JANKO v. GATES et al, No. 1:2010cv01702 - Document 20 (D.D.C. 2011)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Richard J. Leon on 12/22/2011. (kc, )
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ABDUL RAHIM ABDUL RAZAK AL JANKO, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) ) ROBERT M. GATES, ) ) DONALD RUMSFELD, ) ) PAUL WOLFOWITZ, ) ) GORDON ENGLAND, ) ) REAR ADM. JAMES M. McGARRAH, ) ) RICHARD B. MYERS, ) ) PETER PACE, ) MICHAEL GLENN "MIKE" MULLEN, ) ) ) GARY SPEER, ) ) JAMES T. HILL, ) ) BANTZ CRADDOCK, ) ) JAMES G. ST AVRIDIS, ) ) MAJ. GEN. GEOFFREY D. MILLER, ) ) BRIG. GEN. JAY HOOD, ) REAR ADM. HARRY B. HARRIS, JR., ) ) ) MARK H. BUZBY, ) ) Civil Case No. 10-1702 (RJL) DAVID THOMAS, THOMAS H. COPEMAN III, ADOLPH MCQUEEN, BRIG. GEN. NELSON J. CANNON, COL. MICHAEL BUMGARNER, COL. WADE DENNIS, ESTEBAN RODRIGUEZ, PAUL RESTER, DANIEL MCNEILL, FRANK WIERCINSKI, DOES 1-100 Defendants. IAAl ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) MEMORANDUM OPINION December 2Z'2011 [Dkt. ## 13, 14] Plaintiff Abdul Rahim Abdul Razak Al Janko ("plaintiff') is a Syrian national who was detained in Afghanistan by U.S. military forces in January 2002 and held in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, from May 2002 until October 2009. First Amended Complaint ("FAC")" 11,38, April 29, 2011 [Dkt. #11]. On June 22, 2009, after determining that the Government failed to establish plaintiffs lawful detention as an enemy combatant, I granted plaintiffs petition for a writ of habeas corpus and ordered his release. See Al 2 Ginco v. Obama,l 626 F. Supp. 2d 123 (D.D.C. 2009),jinaljudgment 634 F. Supp. 2d 109 (D.D.C. July 17,2009). Ultimately, plaintiff was released from Guantanamo Bay on October 7, 2009. FAC,-r 38. On October 5,2010, plaintiff filed a Complaint seeking damages against 26 individual defendants, 100 unnamed "Jane" and "John Doe" defendants, and the United States, alleging that he was subjected to abusive treatment while detained by the U.S. military both in Afghanistan and at Guantanamo. Indeed he is the first detainee who was released pursuant to a successful habeas petition to seek damages for the acts he says occurred while in U.S. custody. 2 In particular, he alleges three constitutional violations and four violations of the Alien Tort Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1350, CompI. Oct. 5, 201O,-r,-r 99-154 [Dkt. #1], and seeks compensatory, punitive, and exemplary damages in addition As I explained in my June 22, 2009 Opinion, plaintiff now prefers the surname "AI Janko." Al Ginco, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 124. 1 Here, unlike in a handful of legally similar cases decided by other judges on our Court, the alien who was previously designated an "enemy combatant" applied for, and was granted, a writ of habeas corpus. Compare Al Ginco v. Obama, 626 F. Supp. 2d 123, 130 (D.D.C. 2009) (granting petitioner's writ of habeas corpus, even after a Combatant Status Review Tribunal ("CSRT") determined that petitioner was an "enemy combatant") with In re Pet 'rs Seeking Habeas Corpus Relief in Relation to Prior Detentions at Guantimamo Bay, 700 F. Supp. 2d 119, 136-37 (D.D.C. 2010) (Hogan, J.) (dismissing as moot habeas petitions of plaintiffs who had been determined by CSRTs to be "enemy combatants," but who were later released from Guantanamo) and Al-Zahrani v. Rumsfeld, 684 F. Supp. 2d 103,110 (D.D.C. 2010) (Huvelle, J.) (claims jurisdictionally barred for survivors of aliens detained at Guantanamo who were determined by CSRTs to be "enemy combatants" but who died while in custody). Thus, although the case law controlling whether this Court had jurisdiction over any of the aforementioned plaintiffs' claims (the Court jurisdiction over none) is essentially the same for this plaintiff, the set 2 3 to attorney's fees, id. at 39. Through his April 29, 2011, Amended Complaint, plaintiff added individual defendants; removed eight individual defendants; removed one Alien Tort Statute claim; added one constitutional claim; added nine Foreign Tort Claims Act allegations under 28 U.S.C. § 2675(a); and added one conspiracy claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1985. 3 See generally FAC; see also Defendant United States' Motion to Dismiss Counts Five Through Seventeen, ("Gov't Mot. to Dismiss") at 2, June 29, 2011 [Dkt. #13]. Now before the Court are two motions to dismiss: Defendant United States' Motion to Dismiss Counts Five Through Seventeen ("Gov't Mot. to Dismiss"), June 29, 2011 [Dkt. #13], and Individual Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Counts One Through Four and Count Eighteen, ("Indiv. Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss"), June 29, 2011 [Dkt. #14]. Upon review of the pleadings, the entire record, and the applicable law, the Court GRANTS the United States' Motion to Dismiss Counts Five Through Seventeen [Dkt. #13]. The Court also GRANTS the Individual Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Counts One Through Four and Count Eighteen [Dkt. # 14]. of facts in this case is, to say the least, quite different. In sum, Counts I-IV allege constitutional violations; Counts V-VII allege violations of the Alien Tort Statute; Counts VIII-XVII allege violations of the Federal Tort Claims Act; and Count XVIII alleges conspiracy to interfere with civil rights, in violation of42 U.S.C. § 1985. FAC ~~ 136-287. 