Barrionuevo et al v. Chase Bank, N.A. et al
Filing
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ORDER by Judge Edward M. Chen Denying 23 Defendants' Motion to Dismiss. (emcsec, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/6/2012)
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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JOSE BARRIONUEVO, et al.,
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Plaintiffs,
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS JP
MORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A. AND
CALIFORNIA RECONVEYANCE CO.’S
MOTION TO DISMISS
v.
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For the Northern District of California
United States District Court
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No. C-12-0572 EMC
CHASE BANK, N.A., et. al.,
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Defendants.
___________________________________/
(Docket No. 23)
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I.
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs Jose and Flor Barrionuevo (collectively “the Barrionuevos”) sued Defendants JP
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Morgan Chase Bank (“Chase”) and California Reconveyance Corporation (“California
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Reconveyance”) on February 3, 2012, after California Reconveyance attempted to foreclose on a
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Deed of Trust (“DOT”) that the Barrionuevos executed for the purchase of a home in California.
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Pls.’ Opp. to Mot. to Dismiss (Docket No. 25) at 1. Chase is the successor in interest to Washington
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Mutual Bank (“Washington Mutual”), who executed the DOT with the Barrionuevos and funded the
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loan for the purchase of the subject property. In their amended complaint, the Barrionuevos assert
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claims against Defendants for wrongful foreclosure, slander of title, violating California Civil Code
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§ 2923.5, and violating California’s Unfair Business Practices Act (Cal. Bus. Prof. Code
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§§ 17200). See Pls.’ Am. Compl. (Docket No. 20). On February 23, 2012, the Barrionuevos moved
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ex parte for a temporary restraining order barring Defendants from completing California’s
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nonjudicial foreclosure process, which this Court denied on February 29, 2012, after a hearing on
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the merits. See Pls.’ Mot. for TRO (Docket No. 5); Min. Entry Den. TRO (Docket No. 13).
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California Reconveyance and Chase thereafter filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
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12(b)(6). See Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (Docket No. 23). Having considered the papers filed in
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support of and in opposition to the instant Motion, the Court deems the matter appropriate for
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decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; Local Rule. 7-6. For the following reasons,
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Defendants’ motion is DENIED.
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II.
FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On February 28, 2006, the Barrionuevos entered into a DOT with Washington Mutual and
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California Reconveyance for the purchase of a single family home in Dublin, California. Defs.’
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Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. A. The DOT was recorded in Alameda County on March 3, 2006, against the
subject property (known as 5931 Annadele Way) to secure a promissory note in favor of
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For the Northern District of California
United States District Court
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Washington Mutual for a loan of $1,720,000. Pls.’ Am. Compl. ¶ 9. The DOT conveys title and
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power of sale to California Reconveyance, and names Washington Mutual as both “Lender” and
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“Beneficiary.” Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. A at 1-3. In the event of default or breach by the
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borrower, and after first having been given an opportunity to cure, the DOT grants to the Lender the
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power “to require immediate payment in full of all sums secured by this security instrument without
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further demand,” and “the power of sale and any other remedies permitted by Applicable law.”
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Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. A at 15.
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In May of 2006, the Barrionuevos allege that Washington Mutual “securitized and sold
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Plaintiffs’ Deed of Trust to the WMALT Series 2006-AR4 Trust,” naming La Salle Bank as Trustee.
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Pls.’ Am. Compl. ¶ 10. In support of this allegation they point to a report prepared by Certified
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Forensic Loan Auditors, which apparently reaches the same conclusion. See Pls.’ Am. Compl., Ex.
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A - Property Securitization Analysis Report. In September of 2008, after the purported sale of the
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Barrionuevos’ DOT, the U.S. Office of Thrift Supervision closed Washington Mutual and appointed
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the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) as receiver. See Pls.’ Am. Compl. ¶ 11; Defs.’
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Mot. to Dismiss at 2. Shortly thereafter, Chase acquired certain assets of Washington Mutual from
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the FDIC. Id. Having been sold at an earlier point to the WMALT Series 2006-AR4 Trust, the
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Barrionuevos allege that any beneficial interest under their DOT could not have been purchased or
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obtained by Chase during this acquisition. See Pls.’ Opp. to Mot. to Dismiss at 3.
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About a year later, California Reconveyance initiated nonjudicial foreclosure proceedings
Election to Sell Under Deed of Trust” with the County of Alameda on April 7, 2009. Pls.’ Am.
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Compl., Ex. B - Notice of Default. The Notice of Default identified Washington Mutual as the
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beneficiary of record, and included a statement that “the beneficiary or its designated agent declares
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that it has contacted the borrower” or has “tried with due diligence to contact the borrower as
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required by California Civil Code 2923.5.” Id. at 2. The Barrionuevos allege, contrary to this
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statement, that neither of the Defendants contacted Plaintiffs “at least 30 days prior to recording the
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Notice of Default” in violation of § 2923.5.1 See Pls.’ Am. Compl. ¶¶ 28, 32. Thereafter, California
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Reconveyance recorded three separate Notices of Trustee’s Sales regarding the subject property with
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For the Northern District of California
against the Barrionuevos regarding the subject property by recording a “Notice of Default and
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United States District Court
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the County of Alameda, the most recent having been filed with the County on February 2, 2012.
