International Business Machines Corporation v. Rakuten, Inc. et al, No. 1:2021cv00461 - Document 356 (D. Del. 2023)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION re claim construction. Signed by Judge Gregory B. Williams on 6/1/23. (ntl)
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International Business Machines Corporation v. Rakuten, Inc. et al Doc. 356 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, Plaintiff, V. Civil Action No. 21-461-GBW RAKUTEN, INC., and EBATES PERFORMANCE MARKETING, INC. DBA RAKUTEN REW ARDS, Defendants. David Ellis Moore, Bindu Ann George Palapura, Andrew L. Brown, POTTER ANDERSON & CORROON, LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; John M. Desmarais, Karim Z. Oussayef, Jonas R. McDavit, Jordon N. Malz, Brian D. Matty, Edward Geist, Jun Tong, Eliyahu Balsam, Amy I. Wann, William Vieth, William N. Yau, Benjamin Rodd, Michael Wueste, Lindsey E. Miller, DESMARIS LLP, New York, New York; Michael Rhodes, Kyle Curry, DESMARIS LLP, San Francisco, California Counsel for Plaintiff Benjamin J. Schladweiler, GREENBERG TRAURIG, LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Joshua L. Raskin, Allan A. Kassenoff, Julie P. Bookbinder, Jade Li-Yu Chen, Jonathan Presveli, GREENBERG TRAURIG, LLP, New York, New York; Maja Sherman, GREENBERG TRAURIG, LLP, Chicago, Illinois Counsel for Defendants MEMORANDUM OPINION June 1, 2023 Wilmington, Delaware Dockets.Justia.com GREGORYB. WILLIAMS UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE Pending before the Court is the issue of claim construction of multiple terms in the following patents: U.S. Patent Nos. 7,072,849 ("the ' 849 patent"), 6,697,861 ("the ' 861 patent"), 7,962,960 ("the ' 960 patent"), and 8,072,968 ("the ' 968 patent"). The '849 patent is asserted by Plaintiff International Business Machines Corporation ("IBM" or "Plaintiff) and the ' 861, ' 960, and ' 968 patents are asserted by Defendants Rakuten, Inc. and Ebates Performance Marketing, Inc. dba Rakuten Rewards (collectively, "Rakuten" or "Defendants"). D.I. 237 at 1-4. The Court has considered the parties' joint claim construction brief, the accompanying appendix, and notice of subsequent authority. D.I. 237; D.I. 238; D.I. 291. The Court held a claim construction hearing on April 4, 2023 ("Tr._"). I. LEGAL STANDARDS A. Claim Construction '" [T]he claims of a patent define the invention to which the patentee is entitled the right to exclude."' Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en bane) (citation omitted); Aventis Pharms. Inc. v. Amino Chemicals Ltd , 715 F.3d 1363, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (same). "[T]here is no magic formula or catechism for conducting claim construction." Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1324. The Court is free to attach the appropriate weight to appropriate sources "in light of the statutes and policies that inform patent law." Id The ultimate question of the proper construction of a patent is a question of law, although "subsidiary factfinding is sometimes necessary." Teva Pharm. USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc., 574 U.S. 318, 326--27 (2015); see Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc. , 517 U.S. 370, 372 (1996) ("the construction of a patent .. . is exclusively within the province of the court."). 1 "The words of a claim are generally given their ordinary and customary meaning as understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art when read in the context of the specification and prosecution history." Thorner v. Sony Comput. Entm 't Am. LLC, 669 F.3d 1362, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (citing Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1313); Unwired Planet, LLC v. Apple Inc., 829 F.3d 1353, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (similar). The "'only two exceptions to this general rule "' are (1) when a patentee defines a term or (2) disavowal of '" the full scope of a claim term either in the specification or during prosecution."' Thorner, 669 F.3d at 1365 (citation omitted). The Court "' first look[s] to, and primarily rel[ies] on, the intrinsic evidence,"' which includes the claims, written description, and prosecution history and '" is usually dispositive. "' Personalized Media Commc 'ns, LLC v. Apple Inc., 952 F.3d 1336, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). "[T]he specification ' . . . is the single best guide to the meaning of a disputed term. "' Akzo Nobel Coatings, Inc. v. Dow Chem. Co., 811 F.3d 1334, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (citation omitted). '" [T]he specification may reveal a special definition given to a claim term by the patentee that differs from the meaning it would otherwise possess. ' When the patentee acts as its own lexicographer, that definition governs." Cont '! Cirs. LLC v. Intel Corp., 915 F.3d 788, 796 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (quoting Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1316). However, '" [the Court] do[es] not read limitations from the embodiments in the specification into the claims. "' Master Mine Software, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 874 F.3d 1307, 1310 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (citation omitted)). The "written description ... is not a substitute for, nor can it be used to rewrite, the chosen claim language." SuperGuide Corp. v. DirecTV Enters., Inc., 358 F.3d 870, 875 (Fed. Cir. 2004). The Court "should also consider the patent's prosecution history, if it is in evidence." Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 980 (Fed. Cir. 1995), ajf'd, 517 U.S. 370; Cont '! Cirs., 915 F.3d at 796 (same). The prosecution history may '" demonstrat[e] how the 2 inventor understood the invention and whether the inventor limited the invention in the course of prosecution . . . ." SpeedTrack, Inc. v. Amazon.com, 998 F.3d 1373, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (quoting Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317). The Court may "need to look beyond the patent's intrinsic evidence and to consult extrinsic evidence in order to understand, for example, the background science or the meaning of a term in the relevant art during the relevant time period." Teva, 574 U.S. at 331. "Extrinsic evidence consists of all evidence external to the patent and prosecution history, including expert and inventor testimony, dictionaries, and learned treatises." Markman, 52 F.3d at 980; Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317 (same). Extrinsic evidence may be useful, but it is "less significant than the intrinsic record in determining the legally operative meaning of claim language." Cont'! Cirs. , 915 F.3d at 799 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). However, "[p ]atent documents are written for persons familiar with the relevant field ... . Thus resolution of any ambiguity arising from the claims and specification may be aided by extrinsic evidence of usage and meaning of a term in the context of the invention." Verve, LLC v. Crane Cams, Inc., 311 F.3d 1116, 1119 (Fed. Cir. 2002); see Nautilus, Inc. v. Biosig Instruments, Inc. , 572 U.S. 898, 899 (2014) (explaining that patents are addressed "to those skilled in the relevant art"). II. AGREED-UPON TERMS The parties agreed upon the construction of the following claim terms (D.I. 237 at 1-2): A. The '849 Patent Claim No. 1, 2, 3, 13, 14, 15, 16 1, 2, 3, 13, 14, 15, 16 Claim Term A2reed-Upon Construction data structure( s) object(s) advertising object(s) objects that (1) contain display data to be presented at screen partitions and (2) whose subject matter is selected to concern advertising 3 Claim No. 1, 4, 7, 8, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 21 , 25 1 13, 14 1, 13 14 1, 13, 14 Claim Term application( s) A2reed-Upon Construction information