3 4 BACKGROUND I. Procedural History The facts of this case are well known and largely undisputed. As I recounted in my June 22, 2009 Opinion, plaintiff is a Syrian citizen who spent his teen years in the United Arab Emirates. Al Ginco, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 125; see also FAC,-r 51. Around January 2000, he traveled to, and began living in, Afghanistan. FAC,-r,-r 53-55. After a brief stay at a Taliban guesthouse he attended the al Farouq training camp only to be accused by certain al Qaeda leaders of being a U.S. spy. Al Ginco, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 127-28. Ultimately he was tortured so severely by al Qaeda that he gave a false "confession" that he was, indeed, a U.S. spy.4 Id. at 127. Thereafter, he was imprisoned by the Taliban for over eighteen months at the infamous Sarpusa prison in Kandahar. s Id.; see also FAC,-r,-r 2,56,58-61. In January 2002, when U.S. forces learned ofplaintiffs presence at the prison - which was by then abandoned - they took him into custody and questioned him at Kandahar Air Base. Al Ginco, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 125, 127; see also FAC,-r 63. At the time, the Government "mistook [AI] Janko as one As I explained in 2009, "Although a detailed description of the various torture methods the petitioner was subjected to by al Qaeda is beyond the scope of this opinion, it would be fair to say that if his account is true even in part, al Qaeda's conduct would be fairly characterized as barbaric." Al Ginco, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 128, n.5. 4 5 It is beyond dispute that "the conditions in the Sarpusa prison were so terrible - if not horrific - that many prisoners died while incarcerated. Prisoners were fed next to nothing, and the prison was overcrowded, unsanitary, and lacked sufficient medical care." Al Ginco, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 127, n.3. 5 of a number of suicide martyrs based on videotapes captured at an al Qaeda safehouse." Al Ginco, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 128, n.4; see also FAC,-r,-r 4,64. Not yet aware that "the tape involving [AI] Janko ... was actually an Al Qaeda torture tape," U.S. forces transported plaintiff to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Al Ginco, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 125, 128, n.4; see also FAC,-r 69. During his time at Guantanamo, plaintiff's detention status was twice reviewed by Combatant Status Review Tribunals ("CSRTs"). On October 27,2004, the first of two different CSRT panels determined that plaintiff was an enemy combatant. See FAC,-r 94. That CSRT panel relied upon evidence such as the taped confession the Government later learned was coerced. See id. An Administrative Review Board ("ARB") later affirmed plaintiff's status as an enemy combatant and continued his detention on October 24,2005. See id. ,-r 95. Relying upon much of the same evidence, a second CSRT panel again determined in 2008 that plaintiff was properly detained as an enemy combatant. Id. ,-r 96. Ultimately, however, in the aftermath of the Supreme Court's decision in Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466, 483 (2004) (holding that 28 U.S.C. § 2241 extends statutory habeas corpus jurisdiction to detainees in Guantanamo Bay), plaintiff filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus with this Court on June 30, 2005. Al Ginco, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 125; see also FAC,-r 99. No action was taken on the petition until after the Supreme Court ruled on June 12,2008, in Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723, 771 (2008), that Guantanamo 6 detainees are "entitled to the privilege of habeas corpus to challenge the legality of their detention." Shortly after Boumediene, I issued a Case Management Order ("CMO") on August 27,2008 for the handling of the 26 habeas petitions on my docket. After a protracted series of procedural issues, described more fully in my earlier Opinion, I commenced the habeas corpus proceedings for petitioner Al Janko on May 28, 2009. On June 22,2009, I granted his petition and ordered his release, finding that "the limited and brief nature of [AI] Janko's relationship with al Qaeda (and/or the Taliban) ... was sufficiently vitiated" by his intervening mistreatment and imprisonment by al Qaeda and the Taliban such that "he was no longer 'part of al Qaeda (or the Taliban) at the time he was taken into custody by U.S. forces in 2002," and, as a result, the Government "failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that [AI] Janko was lawfully detainable as an enemy combatant ... at the time he was taken into custody." Al Ginco, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 130. Final judgment was entered in the case on July 17, 2009. The United States did not appeal the ruling, and the plaintiff was finally released from Guantanamo on October 7, 2009. FAC ~~ 99-100. II. First Amended Complaint Plaintiff now brings suit against the United States, 20 current and former high-ranking civilian and military officials,6 and 100 Jane and John Does, FAC ~~ 13-35 6 As explained below in Section III.B.l, the Government properly substituted the 7 - "the individual officers, military commanders, and policymakers" allegedly "responsible for [p ]laintiffs wrongful detention, and for the conditions inflicted on him" - seeking money damages for the constitutional and statutory violations he allegedly suffered during his detentions in Afghanistan 7 and Guantanamo. 