J & J Sports Productions, Inc. v. Barajas et al, No. 1:2015cv01354 - Document 23 (E.D. Cal. 2016)
Court Description: FINDINGS and RECOMMENDATIONS recommending Granting in Part 19 Plaintiff's Motion for Default Judgment, signed by Magistrate Judge Jennifer L. Thurston on 3/7/2016. Referred to District Judge Dale A. Drozd. Objections to F&R due within 14 days. (Hall, S)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 J & J SPORTS PRODUCTIONS INC., 12 Plaintiff, v. 13 14 MIGUEL ANGEL BARAJAS, et al., Defendants. 15 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Case No.: 1:15-cv-01354 - DAD - JLT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT (Doc. 19) 16 17 Plaintiff J & J Sports Productions, Inc. seeks the entry of default judgment against Miguel 18 Angel Barajas and Guillermina Carrizales, individually and doing business as Village Sports Bar and 19 Grill (collectively, “Defendants”). (Doc. 19) Defendants have not opposed this motion. The Court 20 found the matter suitable for decision without an oral hearing pursuant to Local Rule 230(g), and the 21 matter was taken under submission on March 1, 2016. (Doc. 22) For the following reasons, the Court 22 recommends Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment be GRANTED IN PART. 23 I. 24 Procedural History Plaintiff initiated this action by filing a complaint against Defendants on September 2, 2015. 25 (Doc. 1) Plaintiff asserts it possessed the exclusive rights to the nationwide commercial distribution of 26 “‘Mayhem’ Floyd Mayweather, Jr. v. Marcos Rene Maidana, II WBC World Lightweight 27 Championship Fight Program” (“the Program”) televised on September 14, 2013. (Doc. 1 at 5-6, ¶ 18) 28 However, Plaintiff contends Defendants broadcast the Program at Village Sports Bar & Grill without 1 1 paying the requisite fee. Defendants were served with the complaint, but failed to respond within the 2 time prescribed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Upon application of Plaintiff, default was 3 entered against Defendant on January 7, 2016. (Docs. 16-17) Plaintiff filed the application for default 4 judgment now pending before the Court on January 29, 2016. (Doc. 19) 5 II. Legal Standards Governing Entry of Default Judgment The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure govern the entry of default judgment. After default is 6 7 entered because “a party against whom a judgment for relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise 8 defend,” the party seeking relief may apply to the court for a default judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a)- 9 (b). Upon the entry of default, well-pleaded factual allegations regarding liability are taken as true, but 10 allegations regarding the amount of damages must be proven. Pope v. United States, 323 U.S. 1, 22 11 (1944); see also Geddes v. United Financial Group, 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir. 1977). In addition, 12 “necessary facts not contained in the pleadings, and claims which are legally insufficient, are not 13 established by default.” Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of North Am., 980 F.2d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992) 14 (citing Danning v. Lavine, 572 F.2d 1386, 1388 (9th Cir. 1978)). Entry of default judgment is within the discretion of the Court. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 15 16 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). The entry of default “does not automatically entitle the plaintiff to a court- 17 ordered judgment. Pepsico, Inc. v. Cal. Sec. Cans, 238 F.Supp.2d 1172, 1174 (C.D. Cal 2002), accord 18 Draper v. Coombs, 792 F.2d 915, 924-25 (9th Cir. 1986). The Ninth Circuit determined: Factors which may be considered by courts in exercising discretion as to the entry of a default judgment include: (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff, (2) the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claim, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) the sum of money at stake in the action, (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts, (6) whether the default was due to excusable neglect, and (7) the strong policy underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits. 19 20 21 22 23 Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471-72 (9th Cir. 1986). As a general rule, the issuance of default 24 judgment is disfavored. Id. at 1472. 