Nevarez v. Lewis, No. 3:2012cv01912 - Document 6 (N.D. Cal. 2012)
Court Description: ORDER DENYING HABEAS PETITION (Illston, Susan) (Filed on 8/23/2012)
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Nevarez v. Lewis Doc. 6 1 2 3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 7 8 9 United States District Court For the Northern District of California ORDER DENYING HABEAS PETITION Petitioner, 10 v. 11 12 No. C 12-1912 SI (pr) MANUEL FRANCISCO NEVAREZ, G. W. LEWIS, warden, Respondent. 13 / 14 15 INTRODUCTION 16 Manuel Francisco Nevarez filed this pro se action seeking a writ of habeas corpus under 17 18 19 20 21 22 28 U.S.C. § 2254. He claims that his constitutional right to be free of ex post facto laws was violated when prison officials applied to him a statute that had been amended as of January 25, 2010, to decrease the time credits he would earn in prison. The matter is now before the court for consideration of the merits of the habeas petition. For the reasons discussed below, the petition will be denied. 23 BACKGROUND 24 25 26 27 28 A. Nevarez's Criminal And Prison History Nevarez is housed in the security housing unit ("SHU") at Pelican Bay State Prison due to his validation as an associate of the Mexican Mafia prison gang. He does not challenge the validation in this action. Instead, he challenges a change in the law that has adversely affected Dockets.Justia.com 1 the rate at which he earns time credits. He contends that an amendment to California's laws and 2 to California Code of Regulations § 3044 has adversely impacted the rate at which he receives 3 time credits on his sentence. Under the former law, SHU inmates like him were assigned to 4 work group D-1 and were awarded one day of credit for every two days served; after the change 5 in the law, those inmates were reassigned to work group D-2, and consequently ceased earning 6 such credits. That, in turn, apparently will lengthen the time he spends in prison. Nevarez is serving a 12-year prison sentence for a second degree robbery conviction 8 and/or a 3-year prison sentence for introduction of contraband into a jail or prison. He 9 committed the robbery in 1999 and was convicted and sentenced in 2000. See Resp. Ex. 1. He 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 7 committed the contraband-in-jail offense in 2008, and was convicted and sentenced that same 11 year. See Traverse, Ex. 2. 12 On December 12, 2008, Nevarez was validated as an associate of the Mexican Mafia 13 prison gang. See Resp. Ex. 2. He was given an indeterminate term in the security housing unit 14 ("SHU") term due to his gang validation. See id. 15 Under state regulations and rules of the California Department of Corrections & 16 Rehabilitation ("CDCR"), an inmate who has been validated as a gang affiliate and placed in the 17 SHU may be eligible to be reviewed for inactive gang status after six years of non-involvement 18 in gang activity. See Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, § 3378(e). As there is no evidence that Nevarez 19 has debriefed, validated as a prison gang dropout, or been deemed inactive in the gang, he still 20 qualifies as a gang affiliate under the regulations. 21 22 B. The Change In The Law 23 California Penal Code § 2933.6 was amended effective January 25, 2010 to make certain 24 prison gang members and associates ineligible for some time credits. "Notwithstanding any 25 other law, a person who is placed in a Security Housing Unit, Psychiatric Services Unit, 26 Behavioral Management Unit, or an Administrative Segregation Unit for misconduct described 27 in subdivision (b) or upon validation as a prison gang member or associate is ineligible to earn 28 credits pursuant to Section 2933 or 2933.05 during the time he or she is in the Security Housing 2 1 Unit, Psychiatric Services Unit, Behavioral Management Unit, or the Administrative Segregation 2 Unit for that misconduct." Cal. Penal Code § 2933.6 (as amended effective Jan. 25, 2010) 3 (emphasis added). The 2010 amendment added the italicized phrase to § 2933.6. 4 Before the 2010 amendment, "it was apparently possible for validated prison gang 5 members placed in an [administrative segregation unit] to earn conduct credits totaling one-third 6 of their sentences." In re Efstathiou, 200 Cal. App. 4th 725, 728. (Cal. Ct. App. 2011). After 7 the amendment, a validated gang member or associate in administrative segregation could not 8 earn such conduct credits. 9 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 10 C. Nevarez's Habeas Petitions 11 Nevarez filed unsuccessful petitions for writ of habeas corpus in the state courts asserting 12 his Ex Post Facto Clause challenge to § 2933.6 as applied to him. The Del Norte County 13 Superior Court rejected his petition in a short, but reasoned, decision. See Resp. Ex. 4. The Del 14 Norte County Superior Court cited In re Sampson, 197 Cal. App. 4th 1234 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011), 15 which held that the amendment to § 2933.6 denying conduct credits to validated gang members 16 housed in the SHU applied prospectively only and therefore did not violate the prohibition 17 against ex post facto laws. The California Court of Appeal and the California Supreme Court 18 summarily denied Nevarez's habeas petitions. See Resp. Exs. 6 and 8. 