DONOHOE v. BONNEVILLE INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, No. 1:2007cv00949 - Document 70 (D.D.C. 2009)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER overruling plaintiff's objections 20 33 to the order denying his motion for leave to increase the number of depositions; sustaining in part and overruling in part plaintiff's objections 63 to the order denyi ng his renewed motion for leave to increase the number of depositions; and sustaining in part and overruling in part the plaintiff's objections 44 64 to the order denying his motion to compel and granting the defendant's motion for a pr otective order. Discovery is extended until April 10, 2009 for the limited purpose of complying with this order. The post-discovery status conference scheduled for March 17, 2009 is canceled and parties are ordered to file a joint status report and proposed order by April 14, 2009 suggesting three mutually convenient dates on which to hold the post-discovery status conference. Signed by Judge Richard W. Roberts on 2/27/09. (lcrwr2)
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ______________________________ ) ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) ) ) BONNEVILLE INT L CORP., ) ) Defendant. ) ______________________________) LEO DONOHOE, Civil Action No. 07-949 (RWR) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER Plaintiff Leo Donohoe brings this action against his former employer Bonneville International Corporation, alleging that Bonneville discriminated against him on the basis of his age, in violation of the District of Columbia Human Rights Act, D.C. Code ยง 2-1401 et. seq. Donohoe has filed five sets of objections to discovery rulings made by the magistrate judge. Because Donohoe has not shown error in rulings denying him leave to multiply his allotted number of depositions, his objections will be overruled except as to leave to depose Paul White, Jory Steiber, and Ralph Renzi. In addition, because Donohoe for the most part has not shown that issuing a protective order and denying his motion to compel was error, his objections to these rulings will be overruled except to the extent the rulings were based upon an erroneous finding that the parties joint discovery plan -2contained a binding stipulation limiting each side to thirty document requests per side. BACKGROUND Donohoe, who was over forty during the events relevant to this action, contends that Bonneville, his former employer, discriminated against him because of his age by improperly including him in the Reduction in Force ( RIF ) conducted in Bonneville s Washington, D.C. office, and by subsequently selecting Matt Spacciapoli, a younger, allegedly less-qualified individual, for the position of Director of National Sales/Sports Sales Manager over Donohoe. During the course of discovery, Donohoe filed two motions seeking leave to increase the number of depositions permitted for each party under the scheduling order from seven to twenty-five. The magistrate judge denied both motions. In addition, Donohoe filed a motion to compel Bonneville to respond to certain documents requests, and Bonneville filed a motion for a protective order to bar such discovery. The magistrate judge denied Donohoe s motion to compel and granted Bonneville s motion for a protective order barring discovery of the contested documents, with the exception that Donohoe could inquire into Bonneville s headquarters role in the January 2006 RIF in Washington, D.C. through a Rule 30(b)(6) deposition of Bonneville. Donohoe has filed five sets of objections to the magistrate judge s discovery rulings. -3DISCUSSION Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 72(a) and Local Civil Rule 72.2(b) allow a party to seek reconsideration of a magistrate judge s decision in a discovery dispute. On review, the magistrate judge s decision is entitled to great deference unless it is clearly erroneous or contrary to law, that is, if on the entire evidence the court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Moore v. Chertoff, 577 F. Supp. 2d 165, 167 (D.D.C. 2008) (internal quotations and citations omitted); see also Graham v. Mukasey, 247 F.R.D. 205, 207 (D.D.C. 2008); LCvR 72.2(c) ( Upon consideration of objections filed . . . , a district judge may modify or set aside any portion of a magistrate judge s order under this Rule found to be clearly erroneous or contrary to law. ). Parties may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party s claim or defense . . . . Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). Relevant information need not be admissible at the trial if the discovery appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. Id.; see United States ex rel. Fargo v. M&T Mortgage Corp., 235 F.R.D. 11, 21 (D.D.C. 2006) ( Rule 26(b)(1) entitles parties to broad discovery, permitting discovery that is reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. (quotations omitted)); Peskoff v. Faber, Civil Action No. 04-526 -4(HHK/JMF), 2006 WL 1933483, at *2 (D.D.C. July 11, 2006) (finding that a party s discovery request was not overly broad where it was relevant, meaning that it was reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of evidence relating to plaintiff s claim). For the purposes of discovery, relevancy is broadly construed and encompasses any material that bears on, or that reasonably leads to other matters that could bear on, any issue that is or may be in the case. (D.D.C. 2000). Alexander v. F.B.I., 194 F.R.D. 316, 325 Moreover, because discrimination is particularly hard to prove . . . , discovery in these cases is necessarily broad. Mitchell v. Nat l R.R. Passenger Corp., 208 F.R.D. 455, 459 (D.D.C. 2002). Although discovery rules are to be accorded a broad and liberal treatment, Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 507 (1947), under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(2)(C), discovery should be limited by the court if it determines that: (i) the discovery sought is unreasonably cumulative or duplicative, or can be obtained from some other source that is more convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive; (ii) the party seeking discovery has had ample opportunity to obtain the information by discovery in the action; or (iii) the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit, considering the needs of the case, the amount in controversy, the parties resources, the importance of the issues at stake in the action, and the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(C). -5I. MOTIONS FOR LEAVE TO TAKE ADDITIONAL DEPOSITIONS Donohoe objects to the denial of his two motions for leave to increase the number of depositions permitted under the scheduling order in this case. Donohoe s original motion sought leave to increase the number of depositions permitted from seven to twenty-five before a single deposition had been taken in this case, naming only fifteen potential deponents, and without proffering any specific need for each deposition. The magistrate judge denied this motion because, among other reasons, the motion was premature because Donohoe had not exhausted his permitted seven depositions. Donohoe s objections to this ruling identify no legal error, and instead put forth additional arguments never presented to the magistrate judge. Because Donohoe has not shown the denial of his first motion to be clearly erroneous, his objections will be overruled. Donohoe s renewed motion for leave to increase the number of depositions permitted again sought to increase the number of permitted depositions from seven to twenty-five. Incorporating by reference the arguments made in his previous objections to the magistrate judge s ruling, Donohoe identified the seven depositions taken or noticed under the original scheduling order, listed an additional fifteen potential witnesses, and briefly described his need to depose these individuals. In his reply in support of his renewed motion, in the event that the magistrate judge would not grant leave to take up to twenty-five -6depositions, he requested leave to depose thirteen essential witnesses beyond his seven allocated depositions.1 Bonneville opposed leave for any additional depositions, arguing that, among other reasons, the depositions would be duplicative or merely cumulative of other evidence obtained in discovery; Donohoe had not shown that he had exhausted less burdensome means to obtain information sought from these depositions nor had he showed that these depositions would likely reveal new information; and the additional depositions would unnecessarily drive up the costs of discovery well beyond its already substantial level. (Def. s Opp n to Pl. s Objns. to Order Denying Leave to Take Add l Deps. ( Def. s May 16 Opp n ) at 13; Def. s Consol. Opp n to Pl. s Supp. Objns. and Opp n to Pl. s Renewed Mot. for Add l Deps. ( Def. s June 26 Opp n ) at 5, 7.) Adopting Bonneville s arguments as the court s reasoning, the magistrate judge denied Donohoe s renewed motion for leave to increase the number of permitted depositions. Donohoe filed objections to this ruling, contending that he has shown good cause for each additional deposition.2 To the extent Donohoe s renewed motion sought to 1 The reply s list of thirteen essential witnesses is not merely a subset of the original requested depositions, but instead adds witnesses that were not listed in Donohoe s renewed motion. 