25 III. 26 Plaintiff’s Factual Allegations The factual assertions of Plaintiff are taken as true because default has been entered against 27 Defendants. See Pope, 323 U.S. at 22. Plaintiff alleges that by contract, it was granted exclusive 28 domestic commercial distribution rights to the Program and, pursuant to that contract, “entered into 2 1 sublicensing agreements with various commercial entities throughout North America” to broadcast the 2 Program within their establishments. (Doc. 1 at 5-6, ¶¶ 18-19) Plaintiff alleges Defendants broadcast the Program in Village Sports Bar and Grill without 3 4 purchasing a proper sublicense from Plaintiff. (Doc. 1 at 5, ¶ 15) Plaintiff asserts Defendants were 5 each “an owner, and/or operator, and/or licensee, and/or permittee, and/or person in charge, and/or an 6 individual with dominion, control, oversight and management of the commercial establishment doing 7 business as Village Sports Bar and Grill.” (Id. at 3, ¶¶ 7-8) For this act, Plaintiff alleged violations of 47 U.S.C. §§ 553 and 605, conversion, and a 8 9 violation of the California Business and Professions Code. (Id. at 5-12) In the application for default 10 judgment, Plaintiff requests damages for the violation of 47 U.S.C. § 605 and conversion. (See Doc. 11 19-1) Therefore, the Court will address only these claims. 12 IV. Applying the factors articulated by the Ninth Circuit in Eitel, the Court finds the factors weigh 13 14 Discussion and Analysis in favor of granting Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment. 15 A. Prejudice to Plaintiff 16 The first factor considers whether the plaintiff would suffer prejudice if default judgment is not 17 entered, and potential prejudice to the plaintiff weighs in favor of granting a default judgment. See 18 Pepsico, Inc., 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1177. Generally, where default has been entered against a defendant, 19 a plaintiff has no other means by which to recover damages. Id.; Moroccanoil, Inc. v. Allstate Beauty 20 Prods., 847 F. Supp. 2d 1197, 1200-01 (C.D. Cal. 2012). Therefore, the Court finds Plaintiff would be 21 prejudiced if default judgment is not granted. Merits of Plaintiff’s claims and the sufficiency of the complaint 22 B. 23 Given the kinship of these factors, the Court considers the merits of Plaintiff’s substantive 24 claims and the sufficiency of the complaint together. See Premier Pool Mgmt. Corp. v. Lusk, 2012 U.S. 25 Dist. LEXIS 63350, at *13 (E.D. Cal. May 4, 2012). The Ninth Circuit has suggested that, when 26 combined, the factors require a plaintiff to “state a claim on which the plaintiff may recover.” Pepsico, 27 Inc., 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1175. 28 /// 3 1 1. Claim arising under 47 U.S.C. § 605 2 The Federal Communications Act of 1934 (“Communications Act”) “prohibits the unauthorized 3 receipt and use of radio communications for one’s ‘own benefit or for the benefit of another not entitled 4 thereto.’” DirecTV, Inc. v. Webb, 545 F.3d 837, 844 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing 47 U.S.C. § 605(a)). In 5 pertinent part, the Communications Act provides, “No person not being authorized by the sender shall 6 intercept any radio communication and divulge or publish the … contents … of such intercepted 7 communication to any person.” 47 U.S.C. § 605(a). Thus, Plaintiff must establish it was the party 8 aggrieved by Defendants’ actions. 47 U.S.C. § 605(e)(3)(A). Plaintiff must also show Defendants 9 intercepted a wire or radio program and published it without permission. 47 U.S.C. § 605(a). 10 a. Party aggrieved 11 Under the Communications Act, a “person aggrieved” includes a party “with proprietary rights 12 in the intercepted communication by wire or radio, including wholesale or retail distributors of satellite 13 cable programming.” 47 U.S.C. § 605(d)(6). In the Complaint, Plaintiff asserted that J & J Sports 14 Productions was granted the exclusive, nationwide commercial distribution rights to the Program. 15 (Doc. 1 at 5) In support of this assertion, Joseph Gagliardi, President of J & J Sports Productions 16 produced the Closed Circuit Television License Agreement between Mayweather Promotions and 17 Plaintiff, granting Plaintiff “the exclusive license to exhibit . . . [the] live telecast” of the Program. 18 (Doc. 19-4 at 10; see also id. at 10-15) Accordingly, the Court finds Plaintiff was the party aggrieved 19 within the meaning of § 605. 