19 Nevarez then filed a federal petition for writ of habeas corpus in which he contended that 20 the application of California Penal Code § 2933.6, as amended effective January 25, 2010, 21 violated his right to be free of ex post facto laws. He indicated that the application of the 22 amended version of § 2933.6 resulted in his expected release date being extended. The court 23 issued an order to show cause why the petition should not be granted. Respondent filed an 24 answer. Petitioner filed a traverse. The matter is ready for decision on the merits. 25 26 JURISDICTION AND VENUE 27 This court has subject matter jurisdiction over this habeas action for relief brought under 28 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 28 U.S.C. § 1331. This action is in the proper venue because the petition 3 1 concerns the execution of a sentence for a prisoner incarcerated in Del Norte County, California, 2 which is within this judicial district. 28 U.S.C. §§ 84, 2241(d). 3 EXHAUSTION 4 5 Prisoners in state custody who wish to challenge collaterally in federal habeas 6 proceedings either the fact or length of their confinement are required first to exhaust state 7 judicial remedies, either on direct appeal or through collateral proceedings, by presenting the 8 highest state court available with a fair opportunity to rule on the merits of each and every claim 9 they seek to raise in federal court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b), (c). Nevarez has properly United States District Court For the Northern District of California 10 exhausted his state judicial remedies. 11 12 STANDARD OF REVIEW 13 This court may entertain a petition for writ of habeas corpus “in behalf of a person in 14 custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court only on the ground that he is in custody in 15 violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). 16 Section 2254 is the proper jurisdictional basis for a habeas petition attacking the execution of 17 the sentence by a petitioner in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court. See White v. 18 Lambert, 370 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 2004), overruled on other grounds by Hayward v. 19 Marshall, 603 F.3d 546, 554 (9th Cir. 2010). 20 The Antiterrorism And Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA") amended § 21 2254 to impose new restrictions on federal habeas review. A petition may not be granted with 22 respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in state court unless the state court's 23 adjudication of the claim: “(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an 24 unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme 25 Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable 26 determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 27 U.S.C. § 2254(d). 28 “Under the ‘contrary to’ clause, a federal habeas court may grant the writ if the state court 4 1 arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law or 2 if the state court decides a case differently than [the] Court has on a set of materially 3 indistinguishable facts.” Williams (Terry) v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412-13 (2000). “Under the ‘unreasonable application’ clause, a federal habeas court may grant the writ 5 if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the] Court’s decisions but 6 unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. at 413. “[A] federal 7 habeas court may not issue the writ simply because that court concludes in its independent 8 judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law 9 erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must also be unreasonable.” Id. at 411. A 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 4 federal habeas court making the “unreasonable application” inquiry should ask whether the state 11 court’s application of clearly established federal law was “objectively unreasonable.” Id. at 409. 12 13 DISCUSSION 14 Due to the amendment of § 2933.6, Nevarez has earned fewer time credits after January 15 25, 2010 than he would have earned under the former law. Nevarez contends that applying the 16 amended § 2933.6 to him violates the Ex Post Facto Clause because the 2010 amendment 17 increased the punishment for his 1999 crime. Respondent contends that the amended § 2933.6 18 does not increase the punishment for Nevarez's 1998 crime and instead penalizes his prison 19 misconduct (i.e., active association with a prison gang) occurring after January 25, 2010, and 20 therefore is not an impermissible ex post facto law. 21 22 A. The Constitutional Provision And Its Application By The Supreme Court 23 Article I, section 10 of the United States Constitution prohibits the States from passing 24 any ex post facto law. "To fall within the ex post facto prohibition, a law must be retrospective 