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Pls.’ Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13-14; see also Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. C, D, and E.2
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The Barrionuevos initiated suit against Chase and California Reconveyance on February 3,
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2012, with a complaint listing nine causes of action. Compl. (Docket No. 1). They have since filed
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an amended complaint listing only four causes of action, namely (1) Wrongful Foreclosure, (2)
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Slander of Title, (3) Violation of Cal. Civ. Code § 2923.5, and (4) Violation of the California Unfair
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Business Practices Act (Cal. Bus. Prof. Code §§ 17200). See Pls.’ Am. Compl. Soon after
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Plaintiffs’ amended complaint refers to the Defendants’ Notice of Default as having been
recorded on both November 21, 2011, and April 7, 2009. It appears that the November 21st date in
the complaint is actually an erroneous reference to the Notice of Default recorded on April 7th, since
the rest of record before the Court points only to April 7th as the date when that notice was recorded,
and only the April 7th Notice of Default appears as an exhibit to the parties’ pleadings and motion
papers.
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These three later notices included the following statement:
In compliance with California Civil Code 2923.5(c) the mortgagee,
trustee, beneficiary, or authorized agent declares: that it has contacted
the borrower(s) to assess their financial situation and to explore
options to avoid foreclosure; or that it has made efforts to contact the
borrower(s) to assess their financial situation and to explore options to
avoid foreclosure by one of the following methods: by telephone; by
United States mail; either 1st class or certified; by overnight delivery;
or by personal delivery; by e-mail; by face to face meeting.
See e.g. Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. C at 1.
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Plaintiffs’ amended their complaint, Defendants jointly moved to dismiss the amended complaint
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“pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, in its entirety, for failure to state
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a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss at 1.
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III.
A.
DISCUSSION
Legal Standard
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a party may move to dismiss based on the
dismiss based on Rule 12(b)(6) challenges the legal sufficiency of the claims alleged. See Parks
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Sch. of Bus. v. Symington, 51 F.3d 1480, 1484 (9th Cir. 1995). In considering such a motion, the
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Court may consider facts alleged in the complaint, materials incorporated into the complaint by
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For the Northern District of California
failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A motion to
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United States District Court
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reference, and matters of which the Court may take judicial notice.3 Zucco Partners LLC v.
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Digimarc Corp., 552 F.3d 981, 989 (9th Cir. 2009). A court must also take all allegations of
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material fact as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, although
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“conclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to avoid a Rule 12(b)(6)
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dismissal.” Cousins v. Lockyer, 568 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2009). Thus, “a plaintiff’s obligation
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to provide the “grounds” of his “entitle[ment] to relief” requires more than labels and conclusions,
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and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.
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Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007).
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At issue in a 12(b)(6) analysis is “not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail, but whether
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the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims” advanced in his or her complaint.
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Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974). While “a complaint need not contain detailed factual
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allegations . . . it must plead ‘enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”
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Cousins, 568 F.3d at 1067 (9th Cir. 2009). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads
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Defendants request judicial notice of: (1) the February 28, 2006, Deed of Trust, (2) the
April 7, 2009, Notice of Default, (3) the July 14, 2009, Notice of Trustee’s Sale, (4) the October 19,
2010, Notice of Trustee’s Sale, and (5) the February 2, 2012, Notice of Trustee’s Sale. Defs.’
Request for Judicial Notice (Docket 23). The Notice of Default and February 2, 2012, Notice of
Trustee’s Sale were already introduced by Plaintiffs as part of the amended complaint. The
remaining three documents are matters of public record and are properly subject to judicial notice
under Fed. R. Evid. 201(b).
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factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for
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the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009); see also Bell Atl. Corp. v.
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Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but
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it asks for more than sheer possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully.” Id.
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B.
Tender Rule
granted and Plaintiffs’ Complaint dismissed, in its entirety” because the Barrionuevos have failed to
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provide or allege a willingness to “tender the outstanding indebtedness owed under the promissory
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note and Deed of Trust.” Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss at 8. They argue that, absent an offer to tender the
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obligation in full, California law deprives plaintiffs of standing to challenge nonjudicial foreclosure
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For the Northern District of California
Chase and California Reconveyance argue as a threshold matter that “this Motion should be
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United States District Court
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proceedings. See Id. at 7-8. As this Court explained in Tamburri v. Suntrust Mortgage, et. al., No.
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C-11-2899 EMC, 2011 WL 6294472 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2011), the exceptions and qualifications to
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California’s ‘tender rule’ counsel against such a mechanical application of the rule at the pleading
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stage.
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“The California Court of Appeal has held that the tender rule applies in an action to set aside
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a trustee’s sale for irregularities in the sale notice or procedure and has stated that ‘[t]he rationale
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behind the rule is that if plaintiffs could not have redeemed the property had the sale procedures
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been proper, any irregularities in the sale did not result in damages to the plaintiffs.’” Cohn v. Bank
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of America, No. 2:10-cv-00865 MCE KJN PS, 2011 WL 98840, at *9 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 12, 2011)
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(quoting FPCI RE-HAB 01 v. E & G Invs., Ltd., 207 Cal. App.3d 1018, 1021 (1989)). As
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Defendants rightly point out, it is a general rule that “an action to set aside a trustee’s sale for
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irregularities in sale notice or procedure should be accompanied by an offer to pay the full amount of
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the debt for which the property was security. This rule is premised upon the equitable maxim that a
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court of equity will not order that a useless act be performed.” Arnolds Mgmt. Corp. v. Eischen, 158
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Cal. App. 3d 575, 578-79 (1984).
