Birch et al v. Family First Life, LLC et al, No. 3:2022cv00815 - Document 45 (S.D. Cal. 2023)

Court Description: ORDER Granting Motions to Dismiss ( 20 , 21 ) and Denying 24 Motion to Transfer or Stay Pursuant to the First-to-File Rule. Signed by Judge Michael M. Anello on 4/13/23. (aas)

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Birch et al v. Family First Life, LLC et al Doc. 45 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 10 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 11 12 13 GREG BIRCH, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, et al., 16 17 ORDER GRANTING MOTIONS TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION TO TRANSFER OR STAY PURSUANT TO THE FIRST-TOFILE RULE Plaintiffs, 14 15 Case No. 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) v. FAMILY FIRST LIFE, LLC, et al., Defendants. [Doc. Nos. 20, 21, 24] 18 19 In this putative class action, Plaintiffs Greg Birch, David Doehring, and Michael 20 Borish (“Plaintiffs”) allege they relied on false representations made by Defendants 21 Family First Life, LLC (“FFL”), Shawn Meaike, and Andrew Taylor (“Defendants”) in 22 purchasing low-quality insurance “leads” while working as independent contractors for 23 FFL, an insurance marketing organization. Doc. No. 7 (Second Amended Complaint, the 24 “SAC”) ¶¶ 18, 23–26. On October 11, 2022, Defendant FFL filed two motions: (1) a 25 motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ SAC pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 9(b), 26 12(b)(1), 12(b)(2), and 12(b)(6); and (2) a motion to transfer or, in the alternative, stay 27 pursuant to the first-to-file rule. Doc. Nos. 21, 24. On that same date, Defendants 28 Meaike and Taylor filed their own motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil -1- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) Dockets.Justia.com 1 Procedure 12(b)(2), 12(b)(6), and the doctrine of forum non conveniens. Doc. No. 20. 2 Plaintiffs filed oppositions, Doc. Nos. 31–33, to which Defendants replied, 1 Doc. 3 Nos. 38–40. The Court found the matters suitable for determination on the papers and 4 without oral argument pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 78(b) and Civil Local 5 Rule 7.1.d.1. See Doc. No. 41. For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS 6 Defendants’ motions to dismiss and DENIES Defendant FFL’s motion to transfer or stay 7 pursuant to the first-to-file rule. I. BACKGROUND 2 8 9 This case centers around the insurance industry and one of its common features: 10 independent marketing organizations (“IMOs”). SAC ¶¶ 8–11. Defendant FFL is an 11 IMO that distributes life insurance products to the public. Id. ¶ 8. Defendant Meaike is 12 the president of FFL and Defendant Taylor is one of FFL’s “owners and officers.” Id. 13 Under the IMO model, Defendant FFL “contract[s] directly with [insurance] 14 carriers who . . . provide different variations of life insurance products that are sold 15 through [FFL].” Id. ¶ 10. FFL “then employs independent contractors[,] commonly 16 known as “[a]gents[,]” who market and distribute the carrier’s insurance products to 17 consumers.” Id. ¶ 11. Plaintiffs are former agents of FFL. 3 Id. ¶¶ 23–24. Plaintiffs 18 allege that “FFL markets itself as a superior IMO over others because it has access to, 19 and can provide its [a]gents with ‘exclusive,’ ‘instant’ leads that are ‘newly generated’ 20 and have ‘never been used.’” Id. ¶ 13. FFL also characterized its leads as “fresh,” which 21 22 23 1 24 25 26 27 28 Plaintiffs filed an objection to Defendant FFL’s reply in support of its motion to transfer, arguing that FFL improperly included new evidence and arguments. See Doc. Nos. 40, 44. Because the Court does not rely on FFL’s new evidence or arguments from its reply in its decision, the Court OVERRULES Plaintiffs’ objection. 2 Reviewing Defendants’ motions to dismiss, the Court accepts as true all facts alleged in the SAC and construes them in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs. See Snyder & Assocs. Acquisitions LLC v. United States, 859 F.3d 1152, 1157 (9th Cir. 2017). 3 Although Plaintiffs do not allege the date(s) they stopped working as FFL agents, they refer to their time working at FFL in the past tense. Id. ¶¶ 23–24. -2- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 meant the leads consisted of “consumers who have recently been looking for insurance 2 products.” Id. ¶¶ 13, 24. 3 These insurance leads are used by agents to find and contact prospective customers 4 interested in buying life insurance products. Id. ¶¶ 13–14. Defendant FFL “markets and 5 sells the leads exclusively through [its] customer relationship management system.” Id. 6 ¶ 15. Within the customer relationship management system (“CRM”), agents can select 7 and purchase different types of leads including internet, direct mail, and social media 8 leads. Id. Plaintiffs allege that “FFL characterizes and represents to its [a]gents that the 9 leads are of high quality because they comprise of consumers who need insurance 10 products, and who have yet to be solicited by anybody else to purchase such products.” 11 Id. ¶ 14. Plaintiffs purchased leads from FFL based on these representations, which were 12 made to them by officers of FFL, including Defendants Meaike and Taylor, “in phone 13 conferences, at company events, on YouTube videos when Plaintiffs enrolled with FFL, 14 and throughout their entire tenure with the company.” Id. ¶ 25. Plaintiffs allege that they 15 eventually learned that Defendant FFL’s representations were false because the leads 16 were “recycled many times over by other [a]gents in the company, had invalid contact 17 information, and included names of people who were not interested in purchasing 18 insurance products.” Id. ¶ 26. Thus, Plaintiffs contend they “were induced into paying a 19 premium price for the leads when, in fact, they were not of the quality as represented.” 