25 -- that is, 'it must apply to events occurring before its enactment' -- and it 'must disadvantage the 26 offender affected by it,' ... by altering the definition of criminal conduct or increasing the 27 punishment for the crime." Lynce v. Mathis, 519 U.S. 433, 441 (1997) (citations omitted). The 28 general rule appears at first blush to be quite straightforward, but its application is more complex 5 1 when one attempts to determine the date to be used for retrospectivity purposes and to determine 2 the "punishment" to which the rule applies. Several Supreme Court cases must be considered 3 to understand the Court's approach to determining retrospectivity as well as the punishment 4 being affected. In Lindsey v. Washington, 301 U.S. 397 (1937), the Court found an Ex Post Facto Clause 6 violation in the application of an amended sentencing statute to a petitioner who committed his 7 crime before its amendment where the amended statute made mandatory that which had been 8 only the maximum sentence under the old statute. Id. at 400. Although the prisoner could have 9 been given the same 15-year sentence under both the old and amended statutes, applying the 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 5 amended statute to him violated the Ex Post Facto Clause. Id. at 401. "It is plainly to the 11 substantial disadvantage of petitioners to be deprived of all opportunity to receive a sentence 12 which would give them freedom from custody and control prior to the expiration of the fifteen- 13 year term." Id. at 401-02. 14 Several decades after Lindsey, the Supreme Court summarily affirmed a lower court's 15 finding of an Ex Post Facto Clause violation where the State had amended a statute to forbid a 16 prisoner from earning good conduct deductions for the first six months after his reincarceration 17 following a parole violation. See Greenfield v. Scafati, 277 F. Supp. 644 (D. Mass. 1967), 18 summarily aff'd, Scafati v. Greenfield, 390 U.S. 713 (1968).1 The lower court held the 19 amendment unconstitutional when applied to a prisoner who committed his crime before the 20 law's amendment. At the time the prisoner originally was sentenced, "he was entitled to earn 21 'good-conduct' deductions from the sentence imposed throughout the period of his 22 incarceration." Id. at 644. The state's practice was to identify a tentative date of release by 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 Although Greenfield is a summary affirmance, it is a judgment on the merits. See Hicks v. Miranda, 422 U.S. 332, 344 (1975). Summary affirmances "prevent lower courts from coming to the opposite conclusions on the precise issues presented and necessarily decided by those actions," Mandel v. Bradley, 432 U.S. 173, 176 (1977) (per curiam); see also Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 671 (1974) (summary affirmances are of less precedential value than opinions treating the question on the merits). The Supreme Court later cited the Greenfield summary affirmance with approval in Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S.24, 32, 34 (1981), and individual justices have cited Greenfield as authority for earlier views of the Supreme Court, see California Dept. of Corr. v. Morales, 514 U.S. 499, 518-19 (1995) (Stevens, J., dissenting); Ramirez v. California, 476 U.S. 1152, 1152-53 (1986) (White, J., dissenting from denial of petition for writ of certiorari). 6 computing at the outset of a prisoner's sentence the total good conduct credits the prisoner could 2 earn. Id. If the prisoner misbehaved and failed to earn any of the time credits already deducted, 3 they were forfeited by an appropriate extension of the tentative date of release, although no 4 forfeiture was provided for violating parole. Id. at 644-45. The statute later was amended in 5 1965 to provide that an inmate who was released on parole and violated parole would not be 6 allowed to earn good-conduct deductions for the first six months after he was returned to prison. 7 Id. The amendment did not apply to persons then on parole, but did apply to persons who were 8 still in prison. Greenfield had been sentenced before, but paroled after, the amendment took 9 effect. Id. He later violated parole and, upon his return to prison on the parole violation, he was 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 1 subjected to the amended statute. The amended statute could not be applied constitutionally to 11 persons (such as Greenfield) who committed their crimes before its enactment because it worked 12 to the disadvantage of such persons. See id. at 646. Greenfield teaches that the relevant date 13 for retrospectivity purposes is the date of the criminal offense rather than the date of the 14 misconduct that impacted the time credits. Greenfield also teaches that a change in the law after 15 the criminal offense that negatively impacts the prisoner's future ability to earn time credits is 16 impermissible. 