events composed of a sequence of one or more pages opened at a screen targeting criteria for users as defined by interaction history with the service and/or such other information as user demographics and locale two or more interconnected computers characterization(s) computer network I the network structuring advertising in a manner compatible to that of the applications so that it may be presented structuring the advertising objects in a manner compatible to that of the applications so that it may be presented structuring applications so that they may be presented .. . at a first portion of one or more screens of display structuring applications so that a user requested application may be presented, through the network, at a first portion of one or more screens of display at a second portion of one or more screens of display concurrently with applications formatting advertising for potential use with a plurality of applications formatting the advertising objects for potential use with a plurality of applications formatting applications so that they may be presented ... at a first area of one or more screens of display formatting applications so that a user requested application may be presented, through the network, at a first area of one or more screens of display at a second area of one or more screens of display concurrently with applications B. The '861 Patent Claim No. 10 Claim Term communication link A2reed-Upon Construction Plain and ordinary meaning C. The '960 Patent Claim No. 23 Claim Term means for storing values associated with each of a plurality of vulnerabilities 4 A2reed-Upon Construction Function: storing values associated with each of a plurality of vulnerabilities Claim No. Claim Tenn A~reed-Upon Construction Structure: a memory, storage device and/or database, as described in 1:662:1, 4:7-12, 4:14-27, 4:42-57, 4:586:26, 6:48-53 , 7:29-30, 8:61-9:4, 9:2427, 9:37-40, 9:43-48, 10:25-31 , 12:2329, 13:21-24, and/or FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 5 and/or 6 and structural equivalents thereof. 23 means for outputting the adjusted risk indicator Function: outputting the adjusted risk indicator Structure: an output device such as a display, a printer, or speakers configured according to 2:34-52, 4:512, 4:32-37, 10:61-11 :12, 14:13-58 and/or FIGS. 1, 2, 4, 5 and/or 6 and structural equivalents thereof. D. The '968 Patent Claim No. 16 Claim Tenn means for receiving a plurality of application session setup requests from a subscriber by the communication network A!!reed-Upon Construction Function: receiving a plurality of application session setup requests from a subscriber by the communication network Structure: session controller SC 241 or SC 341 and structural equivalents thereof. The Court will adopt these agreed-upon constructions. 1 1 After the parties filed their Second Amended Joint Claim Construction Brief (D.I. 237), the parties filed an Amended Joint Claim Construction Chart. D.I. 299, Ex. A. The Court also adopts the parties' agreed-upon constructions in the Amended Joint Claim Construction Chart that were not included in their Second Amended Joint Claim Construction Brief. 5 Ill DISPUTED TERMS A. "selectively storing advertising objects at a store established at the reception system" Disputed Term selectively storing advertising objects at a store established at the reception system Plaintiff IBM's Construction storing advertising objects according to a predetermined storage criterion at a store established at the reception system (the ' 84 9 patent, claims 1, 13, 14) Defendants Rakuten's Construction The Court's Construction retrieving (i.e., prefetching) advertising objects and storing at a store established at the reception system in anticipation of display concurrently with the applications retrieving (i.e., prefetching) advertising objects and storing at a store established at the reception system in anticipation of display concurrently with the applications Three courts have previously construed this exact claim term and their constructions are nearly identical. See Int '! Bus. Machs. Corp. v. Priceline Grp. Inc., C.A. No. 15-137-LPS, 2016 WL 6405824, at *9-10 (D. Del. Oct. 28, 2016) ("Priceline Opinion"); Int '! Bus. Machs. Corp. v. Groupon, Inc., C.A. No. 16-122-LPS, 2017 WL 3310688, at *4-5 (D . Del. Aug. 3, 2017) ("Groupon Opinion"); Chewy, Inc. v. Int '! Bus. Machs. Corp., 571 F. Supp. 3d 133, 141-43 (S.D.N.Y 2021) ("Chewy Opinion"). All three courts agreed that the advertising objects must be pre-fetched. See id. In Priceline and Groupon, the court construed this claim term to mean "prefetching advertising objects and storing at a store established at the reception system in anticipation of display concurrently with the applications." See Priceline Opinion at *9-10; Groupon Opinion at *4-5. In Chewy, the court construed the term to mean "retrieving advertising objects and storing at a store established at the reception system in anticipation of display concurrently with the applications." Chewy Opinion at 143 . The Chewy court simply replaced the word "pre-fetched" with "retrieving" because juror[s] may not be familiar with using the term "fetch" or, relatedly, "pre-fetch," to describe retrieving objects in this context. More understandable is the word 6 "retrieving," which- in combination with the language from Chewy's construction stating that the storing occurs in "anticipation of display concurrently with the applications" - appropriately captures the meaning of the word "pre-fetching" but in language more accessible to a jury. Id. "IBM has not pointed to any intrinsic evidence not considered by the [other district courts] in the [prior] action[s], nor does it present any persuasive arguments for its proposal." See Groupon Opinion at *4. Accordingly, the Court construes "selectively storing advertising objects at a store established at the reception system" to mean "retrieving (i.e., pre-fetching) advertising objects and storing at a store established at the reception system in anticipation of display concurrently with the applications." B. "structuring advertising so that it may be selectively supplied to and retrieved at the reception systems for presentation"; "structuring advertising separately from the applications so that the advertising may be selectively supplied, through the network, to and retrieved at the reception systems for presentation" (collectively, the "structuring advertising" terms) Disputed Term structuring advertising so that it may be selectively supplied to and retrieved at the reception systems for presentation (the ' 849 patent, claim 8) structuring advertising separately from the applications so that the advertising may be selectively supplied, through Plaintiff IBM's Construction formatting advertising so that it may be selectively supplied to and retrieved at the reception systems for presentation formatting advertising separately from the applications so that the advertising may be selectively supplied, through the network, to and retrieved at the Defendants Rakuten's Construction formatting advertising so that it may be selectively supplied to and retrieved (i.e., prefetched) at the reception systems for presentation formatting advertising separately from the applications so that the advertising may be selectively supplied, through the network, to and retrieved (i.e. , 7 The Court's Construction formatting advertising so that it may be selectively supplied to and retrieved (i.e., prefetched) at the reception systems for presentation formatting advertising separately from the applications so that the advertising may be selectively supplied, through the network, to and I' Disputed Term Plaintiff IBM's Construction the network, to and reception systems for retrieved at the presentation reception systems for presentation Ii Defendants Rakuten's Construction prefetched) at the reception