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However, as this Court discussed at length in Tamburri, “the tender rule is not without
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exceptions.” Tamburri, 2011 WL 6294472 at *3. Several court have recognized a general equitable
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exception to applying the tender rule where “it would be inequitable to do so.” Onofrio v. Rice, 55
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Bank v. McCleverty, 161 Cal. 285, 291 (1911) (recognizing that there are “cases holding that, where
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a party has the right to avoid a sale, he is not bound to tender any payment in redemption;” adding
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that, “[w]hatever may be the correct rule, viewing the question generally, it is certainly not the law
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that an offer to pay the debt must be made, where it would be inequitable to exact such offer of the
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party complaining of the sale”); Robinson v. Bank of Am., 12-CV-00494-RMW, 2012 WL 1932842,
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at *3 (N.D. Cal. May 29, 2012) (inequitable to apply tender rule in certain circumstances); Bowe v.
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Am. Mortg. Network, Inc., CV 11-08381 DDP SHX, 2012 WL 2071759, at *2 (C.D. Cal. June 8,
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2012) (same); Giannini v. American Home Mortg. Servicing, Inc., No. 11-04489 TEH, 2012 WL
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298254, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Feb.1, 2012) (same). In the instant case, the Barrionuevos have a fairly
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For the Northern District of California
Cal. App. 4th 413, 424 (1997) (internal citations and quotations omitted); see e.g. Humboldt Sav.
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United States District Court
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strong argument that tender – or at least full tender – should not be required because they are
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contesting not only irregularities in sale notice or procedure, but the validity of the foreclosure in the
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first place. Courts have declined to require tender in just such circumstances. See In re Salazar, 448
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B.R. 814, 819 (S.D. Cal. 2011) (“If U.S. Bank was not authorized to foreclose the [Deed of Trust]
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under Civil Code section 2932.5, the foreclosure sale may be void, and Salazar would not need to
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tender the full amount of the Loan to set aside the sale.”); Sacchi v. Mortgage Electronic
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Registration Systems, Inc., No. CV 11-1658 AHM (CWx), 2011 WL 2533029, at *9-10 (C.D. Cal.
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June 24, 2011) (declining to require tender in wrongful foreclosure action because it “would permit
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entities to foreclose on properties with impunity”).
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Further, a growing number of federal courts have explicitly held that the tender rule only
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applies in cases seeking to set aside a completed sale, rather than an action seeking to prevent a sale
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in the first place. See, e.g., Vissuet v. Indymac Mortg. Services, No. 09-CV-2321-IEG (CAB), 2010
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WL 1031013, at *2 (S.D. Cal. March 19, 2010) (“[T]he California ‘tender rule’ applies only where
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the plaintiff is trying to set aside a foreclosure sale due to some irregularity.”); Giannini v. American
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Home Mortg. Servicing, Inc., No. 11-04489 TEH, 2012 WL 298254, at *3 (N.D.Cal. Feb.1, 2012)
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(“While it is sensible to require tender following a flawed sale – where irregularities in the sale are
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harmless unless the borrower has made full tender – to do so prior to sale, where any harm may yet
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be preventable, is not.”); Robinson v. Bank of Am., 12-CV-00494-RMW, 2012 WL 1932842 (N.D.
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Cal. May 29, 2012) (the court found it “inequitable to apply the tender rule to bar plaintiff’s claims”
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in part because “there has been no sale of the subject property”).4 The cases cited by Defendants in
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support of applying the tender rule are distinguishable in that each of them addresses challenges
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levied against completed trustees’ sales, not pre-sale challenges as here. See U.S. Cold Storage of
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Calif. v. Great W. Savings & Loan Assn., 165 Cal. App. 3d 1214 (1985) (plaintiff challenged
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irregularities in sale notice or procedure after trustee sale was held); Arnolds Mgmt. Corp. v.
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Eischen, 158 Cal. App. 3d 575 (Cal. Ct. App. 1984) (action by junior lienor to set aside a completed
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trustee sale); Abdallah v. United Sav. Bank, 43 Cal. App. 4th 1101 (1996) (action challenging
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validity of trustee sale after sale occurred); Karlsen v. Am. Sav. & Loan Assn., 15 Cal. App. 3d 112
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For the Northern District of California
United States District Court
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(Cal. Ct. App. 1971) (action to cancel a completed trustee sale under a deed of trust).
Finally, as this Court explained in length in Tamburri, “where a sale is void, rather than
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simply voidable, tender is not required.” Tamburri, 2011 WL 6294472 at *4 (citing Miller & Starr
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California Real Estate 3d § 10:212 (“When the sale is totally void, a tender usually is not
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required.”)). A sale that is deemed “void” means, “in its strictest sense [] that [it] has no force and
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effect,” whereas one that is deemed “voidable” can be “avoided” or set aside as a matter of equity.
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Little v. CFS Serv. Corp., 188 Cal. App. 3d 1354, 1358 (1987) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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In a voidable sale, tender is required “based on the theory that one who is relying upon equity in
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overcoming a voidable sale must show that he is able to perform his obligations under the contract
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California courts have also declined to view the ‘tender rule’ as a bar to bringing actions
seeking to prevent a yet-to-be-completed foreclosure sale. In Mabry v. Superior Court, 185 Cal.