2 Donohoe also asserts that it was error to deny him less than ten depositions because he is entitled to a minimum of ten depositions under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (Pl. s Objns. to Order of December 4, 2008 at 2 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(a)(2)(A).) Although Federal Rule 30(a)(2) generally does -7leave to take additional depositions without identifying proposed deponents, making it impossible to assess the propriety of granting leave under Rule 26(b)(2), there was no error committed in denying such a vague request. Donohoe does provide some basis for assessing whether to allow him depositions of individuals he does identify. A. Paul White Donohoe sought leave to depose Paul White, whom Bonneville has identified as an expert who may testify at trial. Notably, Donohoe did not seek to depose White before Donohoe exhausted his seven depositions permitted under the scheduling order even though he had prior notice that Bonneville intended to use White. Donohoe s choice to use his original depositions to obtain testimony from lay witnesses, who may or may not become trial witnesses and whose testimony may be duplicative of information obtained through other discovery, certainly raises a question about his efforts to judiciously manage the discovery tools he was granted. Nor does Donohoe s choice necessarily weigh in his permit ten depositions without leave of court, under Federal Rule 26(b)(2), [b]y order, the court may alter the limits in [the] rules on the number of depositions and interrogatories or on the length of depositions under Rule 30. Similarly, Federal Rule 16(b)(3)(B)(ii) permits a court to modify the extent of discovery. In addition, the Local Rule 26.2(b) expressly instructs that [w]hen the scheduling order sets limits different from those contained in [the Federal Rules], the scheduling order shall govern. In light of these rules, Donohoe s claim that the Federal Rules provide him a right to a minimum of ten depositions without leave of court fails as a matter of law. -8favor when assessing whether the benefit of the proposed additional discovery outweighs the burden on Bonneville, in light of the discovery efforts already expended. However, White s testimony is proffered by Bonneville as expert opinion testimony, and no alternative method of testing this expert s opinion has been revealed. Thus, White s testimony would not be unreasonably cumulative or duplicative of other discovery, it likely cannot be obtained from another source, and the benefit of this deposition would likely outweigh the burden on the parties. Donohoe s objection to the court denying his motion for leave to depose White will be sustained and leave to depose White will be granted. B. Jory Steiber Donohoe sought leave to depose Jory Steiber, contending that Steiber may have certain information relevant to his claims, including e-mails and depictions of Donohoe created or distributed by Bonneville s employees, and that Steiber is unable to provide testimony without a subpoena. For this requested deposition, Donohoe has identified specific information within Steiber s possession that does not appear to have been collected through other discovery or to be discoverable through other less burdensome means. Accordingly, Donohoe s objection to the court denying leave to depose Steiber is sustained and leave to depose Steiber will be granted. -9C. Ralph Renzi Donohoe sought leave to depose Ralphi Renzi, Spacciapoli s former supervisor, who has information regarding [his] experience, qualifications and reputation with the industry. (Pl. s Objns. to Order Denying Leave to Take Add l Deps. (Pl. s May 2 Objns. ) at 12.) It appears that none of the seven witnesses already deposed purported to have previously worked with or supervised Spacciapoli, which suggests that Renzi s testimony would not be duplicative of previously discovered information and the likely benefit of this testimony would outweigh the additional burden. Accordingly, Donohoe s objection to the court denying leave to depose Renzi will be sustained and leave to depose Renzi will be granted. D. John Hesano, Christine Travaligni, Matt Kluft, Scott Porretti, Mark Clowers, Mark Grey, Sari Fruitbine Donohoe sought leave to depose seven named individuals because he contends that Bonneville relied on the opinions of these individuals when hiring Spacciapolli over Donohoe for the position of Director of National Sales/Sports Sales. Bonneville opposed, contending that the relevant opinions of these individuals were voiced at a meeting attended by Joel Oxley and Matt Mills, and Donohoe was able to explore these opinions through their depositions. (Def. s May 16 Opp n at 13.) Donohoe s filings did not explain why Oxley and Mills recollections of the meeting were deficient or what new -10information he sought from these deponents that was not discoverable through the depositions of Oxley and Mills. Accordingly, it was not clear error for the magistrate judge to accept Bonneville s arguments and deny Donohoe leave to take these depositions, and Donohoe s objections to this ruling will be overruled. E. Skip Quast Donohoe sought leave to depose Skip Quast, who he alleges has knowledge of the reasons Spacciapoli was transferred out of the position of Director of National Sales/Sports Sales shortly after he was selected for the position over [Donohoe]. May 2 Objns. at 12.) (Pl. s