20 21 b. Interception and publication of the Program Plaintiff acknowledges it cannot be certain of the method of interception used to obtain the 22 Program. (See Doc. 19-1 at 8) Similarly, in Joe Hand Prod. v. Behari, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37277 23 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 18, 2013), the plaintiff was unable to identify the nature of the transmission. This 24 Court observed: “Plaintiff’s inability to allege the precise nature of the intercepted transmission in this 25 case …raises a question regarding the scope of 47 U.S.C. § 605(a) and the sufficiency of plaintiff’s 26 claim under that provision.” Id., 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37277 at *7. Nevertheless, Plaintiff provided 27 evidence that Defendants broadcast the Program in their establishment, because an investigator 28 witnessed the Program broadcast at The Village Sports Bar and Grill. (Doc. 19-3) 4 1 Because Plaintiff was a party aggrieved, and Defendants intercepted the Program and published 2 it without permission, Plaintiff has established the elements of a claim under the Communications Act. 3 2. Conversion 4 As recognized by the Ninth Circuit, conversion has three elements under California Law: 5 “ownership or right to possession of property, wrongful disposition of the property right and damages.” 6 G.S. Rasmussen & Assoc., Inc. v. Kalitta Flying Services, Inc., 958 F.2d 896, 906 (9th Cir. 1992); see 7 also Greka Integrated, Inc. v. Lowrey, 133 Cal.App.4th 1572, 1581 (2005) (“elements of a conversion 8 are the plaintiff’s ownership or right to possession of the property at the time of the conversion; the 9 defendant’s conversion by a wrongful act or disposition of property rights; and damages”). Previously, 10 this Court determined the possession of “a right to distribute programming” constitutes ownership of 11 properly for purposes of conversion. DIRECTV, Inc. v. Pahnke, 405 F. Supp. 2d 1182, 1189-90 (E.D. 12 Cal. 2005) (citing Don King Prods./ Kingsvision v. Lovato, 911 F.Supp. 429, 423 (N.D. Cal. 1995)). 13 Therefore, to state a claim for conversion, Plaintiff is required to possess the exclusive ownership of, or 14 the exclusive right to license, the broadcasting of the Program. 15 Given that Plaintiff established it held the distribution rights, the company held a “right to 16 possession of property.” Further, Plaintiff alleged facts sufficient to support a finding that Defendants 17 engaged in signal piracy by broadcasting the Program without a sublicense. The investigator counted 18 “approximately 36” people at the Village Sports Bar and Grill. (Doc. 19-3 at 2) The rate sheet 19 indicates a sublicense cost $2,200.00 for an establishment with the capacity up to 100 persons. (Doc. 20 19-4 at 17) Consequently, Plaintiff has established damages in the amount of $2,200.00, and states a 21 claim for conversion against Defendants. 22 23 C. Sum of money at stake In considering this factor, the Court “must consider the amount of money at stake in relation to 24 the seriousness of Defendant’s conduct.” Pepsico, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1176. Here, Plaintiff seeks 25 compensatory damages for Defendant’s tortuous conversion of Plaintiff’s property. Also, Plaintiff 26 requests statutory damages totaling $110,000 for the violation of 47 U.S.C. § 605. This amount 27 represents the maximum amount Plaintiff would be permitted to recover under the statute, including 28 enhanced damages. (Id. at 9-10) Plaintiff asserts Defendant should pay the statutory maximum 5 1 because nominal damages have proven insufficient to combat piracy. (Id. at 19) Thus, Plaintiff 2 appears to concede that amount of damages requested is not proportional to Defendants’ conduct. 3 Given the substantial amount of money at stake, this factor could weigh against the entry of 4 default judgment. See, e.g., Joe Hand Promotions v. Streshly, 655 F. Supp. 2d 1136 (S.D. Cal. 2009) 5 (proposed award amount of $100,975 was “manifestly excessive under existing law”); J & J Sports 6 Productions. v. Montes, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9282, at * 5 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2013) (“the large 7 amount of money that Plaintiff is requesting—maximum statutory damages—weighs against granting 8 an entry of default judgment, particularly because the amount requested appears disproportionate to the 9 harm alleged”); Moore