8 PI. 's Opp'n to Indiv. United States as the sole defendant for plaintiffs Alien Tort Statute claims in Counts V-VII. According to the Government, however, "[i]t is unclear to what extent Counts One through Four and Count Eighteen address the 'abusive techniques' alleged to have occurred in Afghanistan." Indiv. Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss at 3, n.3 (emphasis added). Indeed, plaintiff focuses his allegations on Guantanamo in these Counts. See id (noting specific references to Guantanamo in the F AC). 7 With respect to plaintiffs allegations against individual defendants: in Counts I, II, IV (against defendants Gates, Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz, England, McGarrah, Miller, Hood, Harris, Buzby, Thomas, Copeman, McQueen, Cannon, Bumgarner, Dennis, Rodriguez, and Rester), plaintiff alleges that his detention and conditions of confinement violated his Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights, and that the CSRT violated his Fifth Amendment right to due process. FAC ~~ 136-49, ~~ 154-61. In Count III (against defendants Ashcroft and Mueller), plaintiff alleges denial of a "name-clearing hearing" in violation of his Fifth Amendment right to due process. FAC ~~ 150-53. In Count XVIII, plaintiff alleges (among other things) that the individual defendants conspired to abuse and detain him in violation of his Fourth, Fifth, and Thirteenth Amendment rights, and in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2)-(3). FAC ~~ 283-287; see also Indiv. Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss at 1. Plaintiff also alleges multiple violations of the Alien Tort Statute ("ATS"), 28 U.S.C. § 1350, which were later converted, by substitution, into claims against the United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act ("FTCA"), 28 U.S.C. § 2671 et seq. In Count V, for example, plaintiff alleges violation of his right to be free from prolonged, arbitrary detention; in Count VI, violation of his right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment; and in Count VII, violation of his rights under the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions. See F AC ~~ 162-84. He also brings nine state tort claims against the United States under the FTCA, including allegations of negligent failure to protect from harm (Count VIII); negligent failure to provide adequate medical care (Count IX); cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment (Count X); intentional infliction of emotional distress (Count XI); negligent infliction of emotional distress (Count XII); false 8 8 Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss ("Pl.'s Opp'n to Indiv. Defs."), Aug. 29, 2011, at 5 [Dkt. #17]. To be sure, plaintiff does not allege that any specific, identifiable defendant personally mistreated him. See Indiv. Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss at 4. Nevertheless, he alleges that while he was detained and believed to be an enemy combatant, U.S. forces used "abusive interrogation techniques" against him, such as "striking his forehead; threatening to remove his fingernails; sleep deprivation; exposure to very cold temperatures; ... humiliation; ... and rough treatment," FAC ~~ 66-67. 9 He claims that unidentified U.S. forces urinated upon him when he first arrived in Guantanamo, FAC and force-fed him, id. ~ 72; stepped on plaintiffs Koran, id. ~ ~ 71; tied, shackled, 81; subjected him to solitary confinement, resulting in "extreme sleep deprivation," id. ~ 73; deprived him of arrest and false imprisonment (Count XIII); assault (Count XIV); battery (Count XV); prolonged, arbitrary detention (Count XVI); and negligent supervision and hiring (Count XVII). See FAC ~~ 185-282; see also Gov't Mot. to Dismiss at 1. 9 It is important to note that where plaintiff references "torture," he either: 1) alleges that the Taliban or Al Qaeda tortured him prior to being held in U.S. custody, see, e.g., FAC ~~ 2,49,56,58,62,68, 71, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 236, 256; or he 2) alleges or references torture in the abstract, see, e.g., FAC ~~ 36, 135, 171, 178. To the extent he directs allegations at the United States or at U.S. personnel, he does not claim that any known person participated in his alleged torture. See, e.g., FAC ~~ 1 ("[ t]he United States Government subjected Plaintiff to ... torture"); 14, 18, 106, 123, 124, 127, 129, 172 (individual defendants' alleged approval, knowledge, or implementation of torture or acts "tantamount to torture"); 33-35 (alleged U.S. citizens' (Jane/John Does') participation in torture). Of course, the fact that plaintiff does not allege such conduct by any known U.S. citizen only underscores the U.S. policy against such conduct. As the Government's brief makes very clear: "Torture is flatly illegal. Defendants abhor it, and the government has repudiated it in the strongest terms." Indiv. Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss at 4 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 2340A; Exec. Order No. 13491, § 3(a), 74 Fed. Reg. 4894 (Jan. 22,2009)). 