17 The Supreme Court next considered an ex post facto claim regarding time credits in 18 Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24 (1981). The Court emphasized that the appropriate focus was 19 on whether the new statute objectively "lengthen[ed] the period that someone in petitioner's 20 position must spend in prison." Id. at 33. The Court held that a statute that reduced the amount 21 of good time credits that could be earned violated the Ex Post Facto Clause when applied to a 22 prisoner whose crime was committed before the statute was enacted. The statutory change 23 decreasing the rate at which good time credits could be earned made the punishment for crimes 24 committed before its enactment "more onerous" and therefore ran "afoul of the prohibition 25 against ex post facto laws." Id. at 36. 26 Disagreement now exists in the Supreme Court as to whether an amendment that merely 27 deprives a prisoner of a future opportunity to earn an earlier release is an impermissible ex post 28 facto law. This disagreement is demonstrated in the conflict between the dissenting and majority 7 opinions in a case that, interestingly, wasn't about time credits: California Dept. of Corrections 2 v. Morales, 514 U.S. 499 (1995) (application of statutory amendment that decreased the 3 frequency of parole suitability hearings under certain circumstances did not violate Ex Post 4 Facto Clause for prisoner convicted before the statute was amended). The dissenting opinion 5 in Morales stated that, in past decisions, the Court had noted that an impermissible increase in 6 punishment may result not only from statutes governing the initial sentencing but also from 7 statutes governing parole or early release, and had "held that an increase in punishment occurs 8 when the State deprives a person of the opportunity to take advantage of provisions for early 9 release." Morales, 514 U.S. at 518 (Stevens, J., dissenting). The majority took a narrower view: 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 1 Our opinions in Lindsey, Weaver, and Miller [v. Florida, 482 U.S. 423 (1987) (increasing presumptive sentencing range)] suggested that enhancements to the measure of criminal punishment fall within the ex post facto prohibition because they operate to the "disadvantage" of covered offenders. . . . But that language was unnecessary to the results in those cases and is inconsistent with the framework developed in Collins v. Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, 41. . . (1990). After Collins, the focus of the ex post facto inquiry is not on whether a legislative change produces some ambiguous sort of "disadvantage," nor, as the dissent seems to suggest, on whether an amendment affects a prisoner's "opportunity to take advantage of provisions for early release," . . . but on whether any such change alters the definition of criminal conduct or increases the penalty by which a crime is punishable. 11 12 13 14 15 16 Morales, 514 U.S. at 506 n.3 (italics in source).2 17 In Lynce v. Mathis – decided two years after Morales – the Court articulated the test as 18 requiring that the retrospective law "'must disadvantage the offender affected by it. . . by altering 19 the definition of criminal conduct or increasing the punishment for the crime." Lynce, 519 U.S. 20 at 441. 21 concerning provisional early release time credits awarded to inmates to alleviate prison 22 overcrowding. Lynce had been convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to 22 years in 23 prison at a time when Florida law provided for early release credits to prisoners if prison 24 populations exceeded certain pre-determined levels. Lynce was released from prison in 1992 25 based in part on his accumulated 1,860 days of overcrowding credits. Later that year, the Florida The Supreme Court found an ex post facto violation in a change in Florida law 26 27 28 2 Collins v. Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37 (1990), does not aid the analysis of the time credit issue here because neither the holding nor the facts concerned time credits. See id. at 52 (new statute passed after defendant's sentence was imposed that allowed appellate court to reform (rather than void) a verdict that had assessed a punishment not authorized by law did not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause). 8 legislature enacted a statute canceling the overcrowding credits for certain classes of inmates, 2 including those who (like Lynce) had been convicted of attempted murder. The Florida Attorney 3 General opined that the statute should be applied retroactively, so Lynce was arrested and sent 4 back to prison to serve the sentence remaining without counting the overcrowding credits. The 5 Court held that the new law violated the Ex Post Facto Clause. See Lynce, 519 U.S. at 441-47. 6 The Court found irrelevant the intent behind the statute granting the overcrowding credits, and 7 instead looked to the effect of the change in the law, i.e., "whether the cancellation of 1,860 days 8 of accumulated provisional credits had the effect of lengthening petitioner's period of 9 incarceration." Id. at 443. Like Weaver, Lynce considered the underlying sentence resulting 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 1 from the criminal conviction to be the punishment, and examined whether the later-enacted law 11 had the effect of lengthening the prisoner's actual time in prison beyond what it would have been 12 had the change in the law not occurred. 