App. 4th 208 (2010), the California Court of Appeal found that a pre-foreclosure right under state
law requiring borrowers “to be contacted to “assess” and “explore” alternatives to foreclosure prior
to a notice of default” could be enforced by a borrower who had not first tendered the full amount of
indebtedness owed on his note. Id. at 225 (emphasis in original). The court reasoned that “it would
defeat the purpose of the statute to require the borrower to tender the full amount of the indebtedness
prior to any enforcement of the right to – and that’s the point – the right to be contacted prior to the
notice of default.” Id. (emphasis in original). The tender rule, the court held, “arises out of a
paradigm where, by definition, there is no way that a foreclosure sale can be avoided absent payment
of all the indebtedness.” Id. (emphasis in original). In such a situation, “[a]ny irregularities in the
sale would necessarily be harmless to the borrower if there was no full tender.” Id. That contrasts
markedly with a situation like the case at bar, where a borrower challenges the very authority of a
party to proceed with nonjudicial foreclosure. It would hardly be “harmless” to require borrowers to
tender the full amount owed in order to challenge what could be a wrongful foreclosure, where they
assert not simply a right of redemption but “the right to avoid a sale” in the first place. Humboldt
Sav. Bank v. McCleverty, 161 Cal. 285, 291 (1911).
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LLC, 81 Cal. App. 4th 868, 878 (2000). That reasoning does not extend to a sale that is void ab
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initio, since the contract underlying such a transaction is a “nullity with no force or effect as opposed
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to one which may be set aside” in reliance on equity. Id. at 876. In Dimock, the California Court of
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Appeal held that where an incorrect trustee had foreclosed on a property and conveyed it to a third
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party, and the conveyed deed was not merely voidable but void, tender was not required. Id. at 878
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(“Because Dimock was not required to rely upon equity in attacking the deed, he was not required to
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meet any of the burdens imposed when, as a matter of equity, a party wishes to set aside a voidable
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deed...In particular, contrary to the defendants’ argument, he was not required to tender any of the
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amounts due under the note.”). For the purposes of the ‘tender rule,’ the Court finds Dimock to be
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For the Northern District of California
so that equity will not have been employed for an idle purpose.” Dimock v. Emerald Properties
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United States District Court
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sufficiently analogous to the present case to counsel against its application here.
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Moreover, the relevant documentation in this case supports the finding that the sale is void.
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Where a notice defect provides the basis for challenging a sale under a deed of trust, as is the case
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here with the Barrionuevos’ allegation of noncompliance with Cal. Civ. Code § 2923.5, California
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courts examine in detail the deed of trust’s language to determine whether it contains “conclusive
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presumption language in the deed” regarding notice defects that would render the sale merely
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voidable as opposed to void. Little, at 1359. As was explained in Tamburri,
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when a notice defect is at issue, it is not the extent of the defect that is
determinative. Rather, “what seems to be determinative” is whether
the deed of trust contains a provision providing for a conclusive
presumption of regularity of sale. Little, 188 Cal. App. 3d at 1359,
233 Cal. Rptr. 923. “Where there has been a notice defect and no
conclusive presumption language in the deed, the sale has been held
void.” Id. (emphasis in original). In contrast, “[w]here there has been
a notice defect and conclusive presumption language in a deed, courts
have characterized the sales as ‘voidable.’” Id. (emphasis added).
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Tamburri, 2011 WL 6294472 at *5. In Little, the court considered a deed provision stating “[t]he
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recitals in such Deed of any matters, proceedings and facts shall be conclusive proof of the
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truthfulness and regularity thereof” to be conclusive presumption language. Little, at 1360. In this
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case, the Barrionuevos’ deed of trust provides no such conclusive presumption language. Therefore,
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“the Court cannot conclude, at least at this juncture, that the sale is merely voidable wherein tender
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would be required.” Ottolini v. Bank of America, No. C-11-0477 EMC, 2011 WL 3652501, at *4
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(N.D.Cal. Aug.19, 2011); see also Tamburri, 2011 WL 6294472 at *5.
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These exceptions and qualifications to the tender rule raise significant doubts as to whether it
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should be mechanically applied at the pleading stage under the allegations of the complaint herein.
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Thus, as in Tamburri, the Court declines to dismiss the complaint on the basis of the Barrionuevos’
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failure to allege tender.
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C.
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Wrongful Foreclosure
The Barrionuevos’ cause of action for wrongful foreclosure is based upon their belief that
“Cal Reconveyance cannot conduct a valid foreclosure sale on behalf of Defendant JP Morgan
because it is not the true present beneficiary under Plaintiffs’ Deed of Trust.” Pls.’ Am. Compl. ¶
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For the Northern District of California
United States District Court
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18. This belief is based upon the following chain of events:
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In May of 2006, shortly after Plaintiffs entered into the Deed of Trust,
WaMu [Washington Mutual] securitized and sold the beneficial
interest in the Deed of Trust to the Series 2006-AR4 Trust. From that
point on, the Series 2006-AR4 Trust became the only true beneficiary
under Plaintiffs’ Deed of Trust. Thus, when JP Morgan [Chase]
acceded to certain of WaMu’s assets in 2008, it could not have
included the beneficial interest in Plaintiffs’ Deed of Trust as WaMu
had already sold the beneficial interest two years prior, in 2006. Since
WaMu no longer owned the beneficial interest in Plaintiffs’ Deed of
Trust, it had nothing to convey to Defendant JP Morgan in 2008 and
Defendant JP Morgan is not the true beneficiary. Id.
