintaining records false information about him. Id. at 56. that contained BOP argued that the Both are matters of public record of which the Court may take judicial notice. -13§ 16. 96) . relevant records were of the type regularly stored in an exempt system of records and moved to dismiss his claims. Id. at 57. The court refused to grant BOP's motion to dismiss, holding that the defendant had produced no evidence that the records the plaintiff sought were actually stored in the exempt system. The court found that the "whatsoever averring where making it documents impossible are in for fact defendants had offered no Id. evidence exactly these documents are housed, this Court Privacy to determine Act-exempt." Id. whether The the court concluded that while "[i]t would certainly stand to reason that documents relating to the BOP's investigation of inmate Bailey are housed within [the exempt system]" given BOP's practices, it was "by no means a foregone conclusion" given the lack of evidence. Id. Similarly, in this case the FBI asserts that any files about Mr. Majid that may exist would be investigative files, and that, as a routine practice, such investigative files are stored in CRS. Just as in Bailey, such "[g] eneralities alone cannot suffice." 133 F. Supp. 3d at 57. some affirmative Instead, evidence, the FBI must come forward with such as sworn affidavits or declarations, to demonstrate that records about Mr. Majid, to the extent they exist, are stored in an exempt system. -14- See Bailey, 133 F. Supp. 3d at 57; also Antonelli v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 591 F. Supp. 2d 15, 29-30 (D.D.C. 2008) (summary judgment granted where the agency provided a sworn declaration that the relevant records were maintained in an exempt system) . The FBI's attempt to rely on Mr. Majid's Complaint to establish that the records he seeks are stored in CRS also fails. Had Mr. Majid's Complaint expressly alleged that the records he seeks are stored in CRS, he may well have pled himself out of a cause of action. 65, 66 (D.D.C. See Arnold v. U.S. Secret Serv., 524 F. Supp. 2d 2007) (dismissing Privacy Act claim where the complaint expressly stated that the relevant records were stored "in the Secret Service Protection Information System USSS.007" and it was undisputed that it was an exempt system of records). But Mr. Majid's Complaint says no such thing; instead, it merely states that he seeks investigative records. Consequently, there is nothing in the Complaint that establishes that the records he seeks are in fact stored in CRS. Ultimately, it is the FBI's burden to demonstrate that the records Mr. Majid seeks access to are stored in CRS or some other exempt system of records, and it has not done so. Mr. Majid's Complaint states a plausible Privacy Act claim, so the claim cannot be dismissed under Rule 12(b) (6). -15- In addition, the FBI's submissions do not establish that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and so it is not entitled to summary judgment under Rule 56. Because the FBI has failed to establish that there are actual records about Mr. Majid that are stored in other, nonexempt systems, the FBI's Motion must be denied. B. Count VI: Deprivation of Due Process by the FBI Mr. Majid alleges that he was deprived of due process by the FBI and the John Doe Agents because they failed to provide him an opportunity to rebut the false allegations made by Ms. Wallace. Complaint relates to 55. the The FBI seeks dismissal of FBI, arguing that this claim as it there has been no waiver of sovereign immunity to hear this claim, and consequently, that the Court lacks jurisdiction. "Absent a waiver, MTD at 9-10. sovereign immunity Government and its agencies from suit." U.S. 471, nature." 475 Id. (1994). shields the Federal F.D.I.C. v. Meyer, 510 "Sovereign immunity is jurisdictional in ("It is axiomatic that the United States may not be sued without its consent and that the existence of consent is a prerequisite for jurisdiction" marks omitted). (internal citations and quotation "A waiver of the United States's [sic] sovereign immunity must be unequivocally expressed in statutory text and -16- will not be implied." Settles v. 1098, 1105 (D.C. Cir. 2005) U.S. Parole Comm'n, 429 F.3d (internal citations omitted). Here, neither Mr. Majid's Complaint nor his Opposition to the FBI's Motion identify any statute in which the United States has waived sovereign immunity to allow this Court to hear his claim. Instead, Mr. Maj id argues waiver. See Opp' n at 6-8 that Bivens supplies (citing Bivens v. Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388, 389 (1971)). the necessary Six Unknown Fed. He is wrong. In Bivens, the Supreme Court recognized that an implied cause of action exists against federal officials individual's constitutional rights. whether a cause of action exists who violate 403 U.S. at 389. is a an However, distinct question from whether Congress has waived the sovereign immunity of the United States. Meyer, 510 U.S. at 483-84. Bivens does not, indeed cannot, create the necessary waiver of sovereign immunity; all Bivens does is provide a cause of action against federal officials in their personal capacities. Id. Because an official, who is sued in her personal capacity, is not clothed in the sovereign immunity of the United States, Library of Cong., 750 F.2d 89, 103 (D.C. Cir. 1984), nothing to say about the waiver of sovereign immunity. -17- Clark v. Bivens has Moreover, "Bivens claims are not available against federal agencies." Abdelfattah v. U.S. Dept. of Homeland Sec., 787 F.3d 524, 534 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (citing Meyer, 510 U.S. at 483-86)); Drake v. F.A.A., 291 F.3d 59, 72 (D.C. Cir. 2002) ("It is of course well-settled that Bivens liability cannot be imposed on an agency of the Federal Government."). Accordingly, Mr. Majid cannot rely on Bivens to establish the necessary waiver of sovereign immunity. As Mr. Majid has failed to establish that sovereign immunity has been waived, the Court