systems for presentation The Court's Construction retrieved (i.e. , prefetched) at the reception systems for presentation (the ' 849 patent, claim 21) The parties dispute whether the "structuring advertising" terms require the advertising to be pre-fetched. D.I. 237 at 18-23 . The courts in Priceline and Chewy found that the ' 849 patent "describes the ' invention' as a whole as including ' pre-fetched' advertising as an improvement over the prior art, with such advertising being displayed ' concurrently' with applications." Price line Opinion at * 10 (citations omitted); see also Chewy Opinion at 141-42 ("the patent method was intended to speed up the display of advertisements - an important advantage in the days of dial-up connections - by ' eliminat[ing] from the new page response time the time it takes to retrieve an advertising object from the host system based on a user' s characteristics. This is accomplished by using the ... prefetching mechanism,' whereby the user' s system downloads and stores the advertising in advance, before it is needed for viewing - that is, it pre-fetches the advertising.") (quoting ' 849 patent at 34:21-44). The Court agrees with the Priceline and Chewy Opinions and finds that the ' 849 patent requires retrieving advertising to mean pre-fetching the advertising. The specification states, "in accordance with the method [of the ' 849 patent], the user reception system at which the advertising is presented includes facility for storing and managing the advertising so that it can be pre-fetched from the network and staged at the reception system in anticipation of being called for presentation." ' 84 9 patent at 3: 16-21 . 8 IBM argues that "[d]ependent claims 9 and 22 confirm that ' retrieved' does not mean 'prefetched' because they- unlike independent claims 8 and 21- require that advertising be 'prefetched. " ' D.I. 237 at 18. Dependent claim 9 of the ' 849 patent recites: The method of claim 8 wherein supplying advertising data to the reception system includes pre-fetching advertising data from the network when the store of advertising data falls below a predetermined level. ' 849 patent, claim 9. Dependent claim 22 of the ' 849 patent recites: The method of claim 21 wherein supplying advertising data to the reception system includes pre-fetching advertising data from the network when the store of advertising data falls below a predetermined level. ' 849 patent, claim 22. The court in Chewy previously rejected a similar argument with respect to the "selectively storing advertising objects at a store established at the reception system" term. The Court held: IBM incorrectly assumes that mention of "pre-fetching" in [the] dependent claims [] is to express a new limitation. However, when read in context, it is clear that each claim is describing the use of "pre-fetching" under the specific circumstances discussed in those claims. For example, claim 22 discusses pre-fetching "when the store of advertising data falls below a predetermined level." Thus, the use of the term "prefetching" in those terms does not demonstrate that the more general concept of prefetching cannot also be encompassed by other claim terms, such as "selectively storing." Indeed, as the Federal Circuit has noted, "[i]t is not unusual that separate claims may define the invention using different terminology, especially where (as here) independent claims are involved." Hormone Research Found. v. Genentech, Inc., 904 F.2d 1558, 1567 n.15 (Fed. Cir. 1990). Chewy Opinion at 142-43. The Court agrees with the court' s reasoning in Chewy and finds the same reasoning applies for the "structuring advertising" terms. Accordingly, the Court construes "structuring advertising so that it may be selectively supplied to and retrieved at the reception systems for presentation" to mean "formatting advertising 9 so that it may be selectively supplied to and retrieved (i.e., pre-fetched) at the reception systems for presentation" and "structuring advertising separately from the applications so that the advertising may be selectively supplied, through the network, to and retrieved at the reception systems for presentation" to mean "formatting advertising separately from the applications so that the advertising may be selectively supplied, through the network, to and retrieved (i.e., prefetched) at the reception systems for presentation." C. "extranet"; "extranet subscribers" Disputed Term extranet (' 861 patent, claims 1-13) extranet subscribers Plaintiff IBM's Construction a private internet that allows communications and application sharing between a plurality of designated, non-related organizations2 entities with access to the extranet that are not related to each other Defendants Rakuten's Construction generally closed networks that allow communications between designated parties plain and ordinary meaning The Court's Construction extranets are private internets that allow communications and application sharing between designated, nonrelated organizations. Extranets are generally closed networks that allow communication between designated parties. plain and ordinary meaning (' 861 patent, claim 10) 2 IBM provides two alternative constructions in its brief: ( 1) a generally closed private internet that allows communications and application sharing between a plurality of designated, non-related organizations (D.I. 237 at 24) and (2) a private internet that allows communications and application sharing between a plurality of different organizations (id. at 31 ). 10 The parties agree that an "extranet" "allows communications between designated parties" and that it is a "generally closed network," but dispute whether extranet must be between nonrelated organizations. D.I. 237 at 23-25, 27. The Court must determine whether the patentee acted as his or her own lexicographer here. There are times when "the specification may reveal a special definition given to a claim term by the patentee that differs from the meaning it would otherwise possess. In such cases, the inventor' s lexicography governs." Phillips, 415 F. 3d at 1316 (citing CCS Fitness, Inc. v. Brunswick Corp., 288 F.3d 1359, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2002)). The standard for finding lexicography is "exacting." GE Lighting Sols., LLC v. AgiLight, Inc. , 750 F.3d 1304, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2014). Here, the patentee has done just that. The specification discloses: Other networks, often referred to as "extranets" or private internets allow communications and application sharing between designated, non-related organizations. Extranets are generally closed networks that allow communications between designated parties. ' 861 patent at 1:30-32 (emphasis added). The specification uses the word "are" after the disputed term "extranets," which may "signify that a patentee is serving as its own lexicographer." Cf Abbott Lab y s v. Andrx Pharms. , Inc., 473 F.3d 1196, 1210 (Fed. Cir. 2007) ("The word ' is ' may signify that a patentee is serving as its own lexicographer."). This sentence is clearly lexicography and, as such, the patentee' s lexicography governs. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1316. IBM' s proposed construction improperly narrows the claim term to only "non-related organizations." The specification states, " [i]t is . .. desirable to provide an extranet architecture coupled to a wide diversity of applications that may be shared by non-related organizations while eliminating the need for any one organization to maintain the available applications." ' 861 patent at 2:14-16. The specification states that this outcome is "desirable," not required, and that it "may be shared by 11 non-related organizations." Id. (emphasis added). Nothing in the intrinsic record suggests that the extranet architecture requires applications to be shared by non-related organizations. During the Markman hearing, the parties agreed to the Court adding the following sentence to the Court's construction of extranet, "extranets are private intemets that allow communications and application sharing between designated, non-related organizations." Tr. at 50:22-51 :4, 53: 1015. Accordingly, the Court construes "extranet" to mean "extranets are private intemets that allow communications and application sharing between designated, non-related organizations. Extranets are generally closed networks that allow communication between designated parties." As to the term "extranet subscriber," the Court agrees with Rakuten that it need not construe this term because "a lay juror will understand what a ' subscriber' is and the term ' extranet' is being separately construed." D.I. 237 at 30. Thus, the Court construes "extranet subscribers" to have its plain and ordinary meaning, which is the default in claim construction. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 13 16. D. "workgroup application"; "transaction application"; "transport application"; "workflow software application(s)"; "transaction software application(s)" (collectively, the "application terms") Disputed Term workgroup application Plaintiff IBM's Construction Defendants Rakuten's Construction Plain and ordinary mearung, 1.e., an application for collaborating in a workgroup Plain and ordinary mearung, 1.e., an application for collaborating in a workgroup Indefinite Plain and ordinary meaning, i.e. , an application for entering or sending transactions Plain and ordinary mearung, 1.e., an application for entering or sending transactions Indefinite Plain and ordinary meaning, i.e. , an Plain and ordinary mearung, 1.e., an Indefinite (' 861 patent, claim 6) transaction application (' 861 patent, claim 6) transport application 12 The Court's Construction Disputed Term i: Plaintiff IBM's Construction Defendants Rakuten's Construction application relating to data transport application relating to data transport Indefinite Plain and ordinary mearung, 1.e., an application for managing workflows Plain and ordinary meaning, i.e., an application for managing workflows Indefinite Plain and ordinary mearnng, 1.e., an application for entering or sending transactions Plain and ordinary meaning, i.e. , an application for entering or sending transactions (' 861 patent, claim 6) workflow software application( s) (' 861 patent, claim 10) transaction software application( s) (' 861 patent, claim 10) The Court's Construction The parties dispute whether the application terms are indefinite. IBM argues that the application terms are indefinite because "the ' 861 patent provides little guidance or description of what these applications are or do." D.I. 237 at 36. Rakuten disagrees and contends the application terms would be readily understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art ("POSA"). Id. at 37. Section 112 of the Patent Act requires that the claims of a patent "particularly point[] out and distinctly claim[] the subject matter which the inventor . . . regards as the invention." 35 U.S.C. § 112(b). The "primary purpose of the definiteness requirement" that§ 112(b) contains "is to ensure that the claims are written in such a way that they give notice to the public of the extent of the legal protection afforded by the patent, so that interested members of the public, e.g. , competitors of the patent owner, can determine whether or not they infringe." All Dental Prodx, LLC v. Advantage Dental Prods. , Inc., 309 F.3d 774, 779-80 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). " [A] patent is invalid for indefiniteness if its claims, read in light of the specification delineating the patent, and the prosecution history, fail to inform, with reasonable certainty, those skilled in the art about the scope of the invention." Nautilus, 572 U.S. at 901. While a " ' potential 13 infringer"' need not "'be able to determine ex ante if a particular act infringes the claims,"' the patentee must "apprise the public 'of what is still open to them[]"' such that "a person of ordinary skill in the art could determine whether or not an accused product or method infringes the claim." Niazi Licensing Corp. v. St. Jude Med. S.C., Inc. , 30 F.4th 1339, 1346-47 (Fed. Cir. 2022)(citations omitted). Like claim construction, definiteness is a question of law, but the Court must sometimes render factual findings based on extrinsic evidence to resolve the ultimate issue of definiteness. See Sonix Tech. Co. v. Publications Int '!, Ltd. , 844 F.3d 1370, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2017). The challenger must prove indefiniteness by clear and convincing evidence. BASF Corp. v. Johnson Matthey Inc., 875 F.3d 1360, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2017). The application terms, when read in light of the specification and the prosecution history, informs with reasonable certainty, those skilled in the art, about the scope of the invention. The specification of the '861 patent states that the various applications depicted in Figure 2 "are commercially available products which may be used in the present invention." ' 861 patent at 5:4952. 14 WELCOME <SllllSCIUBER'S NAME> SEI.ECTTHEN'l'UCA110N-YOU NEED FOil INSWITPRODUCTIVITY: ~B-MAD.:TALI( TO YOUR PAJIDIERS TiiROUOH YOURMAJJ. BROWSER ~ F I i £ TRANSAiR SERVHR:SHARE FILE.~ Wl'lll PARTNERS NEAR AND FAA. ~ U S T SERVER:GETYOUR MESSAGE OlJT FAST AND F..ASY ~ PARTNER DIRECTORY: WHO'S WHO IN YOUR VIRfl/AL a>MMUNITY OFFICESOl'l'WARE: RUN ANYWHERE WORD PROCES.50R, 2~JAVA-BASW SPREADSHEIIT. PRESEIITATIONS, OOABASI!. CONTACT MANAGER, AND FLOWQWITT JO rou.ABORATION SUflE: CUT CYQ.E TIME WTl1l PROI[-CT MANAGEMEm', DISCUSSION GROUPS. WORK R.IJW TRACKING. DOCUMENT' AND IMAGE LIBRARY, ANDBUl.il"J'IN BOARDS 32 __r;;)ELECTRONIC DATA INTEROiANGI!: Sill IT SIMl'I..Y TIIROIJGH - ~ !NTER.ACTlVE FORMS 34 -li]JAVA APPLIITVAULT: GllT APl'I.ETPOWER +FUOOlllUl'Y wrrn SECURITY. llm:RACTIVE COMMERCE llNGINB: SEAMLESS INl'ERFACE TO LEGACY SYSTEM DATABASES FIG. 2 The specification explains that the "collaboration suit application" includes "project management, discussion groups, work flow engine, document and image library and bulletin board applications," which are all examples of workflow and workgroup related applications. ' 861 patent at Fig 2, 4: 14-16. The "electronic data interchange (EDI)" or transaction related applications "enable low-volume EDI users to enter transactions into a Web page or enable medium volume users to send transactions by secure EDI-MIME type e-mail." Id at Fig. 2, 4: 1720. The Abstract also states, "[t]he server stores a plurality of applications including workgroup applicants, transaction applications, security applications and transport circuits and equipment." Id at Abstract. That the application terms are not indefinite is further supported by statements made by the examiner during the prosecution of the ' 861 patent. The examiner wrote, '" [o]fficial notice ' is taken that both the concept and advantages of providing shared applications software (e.g., 15 work:flow software, transaction software, security software, electronic mail software, etc .. [.] ) on the extranet is well known and expected in the art[.]" D.I. 149, Ex. D-2 at 24-25. The examiner also wrote: As such, at the heart of every extranet are well known as well as expected applications software that are specifically designed to increase the productivity of and enrich the collaboration between extranet parties. It would have been obvious to one skilled in the art at the time of the invention to store in one or more of the servers in Page' s system any type of applications software, e.g. collaboration software (such as workgroup software), work:flow software, transaction software, security software, electronic mail software, electronic data interchange software, office productivity