9 adequate medical and psychological care, id. threats against himself and his family," id. ~ ~ 74; and inflicted "severe beatings and 75. Plaintiff claims that as a result of these and other allegations of mistreatment, he attempted suicide seventeen times. Id. ~ 78. He now seeks damages for the physical and psychological injuries he allegedly suffered. ANALYSIS I. Standard of Review The jurisdiction of federal courts is, of course, limited. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3), "[i]fthe court determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action." Accordingly, "it is the duty of this court to dismiss whenever it becomes apparent that [this court] lack[s] jurisdiction." Green v. Dep 't o/Commerce, 618 F.2d 836, 839 (D.C. Cir. 1980). When facing a Rule 12(b)(I) motion to dismiss, plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that jurisdiction exists. Khadr v. United States, 529 F.3d 1112, 1115 (D.C. Cir. 2008). The Court, in turn, "must accept as true all well-pleaded factual allegations and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiffs." Logan v. Dep't o/Veteran. Affairs, 357 F. Supp. 2d 149, 153 (D.D.C. 2004) (quoting Fitts v. Fed. Nat'f Mortg. Ass 'n, 44 F. Supp. 2d 317,321 (D.D.C. 1999)). Even so, a court "may give the plaintiffs factual allegations closer scrutiny and may consider materials outside the pleadings" when evaluating its ability to hear a claim. Logan, 357 F. Supp. 2d at 153 10 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(l)); see also Grand Lodge o/Fraternal Order o/Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F. Supp. 2d 9, 13-14 (D.D.C. 2001) (Urbina, J.). A defendant's motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction should only be granted, however, when "it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Richardson v. United States, 193 F.3d 545, 549 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (internal quotation and citation omitted); see also Pl.'s Opp'n to Indiv. Defs. at 8. II. Individual Defendants (Counts I-IV and XVIII) The resolution of this case turns on the answer to one question: whether the jurisdiction stripping provision in § 7 of the MCA applies to damages claims by aliens who have been released from Guantanamo pursuant to a successful habeas petition. Unfortunately for the plaintiff, the answer is yes and, as such, the defendants' motion must be GRANTED. A. This Court Lacks Jurisdiction to Hear Plaintiff's Claims Against the Individual Defendants. The Congress has spoken with particular clarity on the matter now before this Court. Indeed, the Congress stripped this Court of jurisdiction to hear any ofplaintiffs allegations, all eighteen of which are barred under Section 7 of the Military Commissions Act of2006, Pub. L. No. 109-366, 120 Stat. 2600, 2635 (codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2241(e)) ("MCA"). Under 28 U.S.C. § 2241(e)(2): [N]o court, justice, or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or 11 consider any other action against the United States or its agents relating to any aspect of the detention, ... treatment, .. . or conditions of confinement of an alien who is or was detained by the United States and has been determined by the United States to have been properly detained as an enemy combatant or is awaiting such determination (emphasis added). Thus, on its face, the MCA prohibits this - and any other - Court from hearing cases such as plaintiffs, which involves an alien "detained by the United States," see FAC ,-r,-r 11, 63-89, and which plainly relates to aspects of his "detention [and] treatment" while he was in U.S. custody in Afghanistan and Guantanamo, see id. ,-r,-r 136-287. Undaunted by what appears to be a clear statutory bar, plaintiff argues that MCA § 7 does not, in fact, bar his claims. Plaintiffs main contention is that his suit falls outside the scope of the MCA because he was neither "properly detained as an enemy combatant" nor "awaiting such determination." 28 U.S.C. § 2241(e)(2); see also Pl.'s Opp'n to Indiv. Defs. at 9-13. Not so! Plaintiffs argument that he was not "determined by the United States to have been properly detained as an enemy combatant" is clearly mistaken. The term "United States" in § 2241 (e )(2) refers to the Executive Branch, not the Judicial Branch. Indeed, Judge Hogan of our Court reached that very conclusion just last year in In re Pet'rs Seeking Habeas Corpus Reliefin Relation to Prior Detentions at Guantanamo Bay, 700 F. Supp. 2d 119, 136-37 (D.D.C. 2010) (Hogan, J.). Thus, the determinations of two separate CSRTs - one in 2004, and another in 2008, both of which determined that plaintiff was an enemy combatant - more than satisfy the statutory 12 requirements of28 U.S.C. § 2241(e)(2).JO See Indiv. Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss at 6; see also FAC ,-r,-r 94-96. And, notwithstanding plaintiffs arguments to the contrary, my subsequent grant of habeas relief neither eliminates the MCA's jurisdictional bar to plaintiffs detention-related claims, nor confers jurisdiction over his non-habeas claims. Indiv. Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss at 6. But see PI.'s Opp'n to Indiv. Defs. at 10 (arguing that "[w]hen this Court granted [p]laintiffs writ of habeas corpus, it affirmed that [p]laintiff was clearly not part of the Taliban or Al Qaeda when he was detained, and he thus was not 'lawfully' detained"). Indeed, a number of my colleagues on this Court have examined this very legal issue in somewhat similar factual settings and still determined that The plain language of the statute precludes jurisdiction over claims by aliens who "ha[ve] been determined" to be enemy combatants by the United States. 