20 Id. 21 Based on the foregoing, Plaintiffs initiated this action on behalf of themselves and 22 as representatives of all those similarly situated for: (1) Violation of California’s False 23 Advertising Law (“FAL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17500 et seq., against all Defendants 24 (Count I); (2) Violation of California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), Cal. Bus. & 25 Prof. Code § 17200 et seq., against all Defendants (Count II); (3) Violation of California 26 Penal Code § 496 against all Defendants (Count III); (4) Violation of Texas’s Deceptive 27 Trade Practices Act, Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 17.46, against all Defendants (Count IV); 28 (5) Violation of Florida’s Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act, Fla. Stat. § 501.204, -3- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 against all Defendants (Count V); (6) Violation of Florida Statute § 817.06 against all 2 Defendants (Count VI); (7) Breach of Written Contract against Defendant FFL (Count 3 VII); and (8) Breach of Oral Contract against Defendant FFL (Count VIII). See generally 4 SAC. 5 6 II. DISCUSSION A. Motion to Transfer or Stay 7 Before proceeding to Defendants’ motions to dismiss, the Court first addresses 8 Defendant FFL’s motion to transfer or, in the alternative, stay pursuant to the first-to-file 9 rule. Doc. No. 24. FFL seeks to transfer or stay this action in light of the Family First 10 Life, LLC v. David Rutstein, et al., No. 9:22-cv-80243-AMC-BER (S.D. Fla. filed Feb. 15, 11 2022) case in the Southern District of Florida (the “Florida Action”). 12 1. 13 The first-to-file rule is a generally recognized, judicially created “doctrine of First-to-File Rule 14 federal comity.” Pacesetter Sys., Inc. v. Medtronic, Inc., 678 F.2d 93, 94–95 (9th Cir. 15 1982). The rule provides the district court with the discretion to transfer, stay, or dismiss 16 an action if the same parties and issues are already at issue in a proceeding before another 17 district court. Id. at 94–95. The purpose of the first-to-file rule is to “maximize 18 ‘economy, consistency, and comity.’” Kohn Law Grp., Inc. v. Auto Parts Mfg. Miss., 19 Inc., 787 F.3d 1237, 1239 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Cadle Co. v. Whataburger of Alice, 20 Inc., 174 F.3d 599, 604 (5th Cir. 1999)). The rule is not to be mechanically applied, but 21 “rather is to be applied with a view to the dictates of sound judicial administration.” 22 Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 95. When determining whether the first-to-file rule applies, the 23 court must consider three factors: (1) the chronology of the lawsuits, (2) the similarity of 24 the parties, and (3) the similarity of the issues. Id. 25 26 27 28 2. Analysis a. Chronology of Actions The first factor is the chronology of the actions. The parties do not dispute that the Florida Action was filed before the present action. The Florida Action was filed on -4- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 February 15, 2022. See Doc. No. 24-1 at 2 ¶ 3. 4 Plaintiffs filed the present case on June 2 3, 2022. See Doc. No. 1. Accordingly, the first factor weighs in favor of granting the 3 motion. 4 b. Similarity of Parties 5 The second factor is similarity of the parties. FFL argues that the parties are 6 substantially similar because FFL is a party to both actions and “[a] single common party 7 is sufficient.” Doc. No. 24 at 10 (citing Prime Healthcare Servs., Inc. v. Harris, 8 No. EDCV 15-1934-GHK-DTBx, 2016 WL 6693152, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2016)). 9 Plaintiffs disagree and contend that the “one common party” rule espoused in Prime 10 Healthcare does not apply because Plaintiffs are not mentioned in the Florida Action’s 11 operative complaint or any of its previous complaints. Doc. No. 33 at 3. 12 The identity of the parties need not be exact. Kohn, 787 F.3d at 1240. The first-to- 13 file rule only requires “substantial similarity of parties.” Id. The Ninth Circuit has held 14 that omission of one party from a second lawsuit does not defeat the first-to-file rule 15 applicability. See id.; see also Alltrade, Inc. v. Uniweld Products, Inc., 946 F.2d 622, 624 16 & n.3, 629 (9th Cir. 1991) (finding that the first-to-file rule applied even though the first- 17 filed case involved a defendant not named in the second case); Pac. Coast Breaker, Inc. 18 v. Conn. Electric, Inc., No. 10-CV-3134-KJM-EFB, 2011 WL 2073796, at *3 (E.D. Cal. 19 May 24, 2011) (“The [first-to-file] rule is satisfied if some [of] the parties in one matter 20 are also in the other matter, regardless of whether there are additional, unmatched parties 21 on one or both matters.”) (quoting PETA, Inc. v. Beyond the Frame, Inc., No. 10-CV- 22 07576-MMM-SSx, 2011 WL 686158, at *2 (C.D. Cal. 2011)). The main consideration 23 for the first-to-file rule is the requirement of parallel suits, not identical suits. Interstate 24 Material Corp. v. City of Chicago, 847 F.2d 1285, 1288 (7th Cir. 1988). “A ‘suit is 25 “parallel” when substantially the same parties are contemporaneously litigating 26 27 28 4 All citations to electronically filed documents refer to the pagination assigned by the CM/ECF system. -5- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 substantially the same issues in another forum.’” Id. (quoting Calvert Fire Ins. Co. v. 2 American Mutual Reinsurance Co., 600 F.2d 1228, 1229 n.1 (7th Cir. 1979)). 3 Here, the parties in both cases are not substantially similar. FFL is a defendant in 4 the instant case but was the plaintiff in the Florida Action. As noted above, it is 5 undisputed that FFL is the only party common to both cases. The Court finds this 6 insufficient to satisfy the first-to-file rule. See Church v. California Dep’t of Managed 7 Health Care, No. 16-CV-00501-H-DHB, 2016 WL 11621588, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 15, 8 2016) (finding the first-to-file rule inapplicable where the defendants were the only 9 parties in both actions); see also Abrahams v. Hard Drive Prods., Inc., No. C-12-01006- 10 11 JCS, 2012 WL 1945493, at *7 (N.D. Cal. May 30, 2012) (same). Moreover, the cases relied on by FFL are readily distinguishable. First, in Prime 12 Healthcare, the court there found the parties substantially similar where the plaintiff was 13 the only common party to each of the three cases at issue and the defendants in the 14 previous cases were “featured prominently” in the allegations of the plaintiff’s complaint. 15 See Prime Healthcare, 2016 WL 6693152, at *4. In its reply, FFL concedes that 16 Plaintiffs are not mentioned in its allegations in the Florida Action. Doc. No. 40 at 5. 