software, as well as any other new applications software that is specifically designed to be shared between customers, for Page' s broker to make it available over the extranet to be used by the subscribers. These applications software would empower the extranet environment and facilitate the sharing between the collaborating parties. Id. at 25 . For the reasons stated above, IBM has not carried its burden of demonstrating, by clear and convincing evidence, that the application terms are indefinite. Accordingly, the Court construes "workgroup application" to have its "plain and ordinary meaning, i.e., an application for collaborating in a workgroup," "transaction application" to have its "plain and ordinary meaning, i.e., an application for entering or sending transactions," "transport application" to have its "plain and ordinary meaning, i.e., an application relating to data transport," "work:flow software application(s)" to have its "plain and ordinary meaning, i.e., an application for managing work:flows," and "transaction software application(s)" to have its "plain and ordinary meaning, i.e., an application for entering or sending transactions." E. Means-Plus-Function Claim Terms Disputed Term Plaintiff IBM's Construction means for Indefinite scanrung a network element to Defendants Rakuten's Construction Function: scanning a network element to identify vulnerabilities 16 The Court's Construction Function: scanning a network element to identify vulnerabilities Structure: a scanner or scanning device configured according to 2:34-42, 3:18-31 , 3:40-48, 9:19-27, 9:41-43, 12:47-60, 14: 13-21 , and/or FIGS. 1, 5 and/or 6, and structural equivalents thereof. ('960 patent, claim 23) means for identifying at least one of the plurality of vulnerabilities associated with the network element based on output from the means for scanning Indefinite (' 960 patent, claim 23) means for generating a risk indicator for the network element based on the stored value associated with the at least one identified Indefinite identify vulnerabilities Structure: a scanner or scanning device configured according to 2:34-42, 3:18-31 , 3:40-48, 9:19-27, 9:41-43 , 12:47-60, 14:13-21, and/or FIGS. 1, 5 and/or 6, and structural equivalents thereof. Function: identifying Function: identifying at least one of the at least one of the plurality of plurality of vulnerabilities vulnerabilities associated with the associated with the network element based network element on output from the based on output from means for scanning the means for scannmg Structure: a network monitoring system Structure: a network configured according monitoring system to 2:34-42; 3:32-48, configured according 4:2-12, 4:42-57, 4:62- to 2:34-42; 3 :32-48, 65, 5:23-30, 7:594:2-12, 4:42-57, 8:13, 12:47-60, 14:13- 4:62-65, 5:23-30, 21 , 14:47-58 and/or 7:59-8:13 , 12:47-60, FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and/or 6, 14:13-21, 14:47-58 and structural and/or FIGS. 1, 2, 5 equivalents thereof. and/or 6, and structural equivalents thereof. Function: generating Function: generating a risk indicator for the a risk indicator for network element based the network element on the stored value based on the stored associated with the at value associated with least one identified the at least one vulnerability identified vulnerability 17 Structure: a network monitoring system configured according to 2:4-8, 2:34-42, 3:32-48, 4:5-1 2, 4:4257, 5:43-57, 7:598: 13, 8:14-9:50, 10:19-60, 12:32-13:6, 14:22-64 and/or FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and/or 6, and structural equivalents thereof. vulnerability (' 960 patent, claim 23 ) means for adjusting the risk indicator Indefinite (' 960 patent, claim 23) Function: adjusting the risk indicator Structure: a network monitoring system configured according to 2:4-8, 2:34-42, 3:32-48, 4:5-12, 4:42-57, 5:43-57, 7:59-8 :13, 8:14-9:50, 10:19-60, 12:32-13 :6, 14:22-64 and/or FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and/or 6, and structural equivalents thereof. Function: adjusting the risk indicator Structure: a network monitoring system configured according to 2:34-42, 3:32-48, 4:42-65, 5:58-6:16, 7:59-8:13, 9:50-10:60, 12:20-31, 12:47-60, 13 :2 1-26, 14:13-64 and/or FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and/or 6, and structural equivalents thereof. Structure: a network monitoring system configured according to 2:34-42, 3:32-48, 4:42-65, 5:58-6:16, 7:59-8 :13, 9:5010:60, 12:20-31, 12:47-60, 13:2 1-26, 14:13-64 and/or FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and/or 6, and structural equivalents thereof. The crux of the parties' dispute is whether the ' 960 patent "disclose[s] a definite structure or algorithm for carrying out those claimed functions." D.I. 23 7 at 42. The Patent Act provides that [a]n element in a claim for a combination may be expressed as a means or step for performing a specified function without the recital of structure, material, or acts in support thereof, and such claim shall be construed to cover the corresponding structure, material, or acts described in the specification and equivalents thereof. 35 U.S.C. § 112(f); 35 U.S.C. § 11 2 ,r 6 (2006) (same). 18 Such "[a] means-plus-function limitation recites a function to be performed rather than definite structure or materials for performing that function. " Lockheed Martin Corp. v. Space Sys./Loral, Inc., 324 F.3d 1308, 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). "The duty of a patentee to clearly link or associate structure with the claimed function is the quid pro quo for allowing the patentee to express the claim in terms of function under section 112 .. .. " Med. Instrumentation & Diagnostics Corp. v. Elekta AB, 344 F.3d 1205 , 1211 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (citation omitted); see Twin Peaks Software Inc. v. IBM Corp., 690 F. App'x 656, 660 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (citing Med. Instrumentation & Diagnostics, 344 F.3d at 12 11 ). "Construction of a means-plus-function limitation includes two steps. ' First, the court must determine the claimed function. Second, the court must identify the corresponding structure in the written description of the patent that performs the function. "' Noah Sys. , Inc. v. Intuit Inc., 675 F.3d 1302, 1311 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (citation omitted); Via Vadis, LLC v. Blizzard Ent., Inc., 815 F. App 'x 539, 545 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (same). Structure disclosed in the specification qualifies as "corresponding structure" if the intrinsic evidence clearly links or associates that structure to the function recited in the claim. Even if the specification discloses corresponding structure, the disclosure must be of "adequate" corresponding structure to achieve the claimed function. . . . [I]f a person of ordinary skill in the art would be unable to recognize the structure in the specification and associate it with the corresponding function in the claim, a means-plus-function clause is indefinite. Williamson v. Citrix Online, LLC, 792 F.3d 1339, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (citations omitted); see also Rain Computing, Inc. v. Samsung Elecs. Am. , Inc., 989 F.3d 1002, 1007 (Fed. Cir. 2021) ('" [S]tructure disclosed in the specification is corresponding structure only if the specification or prosecution history clearly links or associates that structure to the function recited in the claim. "' (citation omitted)). " [I]f a person of ordinary skill in the art would be unable to recognize the 19 structure in the specification and associate it with the corresponding function in the claim, a meansplus-function clause is indefinite." Williamson, 792 F.3d at 1352 (citations omitted). The parties agree these terms are means-plus-function terms but dispute whether the ' 960 patent specification