13 Lynce did not resurrect that which Morales had put down; instead, the two cases stand 14 for the proposition that not all amendments that might disadvantage the offender (e.g., longer 15 periods between parole hearings (as in Morales)) violate the Ex Post Facto Clause, but that a 16 change that disadvantages the prisoner by increasing the actual punishment does violate the Ex 17 Post Facto Clause. Cf. Williams v. Roe, 421 F.3d 883, 887 n.1 (9th Cir. 2005) (Morales "did not 18 overrule Lindsey and Weaver, but distinguished them by pointing out that the laws there at issue 19 'had the purpose and effect of enhancing the range of available prison terms.’") 20 The Supreme Court rulings can be summarized thusly: An amendment making 21 mandatory a sentence that was the maximum permissible under old law was an impermissible 22 ex post facto law when applied to a person who committed his crime before the amendment. 23 (Lindsey) An amendment forbidding prisoners from earning good conduct credits for six months 24 after reincarceration following a parole violation was an impermissible ex post facto law for a 25 prisoner who violated parole after the amendment but had been sentenced under the old law. 26 (Greenfield) An amendment that reduced the amount of good time credits that could be earned 27 was an impermissible ex post facto law when applied to a prisoner whose crime was committed 28 before the amendment was enacted. (Weaver) An amendment that presented at most a 9 1 speculative potential of a longer confinement (by increasing intervals between parole hearings 2 for inmates most unlikely to be paroled) did not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause. (Morales) 3 An amendment taking away accumulated provisional credits was an impermissible ex post facto 4 law because it lengthened a period of incarceration for person sentenced under the old law. 5 (Lynce). 6 7 B. Lower Federal Courts Take Differing Approaches The lower federal courts have taken different approaches to Ex Post Facto Clause claims 9 regarding time credits. Some federal courts – like the California courts – have considered the 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 8 relevant date for retrospectivity purposes to be the date of the in-prison event and the punishment 11 to be the time credit deprivation. This approach generally results in no ex post facto violation 12 being found. 13 retrospectivity and the punishment include Hunter v. Ayers, 336 F.3d 1007, 1009-10 (9th Cir. 14 2003) (using date of prison misconduct as relevant date for analysis of amendment to law 15 regarding credit loss and restoration); Ellis v. Norris, 232 F.3d 619, 620-21 (8th Cir. 2000) (state 16 court's decision that repeal of statute that had allowed prison officials discretion to award 17 additional good time credits did not violate Ex Post Facto Clause was not contrary to or an 18 unreasonable application of clearly established federal law – prisoner received all the accrued 19 extra good time credits and only lost the ability to be awarded additional good time credits); 20 Abed v. Armstrong, 209 F.3d 63, 66 (2d Cir. 2000) (administrative directive adopted ten years 21 after petitioner was sentenced that disallowed good time credits for inmates classified as security 22 risk group safety threat members; "unlike Lynce and Weaver, the Directive was not applied 23 retroactively" to petitioner because no good time credit earned before the Directive was forfeited 24 and petitioner was not so classified until after the Directive was in effect).3 Cases that use the in-prison event as the relevant date for determining 25 26 27 28 3 The California Supreme Court took this approach in evaluating an earlier amendment to a time credit law in In re Ramirez, 39 Cal.3d 931, 936-37 (Cal. 1985) (amendments that modified manner in which inmates earned and forfeited sentence credits were not retrospective; "[t]here is a critical difference between a diminution of the ordinary rewards for satisfactory performance of a prison sentence – the issue in Weaver – and an increase in sanctions for future misbehavior in prison – which is at issue here."); but see id. at 939 (Reynoso, J., dissenting) (the amendments are retrospective; "[t]he 10 Other federal courts have considered the relevant date to be the date of the criminal 2 offense, conviction or sentencing, and the punishment to be the original sentence for the crime. 