17 Despite this shortcoming, FFL argues that the Court should find the parties in this case 18 substantially similar because one of the Plaintiffs here, Birch, and Defendants Meaike 19 and Taylor, were identified as material witnesses by David Rutstein, one of the 20 defendants in the Florida Action. Doc. Nos. 24 at 10; 40 at 6–7. However, FFL does not 21 provide any authority, and the Court is unaware of any, involving the first-to-file rule 22 where a court determined that the parties were substantially similar merely because some 23 of the parties were implicated in discovery. 24 Next, FFL cites IT Convergence v. Moonracer, Inc., No. 13-CV-04467-WHO, 25 2013 WL 6512732 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 12, 2013) and Martin v. Geltech Solutions, Inc., 26 No. 09-CV-04884-CW, 2010 WL 2287476 (N.D. Cal. June 4, 2010) for the proposition 27 that courts have found parties substantially similar pursuant to the first-to-file rule “in this 28 exact situation where the only named party in common was plaintiff in the first action -6- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 2 and defendant in the second action.” Doc. No. 40 at 5. In IT Convergence, Moonracer, a corporation, filed an action in North Carolina 3 against its former employee, John Collard, for breach of a non-compete covenant in 4 Collard’s employment contract. 2013 WL 6512732, at *1. Collard’s new employer, IT 5 Convergence, subsequently filed a California action against Moonracer for interference 6 with IT Convergence’s employment of Collard. Id. While Moonracer was a party to 7 both actions, Collard was not a party in the later-filed California action, and IT 8 Convergence was not a party to the first-filed North Carolina action. See id. at *3. 9 However, because “IT Convergence [was] seeking relief based on Collard’s employment 10 agreement,” the court concluded that the parties were sufficiently similar for purposes of 11 a first-to-file analysis. Id. Here, there is no such overlap in allegations. In the instant 12 action, Plaintiffs, former FFL independent contractors, are seeking relief based on their 13 theory that FFL committed fraud when it sold them poor quality insurance leads. See 14 generally SAC. In the Florida Action, FFL seeks relief against David Rutstein and 15 several other of its competitors—who are not former FFL independent contractors— 16 primarily based on its allegations that the defendants were perpetuating false and 17 defamatory statements against FFL. See generally Doc. No. 24-2. The Court recognizes 18 that the parties in the two actions only need to be substantially similar, see Kohn Law 19 Grp., 787 F.3d at 1240, but here, the Court cannot conclude that the parties are 20 substantially similar because FFL “fail[s] to identify any privity or legal relationship” 21 between Plaintiffs and any of the defendants in the Florida Action. See Church, 2016 22 WL 11621588, at *6. 23 Finally, Martin is also easily distinguished. There, a company called Geltech 24 Solutions, Inc. filed an action against another company, Marteal Ltd., in Florida. 2010 25 WL 2287476, at *1. Two individuals—who were the sole officers and directors of 26 Marteal—filed a subsequent complaint against Geltech and another company, RootGel 27 West, in California. Id. Geltech was the only party common to both actions. Noting that 28 the individual defendants were “the sole officers and directors of Marteal,” the court -7- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 determined that substantial similarity of parties existed to support the transfer of the 2 California action to Florida under the first-to-file rule. Id. at *2. As stated above, there is 3 no such relationship here. 4 5 6 7 For these reasons, the Court finds that the parties are not substantially similar, and that the second factor weighs against granting the motion. c. Similarity of Issues The third factor is similarity of the issues. FFL argues that there is a substantial 8 overlap between the issues in this case and the Florida Action because both actions turn 9 on whether FFL “fraudulently markets low quality or ‘recycled’ leads.” Doc. No. 24 at 10 11–12. Plaintiffs respond that “the question of whether leads were of a certain quality is 11 not a substantial issue in the Florida Action.” Doc. No. 33 at 4. 12 The issues in both cases “need not be identical, only substantially similar.” Kohn, 13 787 F.3d at 1240. “To determine whether two suits involve substantially similar issues, 14 [courts] look at whether there is ‘substantial overlap’ between the two suits.” Id. at 1241; 15 see also Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 95 (finding that the first-to-file rule applied because 16 “[t]he central questions in each [were] the validity and enforceability of three specific 17 patents” and “[t]he same three parties [were] involved in both suits”). 18 Here, the Court agrees with Plaintiffs and finds that the issues involved in each 19 case are distinguishable. The core issue in this case is whether FFL made 20 “misrepresentations about the quality of leads” that Plaintiffs purchased. Doc. No. 33 at 21 4. By comparison, the core issue in the Florida Action is whether David Rutstein and 22 several other defendants, who are competitors to FFL, “conspire[d] to destroy FFL’s 23 business.” Doc. No. 40 at 7. Although there is some mention of “leads” in FFL’s 24 operative complaint in the Florida Action, see Doc. No. 24-2, there are numerous other 25 allegations that are not present in the instant case. Indeed, the allegations in this case 26 primarily focus on acts taken by FFL rather than acts taken by FFL’s competitors. As 27 such, the Court finds that the issues in the Florida Action lack sufficient similarity to the 28 -8- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 current case to justify invoking the first-to-file rule and transferring this suit to the 2 Southern District of Florida. 3 Accordingly, because Defendant FFL fails to establish two out of three prongs, the 4 Court DENIES its motion to transfer or stay this case based on the first-to-file rule. 5 B. 6 Motions to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction Defendants move to dismiss based on lack of personal jurisdiction under Federal 7 Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2). 