Donohoe contends that Spacciapoli s performance and experience are directly at issue[] in this litigation (id.), but Quast s alleged knowledge is about Spacciapoli s performance after he was hired over Donohoe, and such performance could not have factored into Bonneville s employment decisions challenged in this case. Although evidence of post-decision performance might marginally corroborate predecision knowledge of lesser performance-related qualifications, the decision to accept Bonneville s contention that such additional discovery would be burdensome relative to its likely benefit to Donohoe s case is not clearly erroneous. Donohoe s objection to the court denying leave to depose Quast will be overruled. -11F. Bob Johnson, Bruce Reese, and Scarlett Pate Donohoe sought leave to depose three individuals who had been corporate officers in Bonneville s headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah because he contends that they each had knowledge regarding the reorganization of the radio stations and implementation of the Reduction in Force that occurred in January 2006 in the Washington, D.C. area. 13.) (Pl. s May 2 Objns. at 12- Information about the reorganization and RIF in Washington, D.C. was a proper subject for testimony by Oxley as Bonneville s Rule 30(b)(6) deponent, and it appears from the parties filings that Donohoe did provide notice to Bonneville that such information was sought from the Rule 30(b)(6) deposition. Donohoe has not shown that he attempted to elicit, but was unable to obtain, specific information relating to the RIF through Oxley s Rule 30(b)(6) deposition, or that it was likely that one of these proposed deponents possessed relevant information that would not be cumulative or duplicative of Oxley s Rule 30(b)(6) deposition. Accordingly, it was not clearly erroneous to deny Donohoe s request for these additional depositions, and Donohoe s objections to this ruling will be overruled. G. Daniel Kliener Donohoe sought leave to depose Daniel Kliener, a current Bonneville employee, contending that Kliener has information regarding [Donohoe s] employment with Bonneville and [his] experience and reputation within the industry and may have -12information regarding complaints about the manner in which Matt Mills may have treated older employees[.] at 16.) (Pl. s May 2 Objns. Although Donohoe s contentions suggest that Kliener may have some relevant information, Dohonoe has already had the opportunity to depose Richard O Brien, whom Donohoe contended had information about complaints made by older employees against Mills and information regarding Donohoe s performance, and Jody Lish, whom Donohoe contended had knowledge of Donohoe and Spacciapoli s experience and reputations, and knowledge of the way Mills treated older workers. In light of Donohoe s previous opportunities to obtain information similar to that information sought from Kliener, the decision to accept Bonneville s arguments that the information sought would be merely cumulative or that the burden of this additional deposition would outweigh any likely benefit was not clearly erroneous. Accordingly, Donohoe s objection to this ruling will be overruled. H. Rule 30(b)(6) designee of Katz Group Donohoe sought leave to depose a Rule 30(b)(6) designee of Katz Group for the first time in his reply in support of his renewed motion for leave to take additional depositions, and without a clear explanation of what information would be sought from a Rule 30(b)(6) deponent. In light of Donohoe s failure to explain what information would be sought from this Rule 30(b)(6) deposition, denying leave to take this deposition was not clearly erroneous and Donohoe s objection will be overruled. -13I. Cecil Martin Donohoe sought leave to depose Cecil Martin, a former Bonneville employee, who he contends overheard a conversation between Mills and Oxley about eliminating older employees. Bonneville objected to his request, arguing specifically that Donohoe s grounds for seeking this deposition were exceptionally speculative ; that Donohoe had not shown that he has exhausted less burdensome means of gathering information from Martin; and that it was making a good faith effort to collect Martin s last known address and contact information to facilitate Donohoe s efforts to contact Martin informally. 