28 U.S.C. § 224l(e)(2). Nothing in the statute qualifies the necessary determination or suggests that it must be conducted in a particular way. Al-Zahrani, 684 F. Supp. 2d at 110 (D.D.C. 2010) (Huvelle, J.).11 And, since the As defendants note: "The United States has since discontinued the CSRT process. Nevertheless, the CSRT process was the review mechanism in place at the time the MCA was enacted, and it was clearly the process Congress contemplated when crafting Section 2241 (e)(2)." Indiv. Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss at 6, n.S. 10 Similarly, another judge on our Court held that a district court's grant of a habeas corpus petition is not a "determin[ation] by the United States" that the petitioner has not "been properly detained as an enemy combatant" within Section 224l(e)(2) because under the statute's plain terms, "United States" refers to the Executive, and not the II 13 "United States," through its 2004 and 2008 CSRTs, determined that plaintiff was as an enemy combatant, MCA § 7 unequivocally bars plaintiff's claims against the United States and its agents - including all individual defendants - and this Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction to hear plaintiff's claims. 12 Thus, even accepting as true Judicial, branch. In re Pet'rs Seeking Habeas Corpus Relief, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 136-37 (Hogan, J.) ("[A] successful habeas petition would not provide a federal court with jurisdiction to hear a Petitioner's 'other action,' in this case a damages action,"), aff'd on other grounds sub nom. Gul v. Obama, 652 F.3d 12 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Thus, plaintiff's argument that "[c]ourts and judges are part of 'the United States' for purposes of § 2241," PI. 's Opp'n to Indiv. Defs. at 11 - a statutory construction argument considered and expressly denied in In re Pet'rs Seeking Habeas Corpus Relief, also fails. See 700 F. Supp. 2d at 136-37; see also Indiv. Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss at 6-7; Indiv. Defs.' Reply in Supp. or Mot. to Dismiss ("Indiv. Defs.' Reply"), Sept. at 13-14 [Dkt. #18]. Plaintiff also argues that even ifhis claims are encompassed by the MCA's jurisdictional bar, the statute is unconstitutional as applied to him and therefore does not prevent this Court from hearing his claims. Plaintiff offers multiple variations on the same theme to support his argument, yet each fails in tum. First, he contends that the Supreme Court invalidated Section 7 of the MCA - including both 28 U.S.c. § 2241(e)(1) (bar on detainee habeas claims) and § 2241(e)(2) (bar on "other" non-habeas claims) - in Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723, 792 (2008). PI.'s Opp'n to Indiv. Defs. at 15-17. Plaintiff's interpretation of the Boumediene holding is, to say the least, strained, and it is wholly unconvincing. See Boumediene, 553 U.S. at 792 ("In view of our holding we need not discuss the reach of the writ with respect to claims of unlawful conditions of treatment or confinement."). Indeed, every court in our Circuit to consider the issue has concluded that "Boumediene did not invalidate § 2241(e)(2)." AI-Zahrani, 684 F. Supp. 2d at 108-109; see also, e.g., AI-Adahi v. Obama, 596 F. Supp. 2d Ill, 119 (D.D.C. 2009) (Kessler, J.); Khadr v. Bush, 587 F. Supp. 2d 225,235-36 (D.D.C. 2008) (Bates, J.); In re Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litig., 577 F. Supp. 2d 314,315-16 (D.D.C. 2008) (Hogan, J.); In re Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litig., 570 F. Supp. 2d 13, 18 (D.D.C. 2008) (Urbina, J.). Moreover, to the extent plaintiff attempts to facially challenge the MCA, I decline to address it here. See AI-Zahrani, 684 F. Supp. 2d at 110. Similarly, plaintiff's argument - that because CSRTs are not constitutionally sufficient alternatives to habeas corpus review, Boumediene, 553 U.S. at 733, using plaintiff's two CSRT hearings as a basis for a jurisdictional bar is also unconstitutional, Opp 'n to Indiv. Defs. 12 14 plaintiffs factual allegations and drawing all reasonable inferences in his favor, plaintiffs claims against the individual defendants are barred by statute. Accordingly, this Court has no subject-matter jurisdiction to consider them and defendants' Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED as to the individual defendants. 13 III. Defendant U.S. Government (Counts V-XVII) A. This Court Also Lacks Jurisdiction to Hear Plaintiff's Claims Against the U.S. Government. at 14-15 - also fails. See Al-Zahrani, 684 F. Supp. 2d at 110 ('The argument that because CSRT review has been found to be an inadequate substitute for habeas review, it is also inconclusive for 'purposes of application ofMCA Section 7' is baseless."). His argument that MCA § 7 violates "traditional due process principles," see Opp'n to Indiv. Defs. at 17-24, is also meritless. In any event, even if this Court had jurisdiction to consider plaintiff s claims (which it does not), qualified immunity would surely shield the individual defendants from suit for civil damages. See Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985) (stating that qualified immunity is "immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability") (emphasis in original). Here, because the rights plaintiff seeks to invoke - specifically his own Fourth, Fifth, and Thirteenth Amendment rights, see Pl.'s Opp'n to Indiv. Defs. at 25 - were not clearly established at the time of his detention, the individual defendants would be entitled to qualified immunity even if a Bivens action were implied. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009) (holding that district court may examine whether right was clearly established before asking whether the officer's conduct violated a constitutional right); see also Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 533-35 (2004) (plurality opinion) (outlining due process requirements for a citizen-detainee while noting that tribunal proceedings may need to be tailored to avoid burden on the Executive Branch); Indiv. Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss at 22-25. Accordingly, because "[n]o reasonable government official would have been on notice ... that plaintiff[] had any [constitutional] rights," Al-Zahrani, 684 F. Supp. 2d at 112, n.5, plaintiffs claims would - in any eventfail, and defendants' Motion to Dismiss would still be granted. For substantially the same reasons, plaintiffs § 1985 claim (Count XVIII) would also be dismissed. That is, even if plaintiff could state a § 1985 claim (which he cannot), defendants would still be entitled to qualified immunity. See Indiv. Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss at 32-36. 13 15 F or the same reasons discussed above in Section II.A, the Military Commissions Act of2006 bars plaintiffs claims against the Government. Because the MCA acts as a complete jurisdictional bar, this Court does not have subject-matter jurisdiction to hear plaintiffs ATS and FTCA claims and therefore the Government's Motion to Dismiss Counts V-XVII must also be GRANTED. Not surprisingly, perhaps, this result would be no different even if the MCA were not a jurisdictional bar. How so? B. Under Any Circumstances, This Court Lacks Jurisdiction to Hear Plaintiff's Alien Torts Statute and Federal Tort Claims Act Claims (Counts VI-XVII). Even if the MCA did not bar plaintiffs claims (and it does), this Court still would not have jurisdiction to hear plaintiff s ATS and FTCA claims against the United States. The Government contends that the viability of plaintiffs claims against the United States boils down to the resolution of one question: whether the United States has waived sovereign immunity as to the instant claims. Gov't Mot. to Dismiss at 4. I agree that it has not been waived with respect to the ATS claims contained in Counts V-VII, and because the foreign-country exception bars plaintiffs FTCA claims arising in Afghanistan and Guantanamo (Claims VIII-XVII), the answer is unequivocally "no." 1. The United States Properly Substituted Itself As the Sole Defendant For Plaintiff's Alien Torts Statute Claims In Counts V-VII. In Counts V-VII, plaintiff brings claims under the Alien Tort Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1350, alleging that the named defendants violated his right to be free from "prolonged 16 arbitrary detention" (Count V, FAC ~~ 162-67) and his right to be free from "torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment" (Count VI, FAC ~~ 168-75). He also alleges violations of his rights under customary international law and the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions. FAC ~~ 176-84. Because plaintiff improperly brings claims under the ATS, however, a preliminary examination of those claims is essential to determining this Court's jurisdiction to hear them. Under the ATS, "district courts ... have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 1350. But under the Westfall Act,14 the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2671 et seq., is the exclusive remedy in a suit against the United States for "injury or loss of property, or personal injury or death arising or resulting from the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope of his office or employment." 28 U.S.C. § 2679(b)(l). Indeed, "[ a]ny other civil action or proceeding for money damages arising out of or relating to the same subject matter against the employee or the employee's estate is precluded without regard to when the act or omission occurred." Id. (emphasis added). Here, because the defendants named in Counts V-VII were acting within the scope 14 See Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988, Pub. L. No. 100-694, 102 Stat. 4563 (codified as amended at 28 U.S.C. §§ 2671, 2674, 2679). 17 of their employment,15 and because neither Westfall Act exception applies in this case,16 plaintiff's exclusive remedy (to the extent any remedy exists at all) is against the United States through the FTCA and not through the ATS. Accordingly, the United States is 15 Despite plaintiff's extensive arguments to the contrary, see Pl.'s Opp'n to United States' Mot. to Dismiss ("Pl.'s Opp'n to Gov't"), Aug. 29, 2011, at 3-10 [Dkt. #16], there is no real dispute about the named defendants acting within the scope of their employment. Indeed, the conduct plaintiff alleges - conduct related to both interrogation and detention, see FAC ~ 170 ("[t]he acts described herein had ... the purpose[] of obtaining information or a confession from [p]laintiff') - falls well within defendants' scope of employment. Accordingly, this Court is bound by the holdings in Rasul v. Myers, 512 F.3d 644 