3 This approach is more likely to result in a finding of an ex post facto violation. Cases that use 4 the date of the criminal offense, conviction or sentence as the relevant date for retrospectivity 5 purposes include Moor v. Palmer, 603 F.3d 658, 664 (9th Cir. 2010) (statute that was amended 6 in 1997 to require a psychological review as a precondition for parole for offenses such as 7 petitioner's "was applied retroactively" to petitioner who had been convicted in 1994 at a time 8 when a psychological review was not needed); Ellis v. Norris, 232 F.3d 619, 621 (8th Cir. 2000) 9 (State "concedes that the repeal of extra good-time credit applies retroactively, i.e., it applies to 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 1 prisoners serving sentences imposed prior to the repeal, as well as to those serving sentence 11 imposed afterward"); Flemming v. Oregon Bd. of Parole, 998 F.2d 721, 724 (9th Cir. 1993) 12 (application of amended parole regulation that was enacted after petitioner's offenses to calculate 13 petitioner's sentence reduction "gives rise to the Supreme Court's first 'critical element' for an ex 14 post facto violation"). 15 As discussed later in section D, the split in approaches among the lower courts tends to 16 show the absence of clear guidance from the Supreme Court on the ex post facto analysis of in- 17 prison events. 18 19 C. State Court's Rejection of Nevarez's Claim 20 In Nevarez's case, the last reasoned decision is from the Del Norte County Superior 21 Court. The entirety of the decision states: "The above referenced matter is dismissed based on 22 In re Sampson Citation Court of Appeal A130582 Division 1 2011, WL 327 31 47 dated 23 7/21/2011, holding that Penal Code § 2933.6 is not ex post facto." Resp. Ex. 4. 24 The Sampson case provides the reasoning for the rejection of the ex post facto claim, as 25 it had rejected such a challenge to § 2933.6 from another inmate who, like Nevarez, had been 26 sentenced and validated as a gang affiliate before § 2933.6 was amended. Sampson explained 27 28 incorrectness of the majority's line of analysis is demonstrated by the contrary and correct analysis of Greenfield v. Scafati"). 11 that the Ex Post Facto Clauses of the federal and California constitutions were "analyzed 2 identically." Sampson, 197 Cal. App. 4th 1234. Assuming arguendo that the that the credit- 3 eliminating amendment to § 2933.6 constituted punishment, the state appellate court was "not 4 convinced that it punishes the criminal conduct for which petitioner was imprisoned, or that it 5 punishes misconduct that occurred prior to January 25, 2010." Id. at 1241. "It is punishment 6 for gang-related conduct that continued after January 25, 2010." Id. at 1242. The Sampson court 7 found ongoing misconduct that could be punished based on its reasoning that prison gangs 8 present a serious threat to the safety and security of California prisons; a regulation prohibits 9 inmates from knowingly promoting, furthering or assisting any prison gang; the validation of a 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 1 prison gang member or associate is done with procedural protections; and the validation 11 represents a determination that the inmate warrants an indeterminate SHU term as a severe threat 12 to the safety of others or the security of the institution. See id. at 1242-43. The validated 13 "inmate continues to engage in the misconduct that brings him or her within the amendment's 14 ambit" unless and until prison officials release the validated inmate into the general population, 15 or the inmate becomes eligible for inactive review, or the inmate debriefs. See id. at 1243.4 16 17 D. Analysis 18 If this court were not restricted by 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), it would conclude that the 19 relevant punishment is the sentence for the crime Nevarez committed, and the date for 20 determining retrospectivity is the date of his criminal offense. Under this approach, the amended 21 § 2933.6 was an impermissible ex post facto law when applied to Nevarez because it lengthened 22 the punishment for his crime committed in 1999. This approach is truer to the rulings in Weaver, 23 Greenfield, and Lynce, each of which used the time of the criminal offense or sentencing as the 24 25 4 26 27 28 The Sampson court also addressed the lower court's concern that the sheer length of time that it took to complete the debriefing process could result in the deprivation of credit earning opportunity for an inmate who was no longer engaged in the misconduct of gang affiliation. The state appellate court noted that there was no evidence that, if the petitioner completed debriefing, he would be denied all the credits he otherwise would have earned after January 25, 2010. 197 Cal. App. 4th at 1243-44. Thus, there was only the speculative and attenuated possibility of increasing the measure of punishment that did not implicate the Ex Post Facto Clause. Id. at 1243-44 (citing Lynce and Morales). 12 1 critical date for determining retrospectivity, and each of which considered the relevant 2 punishment to be the punishment for the criminal offense. Although neither Weaver nor Lynce 3 involved a change of credit-earning eligibility due to misconduct occurring after the amendment, 4 Greenfield did. The misconduct of gang affiliation in Nevarez's case is like the parole violation 5 in Greenfield: both took place after the amendment to the law that reduced credit-earning 6 opportunities. Despite misconduct that took place after the amendment, the Supreme Court 7 summarily affirmed a holding that there had been an Ex Post Facto Clause violation in 8 Greenfield. This court does not write on a blank slate, however, and instead must adjudicate 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 9 Nevarez's habeas petition applying the deferential standard of review under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). 