5-6.) (Def. s June 26 Opp n at It appears that the magistrate judge accepted Bonneville s contentions and Donohoe has not established that accepting these arguments was clearly erroneous. Accordingly, Donohoe s objection to this ruling will be overruled. J. Kevin Ulich Donohoe sought leave to depose Kevin Ulich, a representative from the National s Baseball Group, based on Oxley s testimony that he discussed the reorganization with Ulich. Based on Donohoe s brief description of the alleged conversation between Oxley and Ulich and the portion of the Oxley deposition transcript provided in his filings, he has not shown that it was clearly erroneous for the magistrate judge to conclude that the burden of this additional deposition would outweigh its benefit or that Oxley s recollection of the conversation was so spare -14that Ulich s testimony would not likely be merely duplicative or cumulative. Accordingly, the magistrate judge s conclusion will be accorded deference, and Donohoe s objection to this ruling will be overruled. II. DONOHOE S MOTION TO COMPEL AND BONNEVILLE S MOTION FOR A PROTECTIVE ORDER Donohoe has filed objections to the magistrate judge s two rulings on his motion to compel discovery and Bonneville s motion for a protective order. Donohoe filed a motion to compel Bonneville to produce six categories of documents: (1) documents explaining Bonneville s 2006 RIF; (2) Bonneville s sales and financial documents; (3) Bonneville s file containing harassment claims made against Mills; (4) all documents requested in Donohoe s supplemental requests for production of documents; (5) documents properly requested of Bonneville s 30(b)(6) deponent Oxley; and (6) documents and information relating to Bonneville s RIF in San Francisco, California. Bonneville opposed Donohoe s motion and filed a motion for a protective order, contending Donohoe should be barred from seeking (1) information regarding Bonneville s finances and net worth; (2) information regarding Bonneville s operations outside of Washington, D.C.; and (3) document production in excess of thirty document requests, which it contends was an agreed-upon limit between the parties. (Def. s Mot. for a Protective Order at 2.) On July 29, 2008, after a hearing on these motions, the magistrate judge granted -15Bonneville s motion for a protective order and denied Donohoe s motion to compel, except with respect to discovery regarding [Bonneville s] headquarters role, if any, in the District of Columbia, and directed the parties to file a joint supplement, including the transcript of Oxley s deposition to aid consideration of whether to permit discovery about headquarters role in the RIF. (Hr g Tr. 45:20-47:2, July 29, 2008.) On December 5, 2008, after reviewing the parties joint supplement, the magistrate judge ordered that Donohoe could inquire, at a 30(b)(6) deposition of [Bonneville], what role, if any, [Bonneville s] headquarters had in the January, 2006 [RIF] in Washington, D.C. Donohoe has filed two sets of objections to these rulings, specifically arguing that (1) it was error to deny his supplemental requests for documents, including through his Rule 30(b)(6) notice of deposition, because the parties never stipulated to thirty document requests per side; (2) it was error to deny his request for documents relating to the San Francisco RIF because he has a right to introduce such evidence at trial; and (3) it was error to deny his request for verification of the search conducted for the Mills file.3 3 Donohoe s objections also make general allegations that the discovery sought is relevant and reasonably calculated to [lead to] the discovery of admissible evidence and that he has been unduly prejudiced by the denial of his motions. (Pl. s Objns. to Order of July 29, 2008 at 3.) Such general allegations do not demonstrate that the magistrate judge s decisions to limit discovery for the various reasons adopted were clearly erroneous. -16Donohoe s first objection that it was error to accept Bonneville s assertion that the parties Local Rule 16.3 joint discovery plan contains a binding stipulation limiting each side to thirty document requests has merit and will be sustained. The parties Rule 16.3 report states that the parties anticipate that thirty document requests per side should be adequate. (Joint LCvR 16.3 Report at 9.) That language does not bind the parties to only thirty requests, and the scheduling order similarly does not impose a binding limit on the number of document requests per side. Accordingly, Donohoe s objections to the magistrate judge s July 29, 2008 and December 5, 2008 rulings will be sustained to the extent that these rulings were based on a finding that the parties Rule 16.3 report bound them to a limit of thirty document requests. On the other hand, Donohoe s objections to the protective order shielding Bonneville from producing documents related to the San Francisco RIF and additional evidence of efforts to locate the Mills file will be overruled. At the July 29, 2008 hearing, the magistrate judge rejected Donohoe s argument that he was entitled to discovery from the San Francisco office, and, after reviewing the transcript of the Oxley deposition, concluded that the appropriate discovery from Bonneville s headquarters would be limited to a Rule 30(b)(6) deposition on Bonneville s headquarters role in the Washington, D.C. RIF. Notably, the magistrate judge did suggest that the parties could seek -17reconsideration of her ruling with respect to the San Francisco RIF after the Rule 30(b)(6) deposition if