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Related to the allegation that Chase did not acquire Plaintiffs’ DOT from Washington Mutual, the
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Barrionuevos further base their wrongful foreclosure claim on the grounds that the Defendants have
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failed to comply with California Civil Code § 2932.5, in that they have not “recorded a document in
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the public chain of title reflecting from whom [they] acquired the beneficial interest in Plaintiffs’
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Deed of Trust,” as required by the statute. Id. at 21. Section 2932.5 provides as follows:
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Where a power to sell real property is given to a mortgagee, or other
encumbrancer, in an instrument intended to secure the payment of
money, the power is part of the security and vests in any person who
by assignment becomes entitled to payment of the money secured by
the instrument. The power of sale may be exercised by the assignee if
the assignment is acknowledged and recorded.
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Cal. Civ. Code § 2932.5 (emphasis added).
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Chase and California Reconveyance question Plaintiffs’ assertion that the DOT for the
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subject property was securitized into the Series 2006-AR4 Trust. See Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss at 5
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(“A careful analysis of the information provided in the prospectus for which the “Property
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securitization Analysis Report”provides a website address demonstrates the Loan at issue is not part
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of the WMALT Series 2006-AR4 Trust.”); see also Defs.’ Reply Br. ISO Mot. to Dismiss (Docket
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26) at p. 2 (“As shown in the analysis of Defendant’s motion, there is no connection between the
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prospectus for the Series 2006-AR4 Trust and the Plaintiffs’ mortgage loan. There was no
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securitization.”). Neither the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, the Plaintiff’s Response Brief, nor the
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Defendant’s Reply Brief address the § 2932.5 element of the Barrionuevos’ wrongful foreclosure
cause of action. The Court will, therefore, confine its analysis of the wrongful foreclosure claim to
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For the Northern District of California
United States District Court
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the Plaintiff’s argument that the Defendants are not the current beneficiaries under the DOT.
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Plaintiffs properly assert that only the “true owner” or “beneficial holder” of a Deed of Trust
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can bring to completion a nonjudicial foreclosure under California law. Pls.’ Response Brief at 4.
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In California, a “deed of trust containing a power of sale...conveys nominal title to property to an
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intermediary, the “trustee,” who holds that title as security for repayment of [a] loan to [a] lender, or
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“beneficiary.” Kachlon v. Markowitz, 168 Cal. App. 4th 316, 334 (2008) (internal citations
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omitted). The “trustee in nonjudicial foreclosure is not a true trustee with fiduciary duties, but rather
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a common agent for the trustor5 and beneficiary.” Id. 335 (internal citations omitted). The trustee’s
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duties “are twofold: (1) to “reconvey” the deed of trust to the trustor upon satisfaction of the debt
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owed to the beneficiary, resulting in a release of the lien created by the deed of trust, or (2) to initiate
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nonjudicial foreclosure on the property upon the trustor’s default, resulting in a sale of the property.”
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Id. at 334 (internal citations omitted). The beneficiary, ultimately, is the party that initiates
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nonjudicial foreclosure, since the trustee who records a Notice of Default pursuant to Cal. Civ. Code
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§ 2924 does so as the authorized agent of beneficiary. See Cal. Civ. Code § 2924(a)(1); see also
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Kachlon, 168 Cal. App. 4th at 334 (“When the trustor defaults on the debt secured by the deed of
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The “trustor” in this context is a borrower who executes a trust deed securing a promissory
note in favor of a lender.
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trust, the beneficiary may declare a default and make a demand on the trustee to commence
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foreclosure.”) (emphasis added).
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Several courts have recognized the existence of a valid cause of action for wrongful
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foreclosure where a party alleged not to be the true beneficiary instructs a trustee to file a Notice of
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Default and initiate nonjudicial foreclosure. For example, the court in Sacchi v. Mortgage
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Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., No. CV 11-1658 AHM (CWx), 2011 WL 2533029, at *9-10
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(C.D. Cal. June 24, 2011), upheld a plaintiff’s wrongful foreclosure claim against an entity alleged
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to have “no beneficial interest in the Deed of Trust when it acted to foreclose on Plaintiffs’ home.”
9
There, the court expressed dismay when confronted with counsel’s arguments suggesting that
“someone . . . can seek and obtain foreclosure regardless of whether he has established the authority
11
For the Northern District of California
United States District Court
10
to do so.” Id. at *7. The court asked, if defendants’ argument that “the recording and execution date
12
is inconsequential and in no way connotes that the DOT’s beneficial interest was transferred at that
13
precise time” was accepted, “how is one to determine whether (and when) the purported assignment
14
was consummated? How could one ever confirm whether the entity seeking to throw a homeowner
15
out of his residence had the legal authority to do so?” Id. at *6.