v. Cisneros, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 177044, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 12, 2023) 10 (“[d]efault judgment is disfavored when a large sum of money is involved”); but see G & G Closed 11 Events, LLC v. Shahen, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 58723, at *18 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 26, 2012) (“the statutes 12 involved contemplate such an award under certain circumstances,” and the factor did not weigh against 13 default judgment). However, the factor does not weigh against Plaintiff’s request for default judgment 14 because the Court declines to enter judgment in the amount requested. D. 15 16 Possibility of dispute concerning material facts Here, there is little possibility of dispute concerning material facts because (1) based on the 17 entry of default, the Court accepts allegations in Plaintiff’s Complaint as true and (2) though properly 18 served, Defendants failed to appear. See Pepsico, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177; see also Elektra Entm’t 19 Group, Inc. v. Crawford, 226 F.R.D. 388, 393 (C.D. Cal. 2005) (“Because all allegations in a well- 20 pleaded complaint are taken as true after the court clerk enters default judgment, there is no likelihood 21 that any genuine issue of material fact exists”). Therefore, this factor does not weigh against default 22 judgment. 23 E. 24 Generally, the Court will consider whether Defendants’ failure to answer is due to excusable Whether default was due to excusable neglect 25 neglect. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1472. Here, Defendants were served with the Summons and Complaint, 26 as well as the motion for default judgment. (See Doc. 19-1 at 23) Given these facts, it is unlikely that 27 Defendants’ actions were the result of excusable neglect. Shanghai Automation Instrument Co., Ltd. v. 28 Kuei, 194 F.Supp.2d 995, 1005 (N.D. Cal. 2001) (finding no excusable neglect because the defendants 6 1 “were properly served with the Complaint, the notice of entry of default, as well as the papers in 2 support of the instant motion”). Accordingly, this factor does not weigh against default judgment. 3 F. 4 As noted above, default judgments are disfavored because “[c]ases should be decided on their 5 merits whenever reasonably possible.” Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1472. Here, however, the policy underlying 6 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits does not weigh against default 7 judgment because Defendants’ failure to appear before the Court and defend in this action makes a 8 decision on the merits impractical. 9 V. 10 Policy disfavoring default judgment Damages Under the Communications Act, a party aggrieved may recover actual damages or statutory 11 damages “not less than $1,000 or more than $10,000, as the court considers just.” 47 U.S.C. § 605(e) 12 (3)(C)(i)(II). When the Court determines a violation was “committed willfully and for the purposes of 13 direct or indirect commercial advantage or private financial gain,” a court may award enhanced 14 damages by increasing the awarded damages up to $100,000.00 for each violation. 47 U.S.C. § 15 605(e)(3)(C)(ii). The Court has “wide discretion” to determine the proper amount of damages to be 16 awarded. DirecTV Inc. v. Le, 267 Fed, App’x 636 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). 17 The Court may consider a number of factors in its determination of the amount of damages, 18 including any promotional advertising by the defendant, the capacity of the establishment, the number 19 of patrons present at the time of the broadcast, the imposition of a cover charge, the number and size of 20 the televisions used for the broadcast, and whether a premium was charged on food or drink. J & J 21 Sports Productions v. Sorondo, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99951, at * 10-11 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 6, 2011) 22 (citing Kingvision Pay-Per-View, Ltd. v. Backman, 102 F.Supp.2d 1196, 1198 (N.D. Cal. 2000)). 