discloses a corresponding structure. The means-plus-function terms come from claim 23 of the ' 960 patent, which reads: A system comprising: means for storing values associated with each of a plurality of vulnerabilities; means for scanning a network element to identify vulnerabilities, the vulnerabilities representing potential points of attack; means for identifying at least one of the plurality of vulnerabilities associated with the network element based on output from the means for scanning; means for generating a risk indicator for the network element based on the stored value associated with the at least one identified vulnerability; means for adjusting the risk indicator, subsequent to generating the risk indicator, based on exceptions to security rules stored in the system; and means for outputting the adjusted risk indicator. ' 960 patent, claim 23. For the reasons stated below, the Court finds that IBM has failed to put forth clear and convincing evidence that the means-plus-function terms are indefinite. a. "means for scanning a network element to identify vulnerabilities" Rakuten proposes the structure of this claim term to be "a scanner or scanning device configured according to 2:34-42, 3:18-31 , 3:40-48, 9:19-27, 9:41-43 , 12:47-60, 14:13-21 , and/or FIGS . 1, 5 and/or 6, and structural equivalents thereof." The crux of the dispute is whether "a scanner or scanning device" is a generic "black box[]" without any definite structure. D.I. 237 at 48-49, 50. The Court turns to the ' 960 patent specification to resolve this dispute. 20 The '960 patent includes the following figure which "is a block diagram of an exemplary system 100" and includes a "scanner 130": 100. SCANNER 130 NETWORK MONITORING SYSTEM 150 t- INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM 140 112 122 ..,, .. •···•..L .•...___ _ 1----f.... \ ,, USER DEVICE USER DEVICE 110 120 I ROUTER ................ 122.1 I ,,\ _______....-·. •'' / '960 patent at Fig. 1, 2:34-38. The "scanner 13 0" "may include one or more scanners used to detect anomalies in network devices" or "may include a device that scans a server for open ports that may be infiltrated by a hacker." Id at 3:18-21. The "scanner 130" may send data to the "network monitoring system 150" to "facilitate the identification of potential vulnerabilities in system 100[.]" Id. at 3:40-43 . Thus, a POSA reading the specification of the ' 960 patent would understand that the scanner or scanning device, such as scanner 130, is a "network scanner." See also D.I. 238, Ex.40176. Rakuten's expert3 also opined that the ' 960 patent's disclosure of a "scanner" or "scanning device" "is a well-known term of art which describes a well-known class of applications and devices for identifying vulnerabilities on a network at the time of the invention." Id. The Federal 3 IBM did not provide or attach any expert declarations to its claim construction brief to support its arguments. See generally D.I. 237. 21 Circuit has held such identification of distinct or discrete classes of structures was sufficient. See, e.g., Vistan Corp. v. Fadei USA, Inc., 547 F. App'x 986, 990, 992 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (holding '"mechanical linear actuator' is sufficiently definite structure for the purpose of section 112" because "a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand mechanical linear actuators to be a distinct and identifiable class of actuators"); Linear Tech. Corp. v. Impala Linear Corp. , 379 F .3d 1311, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2004) ("Although the expression ' PWM circuit' does not reference a specific circuit structure, persons of skill in the art would understand that ' PWM circuit' references a discrete class of circuit structures that perform known functions. That the disputed term is not limited to a single structure does not disqualify it as a corresponding structure, as long as the class of structures is identifiable by a person of ordinary skill in the art."). 4 In fact, Rakuten' s expert identified two common network scanners that were used at the time of the '960 patent: (1) "Nmap" and (2) "Nessus." D.I. 238, Ex.40179. Accordingly, the Court concludes that a "scanner" or "scanning device" provides "sufficient description of structure that ' one skilled in the art will know and understand what structure corresponds' to the claim limitations" and IBM has failed to show, by clear and convincing evidence, that this means-plus-function term is indefinite. Vistan, 547 F. App 'x at 989. 4 IBM argues that the "supposed existence in the art of a ' class' of structures for scanning ... only highlights the patent's deficiencies in failing to identify the specifically claimed structures in the specification." D.I. 237 at 49 n.25 (emphases in original). IBM cites to the Federal Circuit cases Synchronoss and Fiber for the proposition that the specification must adequately disclose corresponding structure and "[e]xpert testimony cannot create structure where none is adequately disclosed in the specification." Fiber, LLC v. Ciena Corp., 792 F. App'x 789, 796 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (citation omitted); Synchronoss Techs., Inc. v. Dropbox, Inc. , 987 F.3d 1358, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2021 ). That is not the case here. As explained above, the Court finds that the means-plus-function claim term "correspond[s] to 'adequate' structure in the specification" and Rakuten is not relying on its expert to "create structure where none is adequately disclosed in the specification." Synchronoss, 987 F.3d at 1367 (first quote); Fiber, 792 F. App'x at 796 (second quote). 22 b. "means for identifying at least one of the plurality of vulnerabilities associated with the network element based on output from the means for scanning" Rakuten proposes the structure of this claim term to be "a network monitoring system configured according to 2:34-42; 3:32-48, 4:2-1 2, 4:42-57, 4:62-65, 5:23-30, 7:59-8:13, 12:47-60, 14:13-21 , 14:47-58 and/or FIGS . 1, 2, 5 and/or 6, and structural equivalents thereof. " IBM argues that Rakuten points to "a network monitoring system" without identifying an algorithm that provides "a step-by-step procedure for accomplishing a given result," i.e., identifying at least one of the plurality of vulnerabilities associated with the network element based on output from the means for scanning. D.I. 237 at 49 (quoting Alfred E. Mann Found. for Sci. Rsch. v. Cochlear Corp., 841 F.3d 1334, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2016)). The Federal Circuit, however, has held that "the specification must ' disclose an algorithm for performing the claimed function"' "'in any understandable terms including as a mathematical formula, in prose, or as a flow chart, or in any other manner that provides sufficient structure. "' Intelligent Automation Design, LLC v. Zimmer BiometCMF& Thoracic, LLC, 799 F. App'x 847, 851 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (citations omitted). " [T]he specification need only disclose enough to 'permit one of ordinary skill in the art to ... perceive the bounds of the invention."' Id. at 852 (quoting Finisar Corp. v. DirecTV Grp. , Inc., 523 F.3d 1323, 1340-41 (Fed. Cir. 2008)). IBM is correct that the specification of the ' 960 patent fails to disclose an algorithm. D.I. 237 at 50; see also ' 960 patent at 14:53-58 ("the operation and behavior of the aspects of the invention were described without reference to the specific software code-it being understood that one of ordinary skill in the art would be able to design software and control hardware to implement the aspects based on the description herein."). But, the specification discloses enough to permit one of ordinary skill in the art to understand the bounds of the invention. For example, the "network monitoring system 150" uses the scanning