16
Similarly, in Javaheri v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., CV10-08185 ODW FFMX, 2011 WL
17
2173786, at *5-6 (C.D. Cal. June 2, 2011), the court denied Defendant JPMorgan’s motion to
18
dismiss a very similar wrongful foreclosure claim to the one at issue here when the plaintiff alleged
19
that Washington Mutual, plaintiff’s original lender, had “transferred Plaintiff’s Note to Washington
20
Mutual Mortgage Securities Corporation” prior to its closure by the U.S. Office of Thrift
21
Supervision and JPMorgan’s subsequent acquisition of its assets. Id. at *5. The court took note of
22
the fact that the plaintiff had produced specific “facts regarding the transfer of Plaintiff’s Note”
23
suggesting that Washington Mutual had indeed alienated its beneficial interest to plaintiff’s deed of
24
trust prior to JPMorgan’s later acquisition of Washington Mutual’s assets. Id. “Coupled with
25
Plaintiff’s allegation that JPMorgan never properly recorded its claim of ownership in the Subject
26
Property,” the court ruled that the “abovementioned facts regarding the transfer of Plaintiff’s Note
27
prior to JPMorgan’s acquisition of [Washington Mutual]’s assets raise Plaintiff’s right to relief
28
above a speculative level,” and held that plaintiff’s allegation “that JPMorgan did not own his Note
11
1
and therefore did not have the right to foreclose” was sufficient to withstand JPMorgan’s motion to
2
dismiss. Id. at *5-6.
3
Likewise in Ohlendorf v. Am. Home Mortg. Servicing, 279 F.R.D. 575, 583 (E.D. Cal. 2010),
4
the court recognized that, while “proof of possession of the note” is not necessary to “legally
5
institute non-judicial foreclosure proceedings against plaintiff,” the plaintiff still had a viable claim
6
for wrongful foreclosure insofar as he argued that defendants “are not the proper parties to
7
foreclose.” Id. at 583. “Accordingly,” the court denied “defendants motion to dismiss plaintiff’s
8
wrongful foreclosure [claim]...insofar as it is premised on defendants being proper beneficiaries.”
9
Id. Finally, in Castillo v. Skoba, No. 10cv1838 BTM, 2010 WL 3986953, at*2 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 8,
2010), the court granted a preliminary injunction in a foreclosure case where it concluded that
11
For the Northern District of California
United States District Court
10
“Plaintiff is likely to succeed on the merits of his claim that neither Aurora nor Cal-Western had
12
authority to initiate the foreclosure sale at the time the Notice of Default was entered.” There, the
13
court ruled on the record before it that the applicable “[d]ocuments do not support a finding that
14
either Cal-Western was the trustee or Aurora was the beneficiary on May 20, 2010 when the Notice
15
of Default was recorded.” Id. See also Robinson v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 199
16
Cal.App.4th 42, 46 Fn. 5 (2011) (“a borrower who believes that the foreclosing entity lacks standing
17
to do so” is not “without a remedy. The borrower can seek to enjoin the trustee’s sale or to set the
18
sale aside.”); Gomes v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 192 Cal. App. 4th 1149, 1156 (2011)
19
(upholding the dismissal of plaintiff’s wrongful foreclosure action, but noting as “significant” the
20
fact that cases cited by plaintiff permitting wrongful foreclosure action “identified a specific factual
21
basis for alleging that the foreclosure was not initiated by the correct party. [plaintiff] has not
22
asserted any factual basis to suspect that [defendant] lacks authority to proceed with the
23
foreclosure.”) (emphasis in original).
24
In the present case, the Barrionuevos allege that Chase and California Reconveyance
25
recorded their April 7, 2009, Notice of Default without the legal right to do so, given that the prior
26
alienation of Plaintiff’s DOT by Washington Mutual in 2006 precluded these Defendants from
27
obtaining any beneficial interest in the DOT. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 16-22; Pls.’ Response Brief at 3.
28
In tandem to their § 2935.2 claim, Plaintiffs allege that this prior alienation of the DOT renders
12
1
Defendants’ Notice of Default and subsequent Notices of Trustee’s Sales invalid. The allegation
2
challenging the validity of Washington Mutual’s assignment of Plaintiffs’ DOT to Chase suggests
3
that the foreclosing parties did not have authority to issue the Notices. Despite Defendants’
4
invitation to the contrary, further examination into the 2006 transaction would require a factual
5
inquiry not suitable in a 12(b)(6) motion. Thus, insofar as Plaintiffs contend that the Notice of
6
Default is invalid due to a lack of authority to foreclose, their wrongful foreclosure claim is similar
7
to those advanced in Sacchi, Javaheri, Ohlendorf, Skoba, and, of course, this Court’s ruling in
8
Tamburri.
foreclosure. Regardless of whether § 2932.5 applies, under California law a party may not foreclose
11
For the Northern District of California
Accordingly, this Court finds that the Plaintiffs have sufficiently stated a claim for wrongful
10
United States District Court
9
without the legal power to do so. Plaintiff alleges that the wrong parties issued the Notice of
12
Default. At the 12(b)(6) stage, given the factual uncertainties underlying the parties’ arguments,
13
Plaintiffs’ claim is sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss.
14
D.
Slander of Title
15
The Barrionuevos next advance a cause of action for slander of title. In their amended
16
complaint, they allege that Chase “acted with malice and a reckless disregard for the truth by simply
17
assuming it was the beneficiary under Plaintiffs’ Deed of Trust” when it recorded a “Notice of
18
Trustee’s Sale...that cannot lead to a valid foreclosure.” Am. Compl. ¶ 24. They further allege that
19
“the recordation of the February 2, 2012 Notice of Trustee’s Sale was therefore false, knowingly
20
wrongful, without justification, in violation of statute, unprivileged, and caused doubt to be placed
21
on Plaintiffs’ title to the property,” and that the “recordation of the foregoing documents directly
22
impairs the vendibility of Plaintiffs’ property on the open market in the amount of a sum to be
23
proved at trial.” Id. ¶ 25. Neither Plaintiffs nor Defendants address this cause of action in any of the
24
papers accompanying Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss.