23 Barry Thome, Plaintiff’s investigator, noted there were no advertisements on the walls for the 24 fight, and a cover charge was not required to enter The Village Sports Bar and Grill. (Doc. 19-3 at 3) 25 Mr. Thome noted the venue had seven television sets, and the Program was broadcast on all of the sets. 26 (Id. at 4) Mr. Thome did not estimate the capacity of the establishment, but “counted approximately 27 36” patrons present during the undercard preliminary bout. (Id. at 2) Given these factors, the Court 28 7 1 finds an award of $9,500— which is more than four times the cost of a proper sublicense1 —is 2 appropriate.2 3 Although Plaintiff asserts a right to enhanced damages, allegations regarding the amount of 4 damages must be well-plead and supported by factual allegations. See Pope, 323 U.S. at 22; Geddes, 5 559 F.2d at 560. “The mere assertion that Defendant acted willfully is insufficient to justify enhanced 6 damages.” Sorondo, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99951, at *10 (quoting Kingvision Pay-Per-View, Ltd. v. 7 Backman, 102 F.Supp.2d 1196, 1198 (N.D. Cal. 2000)). Here, Plaintiff alleged: “Said unauthorized 8 interception, reception, publication, exhibition, divulgence, display, and/or exhibition by the each of the 9 Defendants was done willfully and for purposes of direct and/or indirect commercial advantage and/or 10 private financial gain.” (Doc. 1 at 5, ¶ 22) Importantly, there are no factual allegations in the 11 complaint to support the legal conclusion that Defendants’ actions were willful or for the purpose of 12 financial gain. Previously, the Court explained: 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 To adequately state a claim against a defendant, a plaintiff must set forth the legal and factual basis for his or her claim. Detailed factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of the cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, (2009), citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). While factual allegations are accepted as true, legal conclusions are not. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A plaintiff must set forth “the grounds of his entitlement to relief,” which “requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-56 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). In its complaint, Plaintiff simply alleged a legal conclusion: “Said unauthorized interception, reception, publication, exhibition, divulgence, display, and/or exhibition by each of the Defendant [sic] was done willfully and for purposes of direct and/or indirect commercial advantage and/or private financial gain.” 20 Joe Hand Promotions, Inc. v. Hathcock, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101208, at *2-3 (E.D Cal. July 20, 21 2012). Consequently, the Court found Plaintiff “failed to allege facts establishing the grounds of 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 According the price list produced by Plaintiff, an establishment with a capacity of 1-100 people was required to pay $2,200, and one with a capacity of 101-150 was required to pay $3,000. (Doc. 19-4 at 17) Plaintiff contends the sublicense for The Village Sports Bar and Grill would have cost $3,000. (Doc. 19-1 at 20) However, Plaintiff presents no evidence that the capacity of the venue ranged from 101 to 150 people. (See Doc. 19-4 at 17) 2 Courts in this district have found that the statutory maximum is not an appropriate award for a first-time offender and in the absence of aggravating factors. See, e.g., J & J Sprots Prod. v. Corona, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96462 (E.D. Cal. July 10, 2013) (awarding $7,000 in damages where the defendant broadcast the program on two televisions, there was no premium for food or drink); Joe Hand Promotions v. Brown, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 119435 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 27, 2010) (awarding $4,000 in damages where the program was broadcast on six 60-inch televisions, and there was no premium for food or drink); J & J Sports Productions, Inc. v. Morales, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 30942 (E.D. Cal. March 8, 2012) (awarding $4,400 in statutory damages where the sublicense cost $2,200 for the broadcast that the defendants displayed on three televisions, ranging in size up to 54”); J & J Sports Productions v. Sorondo, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99951 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 6, 2011) (awarding $3,600 in statutory damages, an amount two times the cost of a sublicense). 