results to assess vulnerabilities, such as 23 open ports within a network element (e.g., ports that can be seen from outside a company's internal network and through which access can be gained by an outside device), network elements that interface with non-secured devices, network elements that have not been scanned to identify potential open ports, network elements that have no intrusion detection system, firewall, or other protection systems installed, etc. '960 patent at 7:63-8:9. Accordingly, a POSA would understand that the ' 960 patent specification discloses a "network monitoring system," such as the "network monitoring system 150," with sufficient structure to perform the claimed function of "identifying at least one of the plurality of vulnerabilities associated with the network element based on output from the means for scanning." Rakuten' s expert also opined that a POSA "would understand that a 'network monitoring system' is a well-known term of art which describes a well-known class of applications and devices which identify network vulnerabilities based on the output of a network scanner at the time of the invention." D.I. 238, Ex.40190. Rakuten's expert provided an example of a network monitoring system that was used at the time of the '960 patent-NagMIN. Id 191. Accordingly, because a POSA would be able to recognize the structure in the specification and associate it with the corresponding function in the claim, the means-plus-function term "means for identifying at least one of the plurality of vulnerabilities associated with the network element based on output from the means for scanning" is not indefinite. c. "means for generating a risk indicator for the network element based on the stored value associated with the at least one identified vulnerability" Rakuten proposes the structure of this claim term to be "a network monitoring system configured according to 2:4-8, 2:34-42, 3:32-48, 4:5-12, 4:42-57, 5:43-57, 7:59-8:13, 8:14-9:50, 10:19-60, 12:32-13:6, 14:22-64 and/or FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and/or 6, and structural equivalents thereof. " Like the previous means-plus-function term, IBM argues that the specification fails to identify an 24 algorithm for the "network monitoring system" that provides a step-by-step procedure for accomplishing a given result, i.e. , generating a risk indicator for the network element based on the stored value associated with the at least one identified vulnerability. The Court finds, however, that the '960 patent specification provides sufficient structure for this recited function. The specification discloses that the stored values may be assigned different numerical values based on various factors, such as "the likelihood that the vulnerability can be exploited," the severity of the vulnerability, "the location of the particular network element," whether a network element is on a "Do Not Scan" list, or whether there has been "changes in the configuration of the company ' s network." '960 patent at 8:9-9:4. "After a value has been assigned to each potential vulnerability associated with network elements in system 100, network monitoring system 150 may store this information in, for example, policy monitoring tools database 340. This information may then be used to generate a score or grade for each network element when a party requests information for this network element." Id. at 8 :61-67. The specification also discloses various methods to generate a risk score based on the stored values and identified vulnerabilities. " [T]he values associated with each of the identified vulnerabilities" "may be added to generate an overall score." Id. at 10:31-34. A grade or pass/fail determination may be generated: For example, in this implementation, each network element may be originally assigned a value of 100. Each identified vulnerability may then reduce the value for that network element. For example, if a network element has an open port, 0.5 may be subtracted from the 100. If the open port is a high vulnerability port, a value of 5 may be subtracted. Further, if a network element is on a Do Not Scan list, a value of 30 may be subtracted. The total score for each element may then be determined and a grade (e.g., a letter grade, such as A through for a pass/fail grade) may be generated for each network element. Id. at 10:43-53. 25 In fact, Rak:uten's expert opined that a POSA "would understand that the '960 patent specification discloses sufficient structure (e.g., a network monitoring system such as network monitoring system 150) for performing the claimed function, ' generating a risk indicator for the network element based on the stored value associated with the at least one identified vulnerability. "' D.I. 238, Ex. 40 ,r 100. Accordingly, because a POSA would be able to recognize the structure in the specification and associate it with the corresponding function in the claim, the means-plus-function term "means for generating a risk indicator for the network element based on the stored value associated with the at least one identified vulnerability" is not indefinite. d. "means for adjusting the risk indicator" Rakuten proposes the structure of this claim term to be "a network monitoring system configured according to 2:34-42, 3:32-48, 4:42-65, 5:58-6:16, 7:59-8:13 , 9:50-10:60, 12:20-3 1, 12:47-60, 13:21-26, 14:13-64 and/or FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and/or 6, and structural equivalents thereof." Again, IBM argues that the specification fails to identify an algorithm for the "network monitoring system" that provides a step-by-step procedure for accomplishing a given result, i.e., adjusting the risk indicator. The Court finds that the ' 960 patent specification provides sufficient structure for this recited function. Claim 23 of the ' 960 patent recites that the "means for adjusting the risk indicator" adjusts the risk indicator "subsequent to generating the risk indicator" and "based on exceptions to security rules stored in the system." ' 960 patent, claim 23. The specification provides further details regarding how the score or grade may be adjusted based on business exceptions, such as authorizing a party to use a program that "is not generally approved," or technical exceptions, such 26 as a "meaningless or erroneous" scan. Id. at 9:50-10:24. The specification provides examples of how the score or grade may be adjusted based on those exceptions: For example, if a scan shows that a program is being run on server 112-1 , such as a program that is not generally approved for server 112-1 , network monitoring system 150 may determine whether an exception has been granted for that program to be run on server 112-1 . If an exception has been granted, network monitoring system 150 may reduce the score associated with this network element. In addition, network monitoring system 150 may check the exception information in policy monitoring tools database 340 to determine whether any other exceptions associated with, for example, other anomalies in the type/amount of data that server 112-1 is receiving to determine whether the anomaly is covered by an exception that has been approved for that network element. The exception, therefore, may account for the anomaly. In an exemplary implementation, if an exception has been approved for a particular network element, the score for that particular network element may be reduced by some value, such as 50. As described above, another example of exception information may involve a technical exception. For example, assume that scanner 130 runs a scan on one of nodes 112-2 and the resulting scan data is meaningless or erroneous. Network monitoring system 150 may check policy monitoring tools database 340 to determine whether a business exception has been approved for node 112-2, such as information indicating that node 11 2-2 is using an operating system that is not compatible with scanner 130. If such an exception has been granted, network monitoring system 150 may reduce the score for node 112-2 by a predetermined amount, such as, for example, 50. Id. at 9:56-10:18. Accordingly, because a POSA would be able to recognize the structure in the specification and associate it with the corresponding function in the claim, the means-plus-function term "means for adjusting the risk indicator" is not indefinite. 