25
The California Court of Appeals for the Fifth District recently outlined the elements required
26
to successfully bring a cause of action for slander of title. In Sumner Hill Homeowners’ Assn., Inc.
27
v. Rio Mesa Holdings, LLC, the court explained that “slander or disparagement of title occurs when
28
a person, without a privilege to do so, publishes a false statement that disparages title to property
13
1
and causes the owner thereof some special pecuniary loss or damage.” 205 Cal. App. 4th 999, 1030
2
(citing Fearon v. Fodera 169 Cal. 370 (1915)). The required elements of this tort are “(1) a
3
publication, (2) without privilege or justification, (3) falsity, and (4) direct pecuniary loss.” Id.
4
(citing Truck Ins. Exchange v. Bennett, 53 Cal.App.4th 75, 84 (1997); Howard v. Schaniel,113
5
Cal.App.3d 256, 263-264 (1980)).
6
The Barrionuevos’ amended complaint is sufficient to “to state a claim to relief that is
7
plausible on its face’”with regard to this tort. Cousins, 568 F.3d at 1067 (9th Cir. 2009). Plaintiffs
8
allege, and Defendants do not appear to question, that they effected a publication regarding Plaintiffs
9
title to the subject property (i.e. the Notice of Default and the three Notices of Trustee’s Sales).
Whether that publication was done “without privilege or justification” is somewhat harder to
11
For the Northern District of California
United States District Court
10
discern. In Gudger v. Manton, the California Supreme Court held that “a rival claimant of property
12
is conditionally privileged to disparage or justified in disparaging another’s property in land by an
13
honest and good-faith assertion of an inconsistent legally protected interest in himself.” 21 Cal. 2d
14
537, 545 (1943). The Gudger Court went on to say that an “express finding of lack of good faith, or
15
of actual malice...would destroy the privilege or justification here discussed.” Id. at 546. Plaintiffs
16
allege quite clearly that Defendants published the February 2, 2012, Notice of Trustee’s sale with
17
“malice and a reckless disregard for the truth.” Am. Compl. ¶ 24. Broadly construing their
18
amended complaint, it would be fair to conclude that Plaintiffs view the remaining three Notices
19
published by Chase and California Reconveyance in a similar light. Thus, on balance, Plaintiffs
20
have alleged sufficient facts to satisfy this element of the tort at the 12(b)(6) stage. Likewise,
21
Plaintiffs allege with some force the apparent falsity of Defendants’ four publications. Finally, the
22
Barrionuevos claim that Defendants’ publications “directly impair[ed] the vendibility of Plaintiffs’
23
property on the open market,” and caused Plaintiffs to incur costs related to bringing “this action to
24
cancel the instruments casting doubt on Plaintiffs’ title,” is sufficient to allege the “direct pecuniary
25
loss” element to a slander of title action. Id. at ¶¶ 25-26. See also Sumner Hill, 205 Cal. App. 4th at
26
1030 (“it is well-established that attorney fees and litigation costs are recoverable as pecuniary
27
damages in slander of title causes of action.”).
28
14
1
Accordingly, to the extent Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss reaches Plaintiffs’ action for
2
slander of title, Plaintiffs have met their burden to plead sufficient “factual content that allows the
3
court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”
4
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949.
5
E.
6
California Civil Code § 2923.5
California Civil Code § 2923.5(a)(1) provides that “[a] mortgagee, trustee, beneficiary, or
7
authorized agent may not file a notice of default pursuant to Section 2924 until 30 days after initial
8
contact is made as required by paragraph (2) or 30 days after satisfying the due diligence
9
requirements as described in subdivision (g).” Cal. Civ. Code § 2923.5(a)(1) (emphasis added).
Under paragraph (2), “[a] mortgagee, beneficiary, or authorized agent shall contact the borrower in
11
For the Northern District of California
United States District Court
10
person or by telephone in order to assess the borrower’s financial situation and explore options for
12
the borrower to avoid foreclosure.” Id. § 2923.5(a)(2). Under subdivision (g), “[a] notice of default
13
may be filed . . . when a mortgagee, beneficiary, or authorized agent has not contacted a borrower as
14
required by paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) provided that the failure to contact borrower occurred
15
despite the due diligence of the mortgagee, beneficiary, or authorized agent.” Id. § 2923.5(g)
16
(emphasis added). If a mortgagee, beneficiary, or authorized agent fails to comply with § 2923.5,
17
“then there is no valid notice of default and, without a valid notice of default, a foreclosure sale
18
cannot proceed.” Mabry v. Superior Court, 185 Cal. App. 4th 208, 223 (2010). The only remedy
19
for a violation of this section is “to postpone the sale until there has been compliance with section
20
2923.5.” Id. (citing Cal. Civ. Code § 2924g, subdivision (c)(1)(A)).