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (Rasul1), vacated by 129 S. Ct. 763 (2008), reinstated in relevant part by 563 F.3d 527 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (Rasul II), and Ali v. Rumsfeld, 649 F.3d 762, 774 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (concluding, based on facts similar to those here, that "defendants' alleged tortious conduct - 'the detention and interrogation of suspected enemy combatants'- was 'incidental to [their] legitimate employment duties' because it was 'the type of conduct the defendants were employed to engage in"') (quoting Rasul 1,512 F.3d at 658-59), and the United States was properly substituted as the defendant. This is true even where the "complaint alleges torture and abuse tied exclusively to the plaintiffs' detention in a military prison and to the interrogations conducted therein." Rasul I, 512 F.3d at 658 (internal citations and quotations omitted). Ultimately, however, plaintiff's own words are most telling: he alleges that each named defendant "act[ ed] under the color of law as a United States official or federal officer." FAC ~~ 165,172,179. There are two Westfall Act exceptions for which the FTCA is not the exclusive remedy for claims against federal employees acting within the scope of their employment: claims brought "for a violation of the Constitution of the United States" and claims brought "for a violation ofa statute of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 2679(b)(2). Plaintiff's claims satisty neither exception. Counts V-VII allege violations of the A TS, not the Constitution. Moreover, the ATS "'is strictly a jurisdictional statute' that 'does not confer rights nor does it impose obligations or duties that, if violated, would trigger the Westfall Act's statutory exception.'" Ali, 649 F.3d at 777 (quoting Rasul v. Rumsfeld, 414 F. Supp. 2d 26,37-38 (D.D.C. 2006». Finally, the customary international law claims underlying plaintiff's claims also fall outside the two Westfall Act exceptions. See Gov't Mot. to Dismiss at 8-9. Plaintiff's primary retort - that this Court should disregard binding precedent and adopt as law Judge Edwards' Ali dissent, 16 18 properly substituted - by operation oflaw under 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(1)17 - for the named defendants in Counts V-VII. As the sole defendant for Counts V-VII, however, those Counts must face the same inquiry as Counts VIII-XVII: whether the United States has waived sovereign immunity for claims for money damages under the A TS, or for the A TS claims underlying plaintiff's FTCA claims. Unfortunately for the plaintiff, the answer, once again, is: "no." 2. Because The United States Has Not Waived Sovereign Immunity With Respect to the ATS, This Court Does Not Have Jurisdiction To Hear Plaintiff's ATS Claims (Counts V-VII). It is well settled that a plaintiff cannot sue the United States without an express waiver of sovereign immunity. F.D.I.C. v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 474 (1994).18 But the Supreme Court has made clear that the ATS does not itself create a cause of action, Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 724 (2004), and our Circuit Court has held that the ATS does not constitute an independent waiver of sovereign immunity, Sanchez-Espinoza v. Reagan, 770 F.2d 202, 207 (D.C. Cir. 1985). Moreover, the United States has not waived sovereign immunity under the FTCA as it relates to the alleged conduct - such as see Pl.'s Opp'n to Gov't at 10-14, is - to say the least - unavailing. The Government's certification that the named defendants acted in the scope of their federal employment is sufficient to make a prima facie showing. See, e.g., Council on Am. Islamic Rels. v. Ballenger, 444 FJd 659,662 (D.C. Cir. 2006); see also Gov't Mot. to Dismiss at 5, n.5. 17 To the extent the United States has waived sovereign immunity for certain aspects of the FTCA, see infra Section III.BJ, those aspects are not implicated here. 18 19 violations of customary international law, the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions, and other international standards, see FAC,-r,-r 164,171, 178, 179 - underlying plaintiff's ATS claims. Indeed, Counts V-VII are not covered under the FTCA's waiver of sovereign immunity because they do not allege that "the United States would be liable to the claimant as a private person in accordance with the law a/the place l9 where the act or omission occurred." 510 U.S. at 477 (emphasis added) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2846(b)). Of course, customary international law is not state law and therefore Counts V-VII are not covered under the FTCA's limited waiver.20 Thus, since the United States has not waived its sovereign immunity with respect to the ATS claims contained in Counts V-VII, this Court does not have jurisdiction to hear them and the Government's Motion to Dismiss must be GRANTED as to Counts V-VII. 3. Because the Foreign Country Exception to the FTCA Bars Claims Arising in a Foreign Country, This Court Does Not Have 19 By interpreting "law of the place" as "the law of the State - the source of substantive liability under the FTCA," Meyer, 510 U.S. at 478, the Supreme Court has excluded federal claims from the FTCA waiver, see Miree v. DeKalb County, 433 U.S. 25, 29 n.4 (1977). As the Seventh Circuit has persuasively described, "[i]fthe plaintiff's claim is not cognizable under state tort law, it does not fall within the sovereign's waiver of immunity and must be dismissed." See Sobitan v. Glud, 589 F.3d 379, 389 (7th Cir. 2009). For the same reason, Counts X (cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment) and XVI (prolonged arbitrary detention), FAC ,-r,-r 206,255, must be dismissed because neither alleges torts actionable against private individuals under the laws of Washington, D.C. Moreover, plaintiff's convoluted claims that the law of Washington, D.C., somehow incorporates customary international law and that the ATS is thus included in the FTCA's waiver of sovereign immunity, see Pl.'s Opp'n to Gov't at 15-19, is both incredible and unsupported by law. See also Gov't Reply at 10. 