5 See Doc. Nos. 20-1 at 14–21; 21 at 16–18. The Court 8 will address their arguments in turn. 9 1. 10 Legal Standard “Federal courts ordinarily follow state law in determining the bounds of their 11 jurisdiction over persons.” Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 125 (2014). Because 12 “California’s long-arm statute allows the exercise of personal jurisdiction to the full 13 extent permissible under the U.S. Constitution,” the court’s inquiry centers on whether 14 exercising jurisdiction comports with due process. Picot v. Weston, 780 F.3d 1206, 1211 15 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Daimler AG, 571 U.S. at 125); see also Cal. Civ. Proc. Code 16 § 410.10 (“A court of this state may exercise jurisdiction on any basis not inconsistent 17 with the Constitution of this state or of the United States.”). Due process requires that the 18 defendant “have certain minimum contacts” with the forum state “such that the 19 maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial 20 justice.’” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Wash., 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 21 311 U.S. 457, 463 (1940)). 22 Depending on the strength of those contacts, there are two forms that personal 23 jurisdiction may take: general and specific. Boschetto v. Hansing, 539 F.3d 1011, 1016 24 (9th Cir. 2008). Here, Plaintiffs concede that Defendants are not subject to general 25 jurisdiction in California; therefore, the Court will only analyze whether specific 26 27 28 5 Unless otherwise noted, all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. -9- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 jurisdiction exists. See Doc. Nos. 31 at 8; 32 at 8. When a plaintiff relies on specific 2 jurisdiction, he must establish that jurisdiction is proper for “each claim asserted against a 3 defendant.” Picot, 780 F.3d at 1211 (quoting Action Embroidery Corp. v. Atl. 4 Embroidery, Inc., 368 F.3d 1174, 1180 (9th Cir. 2004)). If personal jurisdiction exists 5 over one claim, but not others, the court may exercise pendent personal jurisdiction over 6 any remaining claims that arise out of the same “common nucleus of operative facts” as 7 the claim for which jurisdiction exists. Id. (quoting Action Embroidery Corp., 368 F.3d 8 at 1181). 9 10 A three-part test is used to assess whether a defendant has sufficient contacts with the forum state to be subject to specific personal jurisdiction: 11 12 13 14 (1) The non-resident defendant must purposefully direct his activities or consummate some transaction with the forum or resident thereof; or perform some act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum, thereby invoking the benefits and protections of its laws; 15 16 (2) the claim must be one which arises out of or relates to the defendant’s forum-related activities; and 17 18 (3) the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with fair play and substantial justice, i.e., it must be reasonable. 19 20 Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 802 (9th Cir. 2004). The 21 plaintiff has the burden of proving the first two prongs. CollegeSource, Inc. v. 22 AcademyOne, Inc., 653 F.3d 1066, 1076 (9th Cir. 2011). If he does so, the burden shifts 23 to the defendant to “set forth a ‘compelling case’ that the exercise of jurisdiction would 24 not be reasonable.” Id. (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 477 25 (1985)). 26 The exact form of jurisdictional inquiry depends on the nature of the claims at 27 issue. Picot, 780 F.3d at 1212. For claims sounding in contract, courts generally apply a 28 “purposeful availment” analysis and ask whether a defendant has “purposefully avail[ed] -10- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 [himself] of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking 2 the benefits and protections of its laws.” Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802 (quoting 3 Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958)). For claims sounding in tort, courts 4 instead apply a “purposeful direction” test and look to evidence that the defendant has 5 directed his actions at the forum state, even if those actions took place elsewhere. Id. at 6 802–03. As discussed in Section II.E. below, Plaintiffs have abandoned their contract 7 claims against Defendant FFL. Therefore, the Court applies the purposeful direction test 8 in its analysis because Plaintiffs’ remaining allegations involve tortious conduct. See 9 Loomis v. Slendertone Distribution, Inc., 420 F. Supp. 3d 1046, 1067 (S.D. Cal. 2019) 10 (applying purposeful direction test where UCL and FAL were alleged); see also In re ZF- 11 TRW Airbag Control Units Prod. Liab. Litig., 601 F. Supp. 3d 625, 717 (C.D. Cal. 2022) 12 (examining whether defendants “purposefully directed” their activities where unfair and 13 deceptive trade practices claims were alleged). 14 In analyzing whether a court has specific personal jurisdiction over a tort claim, the 15 Ninth Circuit applies the three-part “effects” test derived from Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 16 783 (1984) (the “Calder test”). Picot, 780 F.3d at 1213–14 (citing Schwarzenegger, 374 17 F.3d at 803). Under this test, a defendant purposefully directed his activities at the forum 18 if he: “(1) committed an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed at the forum state, 19 (3) causing harm that the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in the forum state.” Id. 20 (quoting Dole Food Co. v. Watts, 303 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2002)). In applying this 21 test, courts must “look[] to the defendant’s contacts with the forum State itself, not the 22 defendant’s contacts with persons who reside there.” Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 285 23 (2014). Thus, a “mere injury to a forum resident is not a sufficient connection to the 24 forum.” Id. at 290. Rather, “an injury is jurisdictionally relevant only insofar as it shows 25 that the defendant has formed a contact with the forum State.” Id. 26 The meaning of the term “intentional act” in the court’s jurisdictional analysis is 27 essentially the same as in the context of intentional torts; namely, the defendant must act 28 with the “intent to perform an actual, physical act in the real world.” Picot, 780 F.3d at -11- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 1214 (quoting Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 806). The second prong of the test, “express 2 aiming,” asks whether the defendant’s allegedly tortious action was “expressly aimed at 3 the forum.” Brayton Purcell LLP v. Recordon & Recordon, 606 F.3d 1124, 1129 (9th 4 Cir. 2010). As to this prong, the exact nature of the court’s analysis varies from case to 5 case and “depends, to a significant degree, on the specific type of tort or other wrongful 6 conduct at issue.” Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 807. 7 2. 8 The Court first addresses the second factor of the Calder test for purposeful 9 direction: whether Defendants’ alleged conduct was expressly aimed at California. Analysis 10 Meaike and Taylor argue that the Court lacks specific jurisdiction because “Plaintiffs do 11 not allege that either defendant directed any personal conduct at the forum.” Doc. No. 12 20-1 at 17. FFL argues that “[a]ll of Plaintiffs’ claims are based on their allegations that 13 FFL made misrepresentations about insurance leads” and that Plaintiffs fail to allege FFL 14 “made any of those representations in California or directed them to California.” Doc. 15 No. 21 at 17. 16 As an initial matter, many of the allegations in the SAC pertain to Defendants, 17 collectively, and Plaintiffs do not separate out each Defendants’ actions in the challenged 18 conduct. This is improper. See Head v. Las Vegas Sands, LLC, 298 F. Supp. 3d 963, 973 19 (S.D. Tex. 2018) (“[A] plaintiff must submit evidence supporting personal jurisdiction 20 over each defendant, and cannot simply lump them all together”) (citing Calder, 465 U.S. 21 at 790) (“Each defendant’s contacts with the forum State must be assessed 22 individually.”)). 23 As to Defendants Meaike and Taylor, the former is a resident of Florida and the 24 latter is a resident of Nevada. SAC ¶¶ 6–7. Neither owns property in California. Doc. 25 Nos. 20-2 at 2 ¶ 4; 20-3 at 2 ¶ 4. The only allegations in the SAC that refer to Meaike 26 and Taylor individually include Plaintiffs’ assertions that (1) Meaike is FFL’s president, 27 28 -12- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 (2) Taylor is an owner or officer of FFL, 6 and (3) Meaike and Taylor made 2 “representations regarding [FFL’s] leads” to “Plaintiffs in phone conferences, at company 3 events, on YouTube videos when Plaintiffs enrolled with FFL, and throughout 4 [Plaintiffs’] tenure with [FFL].” SAC ¶¶ 8, 25. Indeed, Plaintiffs fail to provide specific 5 allegations in the SAC showing that Meaike and Taylor’s alleged acts either occurred in 6 or were expressly aimed at California. Without more specific facts, the Court finds that 7 Plaintiffs have not met their burden of showing how Meaike or Taylor’s alleged 8 conduct—misrepresenting the quality of FFL’s insurance leads—was expressly aimed at 9 California. See Professional’s Choice Sports Medicine Prods., Inc. v. Hegeman, No. 15- 10 cv-2505-BAS (WVG), 2016 WL 1450704, at *4 (S.D. Cal. April 12, 2016) (“[A] plaintiff 11 must point to contacts which demonstrate that the defendant ‘expressly aimed its tortious 12 conduct at the forum.’”) (emphasis in original). In addition, although Plaintiffs offer 13 additional facts in their opposition, including that both Meaike and Taylor “have given 14 multiple presentations in California to theaters full of Californians,” Doc. No. 31 at 9, the 15 Court “cannot simply read into the SAC allegations which are not contained within it.” 7 16 Schertzer v. Bank of Am., N.A., 445 F. Supp. 3d 1058, 1078 (S.D. Cal. 2020); see also 17 Rojas v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC, No. CV 16-9439-FMO-SSx, 2017 WL 18 2999030, at *2 (C.D. Cal. June 7, 2017) (“an opposition is not part of a plaintiff’s 19 pleadings”); Barbera v. WMC Mortgage Co., No C 04-3738, 2006 WL 167632, at *2 n.4 20 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 19, 2006) (“It is axiomatic that the complaint may not be amended by 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 6 Taylor disputes this fact in his declaration in support of his motion and states that he is “not an officer or employee of [FFL]” and “operate[s] an insurance agency in Nevada.” Doc. No. 20-2 at 2 ¶¶ 2, 3. 7 To the extent Plaintiffs’ additional facts only involve professional duties performed by Meaike and Taylor, this is insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction. See Ortolivo v. Precision Dynamics Int’l, LLC, No. 22-cv-01812-JSW, 2022 WL 16823693, at *2–3 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 8, 2022) (finding no evidence of express aiming for purposes of personal jurisdiction over the president of limited liability company where plaintiff only alleged facts that pertained to the president’s performance of his official duties); see also Forsythe v. Overmyer, 576 F.2d 779, 783-84 (9th Cir. 1978) (“[A] corporate officer who has contact with a forum only with regard to the performance of his official duties is not subject to personal jurisdiction in that forum.”). -13- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 briefs in opposition to a motion to dismiss.”) (quoting Car Carriers, Inc. v. Ford Motor 2 Co., 745 F.2d 1101, 1107 (7th Cir. 1984)); Van Buskirk v. Cable News Network, Inc., 284 3 F.3d 977, 980 (9th Cir. 2002) (“Ordinarily, a court may look only at the fact of the 4 complaint to decide a motion to dismiss.”). 5 Plaintiffs also fail to allege sufficient facts to demonstrate that Defendant FFL 6 expressly aimed its alleged conduct at California. FFL is a Connecticut limited liability 7 company with its principal place of business in Connecticut. SAC ¶ 5. Throughout the 8 SAC, Plaintiffs generally allege that FFL fraudulently represented the quality of its 9 insurance leads to Plaintiffs, but includes no facts about whether FFL made such 10 representations in California or whether they were expressly aimed at California. FFL 11 correctly notes that Plaintiffs’ “sole factual allegation related to California is that 12 [P]laintiff David Doehring lives there.” Doc. No. 21 at 18. This is insufficient to 13 establish personal jurisdiction over FFL. See Walden, 571 U.S. at 285 (finding that 14 courts must analyze “the defendant’s contacts with the forum State itself, not the 15 defendant’s contacts with persons who reside there”). As with Defendants Meaike and 16 Taylor, Plaintiffs allege additional facts to support personal jurisdiction in their 17 opposition to FFL’s motion to dismiss, but again, the Court may not use these facts as a 18 basis to establish personal jurisdiction over FFL when the SAC itself is deficient. See 19 Schertzer, 445 F. Supp. 3d at 1078. Thus, the Court finds that Plaintiffs fail to 20 sufficiently allege facts that show how FFL expressly aimed its conduct at California. 