21
In the instant case, the Barrionuevos assert that Chase and California Reconveyance violated
22
§ 2923.5(a)(1) because they failed to contact them prior to filing the notice of default on April 7,
23
2009. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 28, 32. Despite the fact that the Defendants’ Notice of Default included a
24
statement that “the beneficiary or its designated agent declares that it has contacted the borrower” or
25
has “tried with due diligence to contact the borrower as required by California Civil Code 2923.5,”
26
Plaintiffs assert that they were, in fact, “never contacted.” Am. Compl., Ex. B - Notice of Default;
27
Am. Compl. ¶ 28. Defendants initially argue that the Barrionuevos fail to state a claim under this
28
15
1
cause of action because they offer “no specified factual support” for their allegations. Defs.’ Mot. to
2
Dismiss at 9. However, their Reply Brief offers a very different assessment:
3
Plaintiffs could not be clearer; “Plaintiffs allege that the Declaration is
false because Plaintiffs were in fact never contacted.” (Plaintiffs’
opposition, p. 6, ln 21-23). Plaintiffs therefore claim that Defendant
never called, never left a voice message, and never knocked on their
door to discuss their default on the loan before having the NOD
[Notice of Default] recorded. Plaintiffs’ allegation also means that
Defendant never offered them a trial loan modification payment plan
or even offered to evaluate them for a loan modification before
recording the NOD.
4
5
6
7
8
Defs.’ Reply Brief at 3 (emphasis in original). Defendants nonetheless contends that “[w]hen the
9
foreclosing entity declares that it tried to contact the borrower, the statutory requirements are
11
For the Northern District of California
United States District Court
10
12
13
14
15
16
satisfied. Id.. Defendants are mistaken.
A mortgagee, beneficiary, or authorized agent has satisfied the “due diligence” requirement
of § 2923.5:
if it was not able to contact the borrower after (1) mailing a letter
containing certain information; (2) then calling the borrower “by
telephone at least three times at different hours and on different days”;
(3) mailing a certified letter, with return receipt requested, if the
borrower does not call back within two weeks; (4) providing a
telephone number to a live representative during business hours; and
(5) posting a link on the homepage of its Internet Web site with certain
information.
17
18
Argueta v. J.P. Morgan Chase, 787 F. Supp. 2d 1099, 1107 (E.D. Cal. 2011) (citing Cal. Civ. Code.
19
§ 2923.5(g)). Defendants have given no indication that they exercised “due diligence” as defined in
20
the statute in trying to contact the Barrionuevos prior to recording the Notice of Default, other than
21
their declaration in the Notice itself that they complied with the statute. When a plaintiff’s
22
allegations dispute the validity of defendant’s declaration of compliance in a Notice of Default as
23
here, the plaintiff has “plead ‘enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”
24
Cousins, 568 F.3d at 1067 (9th Cir. 2009). See Argueta, 787 F. Supp. 2d at 1107; Caravantes v.
25
California Reconveyance Co., 10CV1407, 2010 WL 4055560 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 14, 2010).
26
Accordingly, Plaintiff’s allegations of non-compliance are sufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss.
27
28
16
1
2
F.
Unfair Business Practices Act
California’s Unfair Business Practices Act, codified as Cal. Bus. Prof. Code §§ 17200,
3
prohibits unfair competition, which is defined as, inter alia, “any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent
4
business act or practice.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200. Plaintiffs asserts claims under § 17200
5
for Chase and California Reconveyance’s violation of Cal Civ. Code § 2923.5, and openly
6
acknowledge that their § 17200 claim “is a derivative cause of action.” Pls.’ Response Brief at 7.
7
They also acknowledge that “plaintiffs’ ability to pursue this cause of action depends on the success
8
or failure of their substantive causes of action.” Id.
2923.5] does not impact plaintiffs with an actual loss of money or property to give standing under
11
For the Northern District of California
Defendants challenge the § 17200 claim on the basis that “a violation [of Cal Civ. Code §
10
United States District Court
9
Cal. B&P § 17200.” Defs.’ Reply Brief at 3. However, “[i]t is undisputed that foreclosure
12
proceedings were initiated which put [the Barrionuevos] interest in the property in jeopardy; this fact
13
is sufficient to establish standing as this Court has previously held.” Clemens v. J.P. Morgan Chase
14
Nat. Corporate Services, Inc., No. C-09-3365 EMC, 2009 WL 4507742, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 1,
15
2009) (citing Sullivan v. Washington Mut. Bank, FA, No. C-09-2161 EMC, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
16
104074, at *13 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 23, 2009). See also Sacchi, 2011 WL 2533029 at *8-9 (refusing to
17
dismiss under FRCP 12(b)(6) plaintiff’s section 17200 claim, in part, because plaintiff alleged a
18
violation of Cal Civ. Code § 2923.5).
19
Second, Defendants repeat their argument that Plaintiffs have “failed to allege facts sufficient
20
to demonstrate that defendants violated Section 2923.5” Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss at 9-10. “A
21
plaintiff alleging unfair business practices under [17200] must state with reasonable particularity the
22
facts supporting the statutory elements of the violation.” Khoury v. Maly’s of California, Inc., 14
23
Cal. App. 4th 612, 619 (1993). As a derivative claim based upon defendants’ alleged failure to
24
comply with Cal Civ. Code § 2923.5, the Barrionuevos’ § 17200 claim rises and falls along with that
25
underlying cause of action. Having already determined that Plaintiffs’ § 2923.5 claim was pled with
26
enough specificity and factual support to withstand Defendant’s motion to dismiss, the Court finds
27
Plaintiffs’ §17200 claim is likewise sufficiently pled under Rule 12(b)(6).
28
17
1
IV.
CONCLUSION
2
For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss.
3
This Order disposes of Docket No. 23.
4
5
IT IS SO ORDERED.
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7
Dated: August 6, 2012
8
_________________________
EDWARD M. CHEN
United States District Judge
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For the Northern District of California
United States District Court
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