11 Doing so results in a conclusion that Nevarez is not entitled to habeas relief because it cannot 12 be said that the California court's rejection of his claim was contrary to, or an unreasonable 13 application of, clearly established Federal law as set forth by the Supreme Court. Specifically, 14 the California court did not act contrary to, or unreasonably apply, Supreme Court cases in (1) 15 using the date of in-prison misconduct rather than the date of the criminal offense to determine 16 whether the amended § 2933.6 was retrospective, and (2) determining that there was not an 17 increase in the punishment for past events because of the ongoing misconduct of Nevarez's gang 18 affiliation. 19 The Del Norte County Superior Court considered the date of Nevarez's prison misconduct 20 (rather than the date of the criminal offense) to be the relevant date. See Resp. Ex. 10 (citing 21 Sampson). Using the date of prison misconduct, and viewing gang affiliation as continuing 22 misconduct, led the court to determine that § 2933.6, as amended, was not being applied 23 retrospectively to Nevarez. See Resp. Ex. 10 (citing Sampson). 24 The Del Norte County Superior Court followed California appellate court cases that had 25 held that the amendment to § 2933.6 was not retrospective because it applied only to misconduct 26 occurring after its effective date of January 25, 2010. See Sampson, 197 Cal. App. 4th 1234; 27 In Re Efstathiou, 200 Cal. App. 4th 725 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011) (same); see also id. at 729 28 (distinguishing Supreme Court's decision in Weaver by noting that the Weaver "inmate's credits 13 1 were reduced through no fault of his own"). Reasoning similar to that of the California courts 2 has been used by other federal courts to reject Ex Post Facto Clause challenges to § 2933.6. 3 See Mares v. Stainer, 2012 WL 345923 (E. D. Cal. 2012) (applying amended § 2933.6 to a 4 prisoner who had been convicted and validated before the effective date of the amendment did 5 not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause because the conduct being punished – active association 6 with a gang – is continuing in nature and has continued after the amendment to § 2933.6); Munoz 7 v. Lopez, 2012 WL 3260475 (E. D. Cal. 2012) (same); Gregory v. Lewis, 2912 WL 2343903 (N. 8 D. Cal. 2012) (Chen, J.) (same). Prison gang affiliation is prohibited in California prisons and is, essentially, prison 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 9 misconduct. See 15 Cal. Code Regs. § 3023(a) ("Inmates and parolees shall not knowingly 11 promote, further or assist any gang as defined in section 3000"); id. at § 3000 ("gang" defined). 12 Gang affiliation is viewed as ongoing misconduct by prison officials and state courts, see In Re. 13 Lopez, 2011 WL 6329840, *7 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011) (unpublished decision).5 California courts 14 reasonably could determine that a prospective prisoner could not expect the prohibited gang 15 affiliation not to have any impact on the length of the prison term he ultimately will serve upon 16 conviction. Gang affiliation thus would be like any of the other many forms of misconduct in 17 prison that can affect the ultimate length of time the prisoner spends in prison. Assuming, as the 18 California courts have determined, that the relevant date for determining retrospectivity is the 19 date of the in-prison misconduct that causes the prisoner to be ineligible for time credits, the 20 ongoing nature of the misconduct of gang affiliation supports the view that the law has not been 21 applied retrospectively. Cf. Samuels v. McCurdy, 267 U.S. 188 (1925) (penalty imposed for 22 possession of liquor that had been obtained before enactment of law was not ex post facto 23 because it punished current conduct of possession); Murphy v. Ramsey, 114 U.S. 15, 42-43 24 25 26 27 28 5 Gang affiliation may be prison misconduct, but it is treated differently from other prison misconduct. Prison officials have chosen to deal with prison gang affiliation as an administrative decision rather than a disciplinary decision: upon gang validation, the inmate may be put in the SHU indefinitely as an administrative placement. Treating the SHU placement as administrative rather than disciplinary placement results in fewer procedural protections being required as a matter of federal due process at the time the prisoner is validated as a gang affiliate. Compare Toussaint v. McCarthy, 801 F.2d 1080, 1100 (9th Cir. 1986) (procedural protections for administrative decision); Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 564-70 (1974) (procedural protections for disciplinary decisions). 