21 Because Plaintiffs have not satisfied the express aiming element of the Calder test 22 as to any Defendant, the Court need not address any of the other prongs because 23 “[f]ailing to sufficiently plead any one of these three elements [from Calder] is fatal to 24 Plaintiff[s’] attempt to show personal jurisdiction.” Rupert v. Bond, 68 F. Supp. 3d 1142, 25 1163 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (citing Brayton Purcell LLP, 606 F.3d at 1128–29). As such, the 26 Court declines to reach the remaining specific jurisdiction requirements, i.e., whether 27 Plaintiffs’ claims arise out of or relate to Defendants’ forum-related activities and 28 whether the exercise of jurisdiction would comport with fair play and substantial justice. -14- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 In sum, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motions to dismiss for lack of personal 2 jurisdiction with leave to amend. See McKesson HBOC, Inc. v. N.Y. State Common Ret. 3 Fund, Inc., 339 F.3d 1087, 1090 (9th Cir. 2003) (noting that in the event of a 4 jurisdictional defect, dismissal without leave to amend is proper only if it is clear that the 5 complaint could not be saved by any amendment). Although Defendants are dismissed 6 for lack of personal jurisdiction, the Court will address further deficiencies in the SAC 7 for purpose of amendment. 8 C. 9 Motion to Dismiss for Forum Non Conveniens Defendants Meaike and Taylor argue in their motion to dismiss that any claims 10 against Plaintiff Birch must be dismissed because a forum-selection clause included in a 11 contract between Meaike and Plaintiff Birch stated that “the parties agreed to litigate all 12 disputes over Birch’s business relationship with Meaike and FFL . . . exclusively in 13 Connecticut.” 8 Doc. No. 20-1 at 22. Plaintiffs do not oppose this argument. See Doc. 14 No. 31 at 12. As such, the Court DISMISSES Plaintiff Birch’s claims against 15 Defendants. 16 D. Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Standing 17 Defendant FFL argues that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over 18 Plaintiffs’ claim for injunctive relief because Plaintiffs do not have standing to seek an 19 injunction. Doc. No. 21 at 24. For the reasons stated below, the Court agrees. 20 1. 21 Under Rule 12(b)(1), a party may move to dismiss based on the court’s lack of Legal Standard 22 subject matter jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). “A federal court is presumed to 23 lack jurisdiction in a particular case unless the contrary affirmatively appears.” Stock 24 West, Inc. v. Confederated Tribes, 873 F.2d 1221, 1225 (9th Cir. 1989) (citation omitted). 25 26 27 28 8 “[T]he appropriate way to enforce a forum-selection clause pointing to a state or foreign forum is through the doctrine of forum non conveniens.” Atl. Marine Const. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court for W. Dist. of Tex., 571 U.S. 49, 60 (2013). -15- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 “Article III of the Constitution confines the federal courts to adjudication of actual 2 ‘Cases’ and ‘Controversies.’” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 590 (1992). 3 Consequently, a “lack of Article III standing requires dismissal for lack of subject matter 4 jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1).” Maya v. Centex Corp., 658 5 F.3d 1060, 1067 (9th Cir. 2011) (emphasis omitted). “For the purposes of ruling on a 6 motion to dismiss for want of standing,” the court “must accept as true all material 7 allegations of the complaint, and must construe the complaint in favor of the complaining 8 party.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 501 (1975); see also Tyler v. Cuomo, 236 F.3d 9 1124, 1131 (9th Cir. 2000). 10 The “irreducible constitutional minimum” of Article III standing contains three 11 elements: (1) “the plaintiff must have suffered an ‘injury in fact’”; (2) “there must be a 12 causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of”; and (3) “it must be 13 ‘likely,’ as opposed to merely ‘speculative,’ that the injury will be ‘redressed by a 14 favorable decision.’” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560–61. The injury in fact must be an invasion 15 of a legally protected interest that is concrete and particularized, and actual or imminent, 16 not conjectural or hypothetical. Id. at 560 (citation omitted). Moreover, to satisfy the 17 casual-connection prong, the injury has to be fairly traceable to the challenged action of 18 the defendant, and not the result of the independent action of some third party not before 19 the court. Id. (citing Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26, 41–42 (1976)). 20 Furthermore, “[s]tanding must be shown with respect to each form of relief sought, 21 whether it be injunctive relief, damages or civil penalties.” Bates v. United Parcel Serv., 22 Inc., 511 F.3d 974, 985 (9th Cir. 2007). To establish standing for injunctive relief, a 23 plaintiff must plead a “threat of injury” that is “actual and imminent, not conjectural or 24 hypothetical.” Davidson v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 889 F.3d 956, 967 (9th Cir. 2018) 25 (quoting Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 493 (2009)). Once plaintiffs have 26 been wronged, they are entitled to injunctive relief only if they can show that they face a 27 “real or immediate threat that [they] will again be wronged in a similar way.” Mayfield v. 28 United States, 599 F.3d 964, 970 (9th Cir. 2010) (citations and internal punctuation -16- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 omitted). “Where standing is premised entirely on the threat of repeated injury, a 2 plaintiff must show ‘a sufficient likelihood that he will again be wronged in a similar 3 way.’” Davidson, 889 F.3d at 967 (quoting City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 4 102 (1983)). 