lacks jurisdiction to hear Mr. Majid's claim against the FBI under Count VI, and that claim will be dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b) (1). C. Count VIII: Violations of CA Code against FBI Mr. Majid alleges that the FBI violated Sections 51.7 and 52.1 of the California Civil Code. Count VI, Complaint 65-71. the FBI seeks dismissal of Count VIII of Mr. As with Majid's Complaint, as it relates to the FBI, arguing that there has been no waiver of sovereign immunity to hear this claim. MTD at 10. As Mr. Majid did with his constitutional claims in Count VI, he argues that Bivens provides the necessary waiver of sovereign immunity. Opp'n at 9-10. discussed above. That is incorrect for the same reasons Accordingly, the Court lacks hear Mr. Majid's claims against the FBI, -18- jurisdiction to alleging violations of the California statutes, and that claim will be dismissed pursuant to rule 12 (b) (1) .s D. Additional Arguments Finally, the FBI makes regarding the absence of a number jurisdiction, of additional improper venue, arguments and Mr. Majid's request for injunctive relief. 1. Diversity Jurisdiction The FBI argues that Mr. Majid's Complaint establishes that there is a lack of complete diversity amongst the parties, because his Complaint alleges that both the John Doe Agents and Mr. Majid are residents of California. MSJ at 12 n.2. The FBI, on its own initiative, has suggested that the Federal Tort Claims Act ("FTCA"), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346 (b), 2671-80, might provide the necessary waiver of sovereign immunity. MTD at 10-11 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2674). However, the FBI also argues that Mr. Maj id cannot avail himself of the FTCA for various reasons, including a failure to exhaust his administrative remedies. MTD at 10-14 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2675 (requiring, as a prerequisite to filing suit under the FTCA, that claimants must first present their claim to the agency they allege injured them)). 5 Mr. Majid appears to disclaim any reliance on the FTCA. Opp'n at 9. However, to the extent he does bring this claim pursuant to the FTCA, it is undisputed that he has failed to comply with its requirements in 28 U.S.C. § 2675. For example, the FBI is correct that he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies, and that the Court would have to dismiss his claims on that basis. See Wasserman v. Rodacker, 557 F.3d 635, 642 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (dismissal of FTCA claim was proper where plaintiff failed to exhaust administrative remedies) . -19- Although the FBI is correct that "complete diversity of citizenship" amongst the parties is required to invoke diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 519 U.S. 61, 68 (1996) § f 1332, Caterpillar Inc. v. Lewis, its argument mischaracterizes Mr. Majid's Complaint. fails because Mr. Majid does not allege that the John Doe Agents are citizens of California, they "work out of [the FBI's] California office." 4. it only that 3, There is nothing in the Complaint that establishes that the John Doe Agents' duty station is the same as the state of which they are citizens, and therefore this allegation alone cannot establish an absence of diversity. 6 Since the Court must accept as true Plaintiff's uncontroverted allegation that the John Doe Agents are citizens of a different state, diversity jurisdiction exists as of now. 2. Supplemental Jurisdiction The FBI argues that the court lacks supplemental jurisdiction to hear Mr. Majid's state law claims. MSJ at i2 n.2. Given that The FBI argues that by failing to respond to this argument in his Opposition, Mr. Majid has conceded the absence of diversity jurisdiction. Reply at 2. Given that the FBI's own argument is wholly without merit, the Court will not grant the FBI's Motion on this basis. To the extent that the John Doe Agents exist and are residents of California, that information is entirely within the possession of the FBI and it may introduce such information at any time. 6 -20- the Court will not dismiss the Privacy Act claims against the FBI, this Court has supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), as the FBI concedes in its Motion. MSJ at 12 n.2. 3. Venue The FBI argues that this Court is an improper venue because, under the FTCA, California. Mr. Maj id should have MSJ at 13. brought this action in The FBI is correct that the FTCA only authorizes a suit to be brought in the judicial district where the plaintiff resides or where the challenged act or omission occurred. 28 U.S.C. § 1402(b). However, Mr. Majid did not rely on the FTCA Indeed, in either his Complaint or his merits briefing. given what remains of Mr. Majid's claims once this Opinion issues, none appear to have been brought pursuant to the FTCA. Accordingly, the FBI's argument that this Court is an improper venue to hear the FTCA claim fails. 4. Claims for Injunctive Relief Finally, the FBI argues that Mr. Majid's request for injunctive relief, contained in Counts II and III of his Complaint, are without merit. That argument is premature. sought to dismiss those claims, issues in the case. Whether and therefore, Mr. -21- Maj id can The FBI has not they remain live succeed on the underlying claims and what relief he may be entitled to are questions for another day. IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the FBI's Motion is denied as to Count V and granted as to Counts VI and VII. Additionally, the parties will be ordered to submit briefing on whether the Court may order the FBI to serve the John Doe Agents with a copy of Mr. Majid's Complaint. n.2 See Bivens, 403 U.S. at 390 (noting that the district court ordered the agency to serve the plaintiff's complaint on the agents who participated in the raid where the alleged misconduct took place) . G t -1 I I L-Gv6 L;, ·' \l-<J Gladys United States District Judge March 28, 2017 Copies to: attorneys on record via ECF -22-

Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.