14 1 (1885) (disenfranchisement based on an existing state of bigamy or polygamy not ex post facto 2 even though the bigamy or polygamy may have commenced before the statute was enacted). 3 Even if the prisoner was validated as a gang associate or member before § 2933.6 was amended, 4 he did not lose any past credits earned but only lost the ability to earn credits after the 5 amendment for his ongoing misconduct of being affiliated with a gang. The Del Norte County 6 Superior Court reasonably could have determined that ongoing gang affiliation was just another 7 form of misconduct that could result a disciplinary, housing or classification decision that 8 affected credit-earning eligibility without offending the Ex Post Facto Clause. The California court also reasonably could have concluded that the amendment to 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 9 § 2933.6 merely caused the loss of an "'opportunity to take advantage of provisions for early 11 release" that did not amount to an Ex Post Facto Clause violation. See Morales, 514 U.S. at 506 12 n.3 (italics in source). It may not be the better view, but it is not unreasonable to read Morales 13 as imposing stricter requirements for an Ex Post Facto Clause claim than existed in Weaver, i.e., 14 that now there must be an actual increase in the penalty by which the crime is punishable, rather 15 than merely a reduction of the opportunity to obtain early release from the punishment imposed. 16 This reasoning would have allowed the California court to reject the challenge to § 2933.6 17 without being an unreasonable application of clearly established Federal law as set forth by the 18 Supreme Court. 19 Finally, the split in approaches to Ex Post Facto Clause claims in the lower federal courts 20 supports the rejection of Nevarez's petition, even though those cases were not considering the 21 particular statute he challenges. As discussed in Section B, above, lower federal courts have 22 reached differing conclusions on the critical date for determining retrospectivity, with many 23 courts viewing the critical date as the date of the in-prison conduct affecting the time credits 24 rather than the date of the criminal offense. Lower federal courts also have reached differing 25 conclusions on the punishment allegedly being increased, with some courts viewing the 26 punishment as the punishment for the in-prison misconduct rather than the punishment for the 27 criminal offense. The present situation thus is like that in Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70, 76-77 28 (2006), where the divergence of lower court decisions on a legal issue was viewed as reflective 15 1 of "the lack of guidance from [the Supreme] Court." Given the lack of holdings from the 2 Supreme Court on the denial of good conduct credits for ongoing misconduct, it cannot be said 3 that the California court unreasonably applied clearly established federal law. The petition must 4 be denied. 5 6 E. Request For Appointment of Counsel Petitioner's request for appointment of counsel (attached to the end of his traverse) is 8 DENIED. A district court may appoint counsel to represent a habeas petitioner whenever "the 9 court determines that the interests of justice so require" and such person is financially unable to 10 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 7 obtain representation. 18 U.S.C. § 3006A(a)(2)(B). The decision to appoint counsel is within 11 the discretion of the district court. See Chaney v. Lewis, 801 F.2d 1191, 1196 (9th Cir. 1986). 12 Appointment is mandatory only when the circumstances of a particular case indicate that 13 appointed counsel is necessary to prevent due process violations. See id. The interests of 14 justice do not require appointment of counsel in this action. 15 16 F. A Certificate of Appealability Will Issue 17 Petitioner has "made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right," 28 18 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), and reasonable jurists would find debatable the district court’s assessment 19 of petitioner's claim that the application of the amended version of California Penal Code § 20 2933.6 to him violated his rights under the Ex Post Facto Clause. See Slack v. McDaniel, 529 21 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). Accordingly, a certificate of appealability is GRANTED on the sole claim 22 in the petition. Petitioner is cautioned that the court's ruling on the certificate of appealability 23 does not relieve him of the obligation to file a timely notice of appeal if he wishes to appeal. 24 25 26 27 /// 28 16 CONCLUSION 1 2 3 4 5 The petition for writ of habeas corpus is DENIED on the merits. The clerk shall close the file. IT IS SO ORDERED. DATED: August 23, 2012 SUSAN ILLSTON United States District Judge 6 7 8 9 United States District Court For the Northern District of California 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 17
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