5 2. 6 FFL argues that “Plaintiffs lack standing to seek injunctive relief because they do Analysis 7 not allege they want or intend to purchase leads through FFL’s CRM in the future.” Doc. 8 No. 21 at 24. Plaintiffs, who are former agents of FFL, do not contest this. Instead, 9 Plaintiffs argue that “[a]gents who are still with FFL will need to buy leads, but they want 10 leads that are real and not sham but represented as being real and fresh.” Doc. No. 32 at 11 14. Thus, Plaintiffs assert that potential unnamed class members—not Plaintiffs 12 themselves—have standing. This is improper. Plaintiffs cannot rely upon a class to 13 obtain injunctive relief that they themselves do not need. See Spokeo, Inc. v. Robbins, 14 578 U.S. 330, 338 n.6 (“That a suit may be a class action adds nothing to the question of 15 standing, for even named plaintiffs who represent a class must allege and show that they 16 personally have been injured, not that injury has been suffered by other, unidentified 17 members of the class to which they belong.”) (cleaned up). 18 Consequently, the Court GRANTS FFL’s motion to dismiss and DISMISSES 19 Plaintiffs’ claim for injunctive relief. 20 E. 21 Motions to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim Defendants have also moved to dismiss the SAC in its entirety under Rules 9(b) 22 and12(b)(6). Plaintiffs oppose. Because Defendants’ Rule 9(b) and Rule 12(b)(6) 23 arguments in their separate motions to dismiss are substantially similar, if not identical, 24 the Court will consider them together. 25 1. 26 The Court notes that Plaintiffs have conceded that they have not sufficiently 27 alleged facts to support their claims for violations of California Penal Code § 496 and of Preliminary Matters 28 -17- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 Florida Statute § 817.06 (Counts III & VI). See Doc. Nos. 31 at 16–18; 32 at 19–20. 2 Therefore, the Court DISMISSES Counts III and VI. 3 In addition, Plaintiffs do not respond to FFL’s argument that their “breach of 4 contract claims should be dismissed because [Plaintiffs] do not identify the ‘specific 5 provisions’ that FFL allegedly breached.” 9 Doc. No. 21 at 35–36. Under Ninth Circuit 6 precedent, the Court therefore considers Plaintiffs to have abandoned their contract 7 causes of action (Counts VII & VIII). See Jenkins v. Cnty. of Riverside, 398 F.3d 1093, 8 1095 n.4 (9th Cir. 2005) (dismissing causes of action as abandoned where plaintiff did 9 not oppose dismissal in her opposition); Shull v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, No. 13- 10 CV-2999 BEN (WVG), 2014 WL 1404877, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 10, 2014) (“Where a 11 party fails to address arguments against a claim raised in a motion to dismiss, the claims 12 are abandoned and dismissal is appropriate.”); see also Walsh v. Nev. Dep’t of Human 13 Res., 471 F.3d 1033, 1037 (9th Cir. 2006) (holding that the plaintiff forfeited her right to 14 raise an issue on appeal because her opposition to a motion to dismiss failed to suggest a 15 continuing interest in pursuing the claim and therefore “effectively abandoned” it). As 16 such, the Court also DISMISSES Counts VII and VIII. Accordingly, the Court will 17 proceed with the sufficiency of the remaining claims (Counts I, II, IV & V) only. 18 2. 19 When analyzing a complaint for failure to state a claim for relief under Rule 20 Legal Standards 12(b)(6), the well-pled factual allegations are taken as true and construed in the light 21 22 9 23 24 25 26 27 28 FFL requests that the Court consider the terms and conditions Plaintiffs agreed to for their use of FFL’s CRM in support of its motion to dismiss pursuant to the incorporation-by-reference doctrine. Doc. No. 21 at 13, 15–16. Plaintiffs do not oppose this request. Courts can consider documents under the “incorporation-by-reference” doctrine when a plaintiff “refers extensively to the document or the document forms the basis of the plaintiff’s claim.” Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 F.3d 988, 1002 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 907 (9th Cir. 2003)). FFL contends that the terms and conditions associated with the CRM is appropriate for consideration under the incorporation-by-reference doctrine because “Plaintiffs discuss the CRM throughout their SAC, and they allege it created the contract that forms the basis of their breach [of contract] claim[s].” Doc. No. 21 at 15. The Court agrees and GRANTS FFL’s request for incorporation-by-reference as to the terms and conditions associated with FFL’s CRM. Doc. No. 21-2. -18- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 most favorable to the nonmoving party. Cousins v. Lockyer, 568 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th 2 Cir. 2009). Legal conclusions couched as factual allegations are not entitled to the 3 assumption of truth, Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009), and therefore are 4 insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, In re Cutera Sec. 5 Litig., 610 F.3d 1103, 1108 (9th Cir. 2010). To avoid dismissal, the complaint must 6 plead sufficient facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face. Bell Atl. Corp. 7 v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). This plausibility standard “is not akin to a 8 ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant 9 has acted unlawfully.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). 10 Moreover, allegations of fraud are subjected to a heightened pleading standard 11 under Rule 9(b), which requires that “a party [alleging fraud] must state with particularity 12 the circumstances constituting fraud.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). To satisfy Rule 9(b), a 13 plaintiff must include “the who, what, when, where, and how” of the fraud. Vess v. Ciba- 14 Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th Cir. 2003) (internal quotations and citations 15 omitted). “A motion to dismiss a complaint or claim ‘grounded in fraud’ under Rule 9(b) 16 for failure to plead with particularity is the functional equivalent of a motion to dismiss 17 under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim.” Id. at 1107. As such, dismissals under 18 Rule 9(b) and 12(b)(6) “are treated in the same manner.” Id. at 1107–08. 