5 5 IBM also argues that "Rakuten' s contention that the same ' network monitoring system' [recited as a structure for three out of the four means-plus-function terms] with overlapping support performs multiple disparate function is improper." D.I. 237 at 42-43 (citing Noah Sys., 675 F. 3d at 1314). But, "an algorithm can support more than one function. " Ironworks Pats. LLC v. Samsung Elecs. Co., 798 F. App' x 621, 628 (Fed. Cir. 2020). In Noah , the Federal Circuit held that if there are two functions recited, then that algorithm must "address both aspects of this functional language." Noah Sys. , 675 F.3d at 13 14. As described above, the Court finds that the "network monitoring system" as disclosed in the ' 960 patent specification addresses all three 27 For the reasons stated above, IBM has not carried its burden of demonstrating, by clear and convincing evidence, that the four means-plus-function terms are indefinite. Accordingly, the Court adopts Rakuten' s proposed construction for each means-plus function term. F. "plurality of application sessions" Disputed Term plurality of application sess10ns Plaintiff IBM's Construction two or more independent and unrelated application sess10ns The Court's Construction Defendants Rakuten's Construction plain and ordinary meanmg plain and ordinary meaning, which means multiple application sessions in a communication network (the '968 patent, claims 1, 11)6 The parties dispute whether Rakuten' s statements in its Patent Owner Preliminary Response in inter partes review ("IPR") No. IPR2022-00890, which relates to the '968 patent, amount to clear and unmistakable disavowal. See D.I. 237 at 52-57. Prosecution disclaimer "preclud[ es] patentees from recapturing through claim interpretation specific meanings disclaimed during prosecution." Omega Eng 'g, Inc. v. Raytek Corp., 334 F.3d 1314, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2003). "[F]or prosecution disclaimer to attach, our precedent requires that the alleged disavowing actions or statements made during prosecution be both clear and unmistakable." Id. at 1325-26. The Federal Circuit has held that the doctrine of prosecution disclaimer equally applies in IPR proceedings. See Aylus Networks, Inc. v. Apple Inc., 856 F.3d functions, i.e., "identifying ... ,""generating . . . ," and "adjusting . . .. " See supra Section III.E.bd. 6 The parties noted in their Joint Claim Construction Brief that Rakuten adopts IBM' s construction for the term "means for receiving a plurality of application session setup requests from a subscriber by the communication network," which is found in claim 16 of the ' 968 patent. D.I. 237 at 52 n.27. 28 1353, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2017) ("Extending the prosecution disclaimer doctrine to IPR proceedings will ensure that claims are not argued one way in order to maintain their patentability and in a different way against accused infringers."). IBM argues that Rakuten repeatedly made statements in its Patent Owner Preliminary Response in IPR No. IPR2022-00890 that "plurality of application sessions" refers to two or more independent and unrelated application sessions. D.I. 237 at 52. Thus, according to IBM, Rakuten has clearly and unmistakably disclaimed a "plurality of application sessions" that are dependent or related. Id. at 52-54, 56. Rakuten disagrees and argues that IBM "misleadingly quotes" Rakuten' s Patent Owner Preliminary Response. Id. at 56; see also id. at 54-55. The Court finds that none of Rakuten' s statements in its Patent Owner Preliminary Response (D.I. 238, Ex. 5) amount to clear and unmistakable disavowal of the "plurality of application sessions" claim term. See Omega, 334 F.3d at 1325-26; Aylus, 856 F.3d at 1360. First, in the section titled "Claim Construction and POSA Definition," Rakuten states: As it relates to the plain and ordinary meaning of "a plurality of application sessions in a communication network," Patentee notes the language is clear and purposeful. First, a plurality of application sessions is required, i.e., multiple application sessions. Second, ~ communication network is required, i.e., one communication network. D.I. 238, Ex. 5 at 12 (emphases in original). Thus, Rakuten construed "a plurality of application sessions in a communication network" to have its plain and ordinary meaning, which means "multiple application sessions in a communication network," not "two or more" application sessions or unrelated application sessions. See id. Next, the Court looks at the statements Rakuten made in its Patent Owner Preliminary Response when distinguishing a prior art reference. Rakuten argued, inter alia, that a prior art 29 reference does not disclose a plurality of application sessions because it "describes and treats the audio and video as parts of a single multimedia whole." Id at 18. Rakuten concluded: In view of [the prior art reference' s] explicit discussion of creating a single "multimedia session" with two underlying media streams, and its explicit discussion of the two media streams being for communication of related media (e.g., related audio and video) for that single multi-media session, a POSA would not have understood [the prior art reference ' s] audio session and video session to be separate and independent application sessions. Instead, a POSA would have understood the two media streams to be related elements of a single multi-media session formed by [the prior art reference's] device/application. As such, a POSA would not have understood [the prior art reference ' s] two communication sessions to disclose a "plurality of application sessions," as the Petition proposes. Id at 19 (emphasis in original). IBM argues that Rakuten was "distinguish[ing] the prior art" by "repeatedly" stating that the claims require "' independent' and 'unrelated' application sessions." D.I. 237 at 56. IBM, however, mischaracterizes Rakuten' s statements. Rakuten was merely relying on the prior art reference's explanation that the two communication sessions created a single multi-media session. Rakuten then concluded that, because the prior art reference discloses only a single multi-media session, it cannot meet the "plurality of application sessions" limitation. Rakuten did not distinguish the prior art reference on the basis that the multi-media session was "related" and not "independent." None of these statements, or other statements in Rakuten' s Patent Owner Preliminary Response, amount to clear and unmistakable disclaimer in claim scope. See Omega, 334 F.3d at 1325-26; Aylus, 856 F.3d at 1360. For the reasons stated above, the Court will construe "plurality of application sessions" to have its plain and ordinary meaning, which means "multiple application sessions in a communication network. " 7 7 This construction is also consistent with the ' 968 patent specification. The '968 patent specification states that "sessions can be independent of each other," but there is no requirement 30 IV. CONCLUSION The Court will adopt the parties' agreed-upon constructions and construe the disputed claim terms as described above. The Court will issue an Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion. that they must be independent and unrelated. ' 968 patent at 1:42-44. Also, the word "unrelated" does not appear in the '968 specification. See generally ' 968 patent. 31
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