20 20 Jurisdiction To Hear Counts VIII-XVII (Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2671 et seq.).21 In Counts VIII-XVII, plaintiff brings nine state-tort claims against the United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2671 et seq. All of those claims, however, are barred by the foreign-country exception to the FTCA. Although the FTCA constitutes a limited waiver of the United States' sovereign immunity, United States v. Orleans, 425 U.S. 807, 813 (1976), it also contains several exceptions to its waiver. Specifically excluded from the FTCA waiver of sovereign immunity is "[a]ny claim arising in a foreign country." 28 U.S.C. § 2680(k). It is beyond dispute that the substance of plaintiff s allegations arose outside of the United States in Afghanistan and in Cuba. Tellingly, plaintiff does not quarrel with this Court's lack of subject-matter jurisdiction to hear his Afghanistan-related claims. He does, however, challenge whether the foreign-country exception bars his claims arising out of conduct which took place in Guantanamo. Not surprisingly, plaintiff once again suggests that Guantanamo is a United States "sovereign for purposes of § 2680(k)." Pl.'s Opp'n to Gov't at 20. And once again, his argument fails. See Boumediene, 553 U.S. at 754 ("We therefore do not question the Government's position that Cuba, not the United States, maintains sovereignty, in the Because the United States was substituted as the sole defendant for Counts V-VII, those Counts are subject to the same foreign-country exception analysis as Counts VIII-XVII, and are also barred for that reason. 21 21 legal and technical sense of the tenn, over Guantanamo Bay."). Indeed, Guantanamo fits well within the Supreme Court's "foreign country" definition for purposes of the FTCA: it is a "territory subject to the sovereignty of another nation." United States v. Spelar, 338 U.S. 217, 219 (1949).22 And as the Government points out, other courts - in our Circuit and others - have uniformly dismissed FTCA claims arising in Guantanamo for precisely this reason. See, e.g., AI-Zahrani, 684 F. Supp. 2d at 117-19 (relying on Spelar to bar FTCA claims arising in Guantanamo); see also Def. United States' Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss ("Gov't Reply"), Sept. 26, 2011 at 12 [Dkt. #19] (citing other persuasive authority). As a result, this Court clearly lacks jurisdiction to hear plaintiffs FTCA claims23 and the Government's Motion to Dismiss must also be GRANTED with respect to Counts VIII-XVII. CONCLUSION War, by its very nature, victimizes many of those caught in its wake. Innocent Just as the Supreme Court looked to the lease between the U.S. and Great Britain to detennine British sovereignty in Spelar, it also looked to the lease between the U.S. and Cuba to detennine Cuban sovereignty in Guantanamo. Compare Spelar, 338 U.S. at 218-19 with Rasul, 542 U.S. at 471. In both cases, the bases remained subject to the lessor's sovereignty because the lease did not transfer sovereignty to the United States. See 338 U.S. at 218-19; 542 U.S. at 471; see also Gov't Mot. to Dismiss at 12. 22 23 To the extent plaintiff alleges that conduct in Afghanistan and Cuba was caused by acts or omissions of individuals in Washington, D.C., and thus avoids the foreign-country exception, those arguments are squarely foreclosed by Sosa, 542 U.S. at 711-12 (repudiating the "headquarters doctrine" and emphasizing that "the FTCA's foreign country exception bars all claims based on any injury suffered in a foreign country, regardless of where the tortious act or omission occurred") (emphasis added). 22 civilians are invariably killed, and sometimes even mistakenly imprisoned. Our legal system was never designed to provide a remedy in our Courts for these inevitable tragedies, especially in a conflict like this where terrorists cunningly morph into their surroundings. Indeed, the Congress has specifically barred the Judicial Branch from reviewing "any aspect of the detention ... treatment ... or conditions of confinement of an alien who is or was detained by the United States and has been determined by the United States to have been properly detained as an enemy combatant or is awaiting such determination," 28 U.S.C. § 2241(e)(2). For this Court to circumvent such a clear directive from our Legislative Branch would be an utter disregard of the limitations of our judicial power. And thus, for all of the foregoing reasons, the defendants' Motions to Dismiss [Dkt. ## 13, 14] must be GRANTED. An Order consistent with this decision accompanies this Opinion. r ~ RICHARDJ. E United States District Judge 23
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