8 1 entitlement to enhanced damages.” Id. at *3. Here, as noted above, the evidence submitted indicates there were no advertisements for the 2 3 fight, and there was not a cover charge to enter The Village Sports Bar and Grill. (Doc. 19-3 at 2-3) 4 There is no indication that food or drink prices were increased because of the fight, or that the number 5 of people in the location was unusual or could be attributed to the fight. (See generally Doc. 19-3) 6 Moreover, the complaint now before the Court contains the same language as the complaint in 7 Hathock, and suffers the same infirmities. Because there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate the 8 piracy was done for purposes of commercial or private gain, enhanced damages are not recommended. Finally, because Plaintiff chose to receive statutory damages rather than actual damages under 9 10 the Communications Act, damages for conversion are subsumed into the total award of $9,500. See, 11 e.g., Joe Hand Promotions, Inc. v. Behari, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37277 at *8, n.2 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 18, 12 2013) (explaining damages conversion would not be awarded “because the recommended statutory 13 damages will sufficiently compensate plaintiff such that an award for conversion damages would be 14 duplicative”); J &J Sports Productions v. Mannor, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 32367, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 15 28, 2011) (declining to award damages for conversion because “plaintiff has been sufficiently 16 compensated through the federal statutory scheme” where the award total was $3,200 and the cost of 17 the proper license was $2,200); J & J Sports Productions v. Bachman, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44884, at 18 *22 (E.D. Cal. May 7, 2010) (declining conversion damages because statutory damages “sufficiently 19 compensate[d]” the plaintiff). 20 VI. 21 Findings and Recommendations The Eitel factors weigh in favor of granting default judgment, and the entry of default judgment 22 is within the discretion of the Court. See Aldabe, 616 F.2d at 1092. However, the damages requested 23 are disproportionate to Defendants’ actions. Importantly, when determining the amount of damages to 24 be awarded for signal piracy, “the principle of proportionality governs.” Backman, 102 F.Supp.2d at 25 1198. Under this principle, “distributors should not be overcompensated and statutory awards should 26 be proportional to the violation.” Id. 27 28 Accordingly, the Court recommends the award of $9,500 for Defendants’ wrongful acts. This amount both compensates Plaintiff for the wrongful act and is a suitable deterrent against future acts of 9 1 piracy. See Kingvision Pay-Per-View v. Lake Alice Bar, 168 F.3d 347, 350 (9th Cir. 1999) (observing 2 that a lower statutory award may deter while not destroying a business). 3 Based upon the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED: 4 1. Plaintiff’s application for default judgment (Doc. 12) be GRANTED IN PART AND 5 DENIED IN PART AS FOLLOWS: 6 A. Plaintiff’s request for statutory damages for the violation of the Communications Act be GRANTED in the amount of $9,500; 7 8 B. Plaintiff’s request for enhanced damages be DENIED; 9 C. Plaintiff’s request for damages for the tort of conversion be DENIED; 10 2. Judgment be entered in favor of Plaintiff J & J Sports Productions, Inc. and against 11 Defendants Miguel Angel Barajas and Guillermina Carrizales, individually and doing 12 business as The Village Sports Bar and Grill; and 13 3. Plaintiff be directed to file any application for attorney’s fees pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 605 no later than fourteen days from the entry of judgment. 14 15 These Findings and Recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 16 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Rule 304 of the Local 17 Rules of Practice for the United States District Court, Eastern District of California. Within fourteen 18 days of the date of service of these Findings and Recommendations, any party may file written 19 objections with the court. Such a document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s 20 Findings and Recommendations.” The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the 21 specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 22 (9th Cir. 1991); Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 834 (9th Cir. 2014). 23 24 25 26 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: March 7, 2016 /s/ Jennifer L. Thurston UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 27 28 10
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