19 “If a complaint is dismissed for failure to state a claim, leave to amend should be 20 granted ‘unless the court determines that the allegation of other facts consistent with the 21 challenged pleading could not possibly cure the deficiency.’” DeSoto v. Yellow Freight 22 Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 658 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well 23 Furniture Co., 806 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir. 1986)). “A district court does not err in 24 denying leave to amend where the amendment would be futile.” Id. (citing Reddy v. 25 Litton Indus., 912 F.2d 291, 296 (9th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 921 (1991)). 26 3. 27 Here, Defendants argue, and Plaintiffs do not dispute, that all of Plaintiffs’ causes 28 Analysis of action either allege fraud or sound in fraud based on Defendants’ “uniform course of -19- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 conduct”—FFL’s alleged misrepresentation regarding insurance leads. Doc. Nos. 20-1 at 2 22; 21 at 18; see also SAC ¶ 31. Therefore, each claim is subject to the heightened 3 pleading standard of Rule 9(b). See Vess, 317 F.3d at 1103–04 (holding that when a 4 plaintiff “allege[s] a unified course of fraudulent conduct and rely entirely on that course 5 of conduct as the basis of a claim . . . the claim is said to be ‘grounded in fraud’ or to 6 ‘sound in fraud,’ and the pleading of that claim as a whole must satisfy the particularity 7 requirement of Rule 9(b)”). 8 To determine whether Plaintiffs meet the particularity requirement of Rule 9(b), 9 the Court analyzes whether Plaintiffs plead the “‘the who, what, when, where, and how’ 10 of the misconduct charged.” Kearns, 567 F.3d at 1124 (quoting Vess, 317 F.3d at 1106). 11 Plaintiffs argue that the “who” is “FFL through its representatives, including its 12 CEO.” Doc. No. 32 at 12. However, the Court agrees with Defendants that Plaintiffs’ 13 “SAC never ties any specific speaker to any specific false statement.” Doc. No. 39 at 13. 14 Instead, Plaintiffs impermissibly “lump” Defendants together, generally stating that 15 “[t]he representations regarding the leads were made by officers of FFL, including, but 16 not limited to Meaike [and] Taylor. . . .” SAC ¶ 25; Destfino v. Reiswig, 630 F.3d 952, 17 958 (9th Cir. 2011) “(Rule 9(b) ‘does not allow a complaint to . . . lump multiple 18 defendants together but require[s] plaintiffs to differentiate their allegations when suing 19 more than one defendant.’”) 20 Plaintiffs contend that the “what” are “the false representations as to the superior 21 qualities of the leads.” Doc. No. 32 at 12–13. However, Plaintiffs do not allege with 22 particularity a single specific advertisement or representation made by Defendants. Pac. 23 Surrogacy USA, LLC v. Bai, No. SA CV 19-01456-DOC-JDEx, 2019 WL 8129615, at *4 24 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 5, 2019). 25 Although Plaintiffs state that Defendants’ alleged fraud occurred “during phone 26 conferences, at company events, and on YouTube videos,” Doc. No. 32 at 13, the SAC is 27 devoid of any specific location of “where” any of these events occurred. And as to the 28 “when,” Plaintiffs argue that the fraudulent representations occurred when they enrolled -20- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 with FFL and “throughout their tenure” as agents. Id.; SAC ¶¶ 23–24. Plaintiffs allege 2 that they enrolled with FFL in 2018, 2020, and 2021, but do not provide when they 3 stopped working for FFL. SAC ¶ 23. The Court finds these timeframes both vague and 4 too broad to satisfy Rule 9(b). “Put simply, Plaintiff[s] ha[ve] not narrowed the range of 5 possible dates of which a purported misrepresentation occurred or indicated how many 6 times [Defendants] made such misrepresentations.” McCann v. Jupina, No. 16-CV- 7 03244-JSC, 2017 WL 1540719, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 28, 2017) (emphasis added). As 8 such, the Court finds that Plaintiffs fail to plead with particularity “the who, what, when, 9 where, and how” of their causes of action. Kearns, 567 F.3d at 1124. 10 11 Therefore, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiffs’ SAC for failure to meet the pleading requirements of Rule 9(b). 10 12 III. CONCLUSION 13 For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Defendant FFL’s motion to transfer 14 or stay pursuant to the first-to-file rule and GRANTS Defendants’ motions to dismiss 15 with leave to amend. 11 Plaintiffs may file a third amended complaint on or before 16 May 4, 2023. Any third amended complaint will be the operative pleading, and therefore 17 Defendants must respond within the time prescribed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 18 15. Any claim not re-alleged in the third amended complaint will be considered waived. 19 See CivLR 15.1; Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 20 1546 (9th Cir. 1989) (“[A]n amended pleading supersedes the original.”); Lacey v. 21 Maricopa Caty., 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 2012) (noting that claims dismissed with 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 10 In light of the Court’s determination that Defendants are entitled to dismissal for Plaintiffs’ failure to plead their claims with sufficient particularity, the Court need not address Defendants’ remaining 12(b)(6) arguments. 11 Although Plaintiffs have amended their allegations twice before by way of the First Amended Complaint, Doc. No. 3, and SAC, until now, the Court has not ruled on the pleading sufficiency of Plaintiffs’ claims. Because Plaintiffs could conceivably cure the above deficiencies, the Court grants Plaintiffs leave to amend. See Knappenberger v. City of Phoenix, 566 F.3d 936, 942 (9th Cir. 2009). -21- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS) 1 leave to amend which are not re-alleged in an amended pleading may be “considered 2 waived if not repled”). 3 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: April 13, 2023 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 -22- 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS)

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