information obtained through this deposition supported additional discovery regarding the San Francisco RIF. (Hr g Tr. 49:9-16.) It appears that this ruling considered Bonneville s arguments that the San Francisco RIF was not related to the Washington, D.C. RIF and that discovery outside of Washington, D.C. would be unduly burdensome in this single-plaintiff discrimination case, and found either that Donohoe had not sufficiently shown a need for the additional discovery or that the burden of extensive discovery outside of Washington, D.C. would outweigh any benefit from such discovery. Donohoe relies on the Supreme Court s recent opinion in Sprint/United Management Co. v. Mendelsohn, 128 S. Ct. 1140 (2008) to dispute the magistrate judge s conclusion. Mendelsohn concluded that the question whether evidence of discrimination by other supervisors is relevant in an individual [discrimination] case is fact based and depends on many factors, including how closely related the evidence is to the plaintiff s circumstances and theory of the case[,] that evidence must be analyzed for admissibility under Federal Rules of Evidence 401 and 403, and it cannot be excluded as per se irrelevant. 1147. Mendelsohn is not directly applicable here. Id. at Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(C), a court may limit discovery, even if the proposed discovery may arguably lead to evidence that would be admissible under Fed. R. Evid. 401 and 403. The rulings limiting -18discovery in this action are not rulings on the admissibility at trial of evidence relating to the San Francisco RIF. While evidence of the San Francisco RIF may be admissible at trial, it does not follow that Donohoe is entitled to all of his proposed discovery relating to the San Francisco RIF. Where such proposed discovery would be more burdensome then beneficial or merely cumulative of other relevant evidence, a court may properly limit such discovery. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(C)(iii). Donohoe s contention that evidence of the San Francisco RIF may be admissible at trial does not defeat the magistrate judge s conclusion that the requested discovery was not warranted, and Donohoe has not shown that ruling to be clearly erroneous. Accordingly, this objection will be overruled. In addition, Donohoe has not shown that the refusal to compel Bonneville to provide additional verification detailing searches conducted to locate the Mills file was erroneous. The magistrate judge s rulings appear to accept Bonneville s contention that it has responded fully to its obligation to search its Washington, D.C. office for relevant documents within the first thirty requests, including the Mills file. Bonneville s submissions from counsel and the record reflect that Bonneville has made good faith efforts to disclose relevant documents, including by supplementing its disclosure when new documents were discovered. Donohoe has not shown it was clearly erroneous to accept Bonneville s assertions that diligent efforts -19were made to locate the Mills file. Accordingly, this objection is overruled.4 CONCLUSION AND ORDER For the reasons discussed above, it is hereby ORDERED that the plaintiff s objections [20, 33] to the order denying his motion for leave to increase the number of permitted depositions be, and hereby are, OVERRULED. It is further ORDERED that the plaintiff s objections [63] to the order denying his renewed motion for leave to increase the number of permitted depositions be, and hereby are, SUSTAINED IN PART and OVERRULED IN PART. The plaintiff may depose Paul White, Jory Steiber, and Ralph Renzi. It is further ORDERED that the plaintiff s objections [44, 64] to the order denying his motion to compel and granting the defendant s motion for a protective order be, and hereby are, SUSTAINED IN PART and OVERRULED IN PART. Those portions of the magistrate judge s July 29, 2008 and December 5, 2008 rulings grounded upon the conclusion that the parties Rule 16.3 report binds them to a limit of thirty document requests per side are vacated and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. It is further 4 The parties are cautioned that this opinion is not an invitation for either party to submit new document requests to the other side. Moreover, the magistrate judge s rulings as to which no objections have been sustained are in full force. -20ORDERED that discovery is EXTENDED until April 10, 2009 for the limited purpose of compliance with this order. The post- discovery status conference scheduled for March 17, 2009 is CANCELED. It is further ORDERED that the parties confer and file a joint status report and proposed order by April 14, 2009 suggesting three mutually convenient dates on which to hold the post-discovery status conference after the close of discovery. SIGNED this 27th day of February, 2009. /s/ RICHARD W. ROBERTS United States District Judge
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