Catherine E. Elizarraz v. Michael J. Astrue, No. 2:2009cv05616 - Document 18 (C.D. Cal. 2010)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OF DECISION by Magistrate Judge Andrew J. Wistrich. The Commissioners decision is based on substantial evidence in the record and is free of legal error. Accordingly, the Commissioner's decision is affirmed. IT IS SO ORDERED. (mz)
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Catherine E. Elizarraz v. Michael J. Astrue Doc. 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 WESTERN DIVISION 11 12 13 14 15 16 CATHERINE ELIZARRAZ, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) ) MICHAEL J. ASTRUE, ) Commissioner of the Social ) Security Administration, ) ) Defendant. ) ____________________________________ ) Case No. CV09-05616 AJW MEMORANDUM OF DECISION 17 18 Plaintiff filed this action seeking reversal of the decision of defendant, the Commissioner of the 19 Social Security Administration (the “Commissioner”), denying plaintiff’s application for disability insurance 20 benefits and Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) benefits. The parties have filed a Joint Stipulation 21 (“JS”) setting forth their contentions with respect to each disputed issue. 22 Administrative Proceedings 23 The parties have stipulated to the following summary of the procedural facts.[See JS 2]. On February 24 27, 2007, plaintiff filed applications for disability insurance benefits and SSI benefits. [Administrative 25 Record (“AR”) 103]. Plaintiff alleged disability due to carpel tunnel syndrome; lumbar and cervical disc 26 disease with radiculopathy; diabetes type II; hypertension; degenerative joint disease of the knees, anxiety, 27 and arthritis. [AR 104]. The Commissioner denied the application at the initial and reconsideration stages. 28 [AR 64]. Dockets.Justia.com 1 2 On January 6, 2009, a hearing was conducted by an Administrative Law Judge (the “ALJ”). [AR 19]. On February 3, 2009, the ALJ denied plaintiff’s applications in a written hearing decision. [AR 17]. 3 The ALJ made the following findings. Plaintiff suffered from severe impairments consisting of leg 4 edema; arthralgia and arthritis with chronic back pain and right lower extremity numbness; and obesity. Her 5 impairments, however, did not meet or equal a listed impairment. Plaintiff’s subjective complaints were not 6 fully credible. She retained the residual functional capacity (“RFC”) to perform sedentary work, with 7 occasional pushing, pulling, lifting and reaching with the right upper extremity, and could occasionally use 8 foot controls with the right lower extremity. Plaintiff could not climb ladders, ropes or scaffolds, but she 9 could occasionally climb ramps or stairs. She could occasionally balance, stoop, kneel, and crouch, but not 10 crawl. Plaintiff could occasionally walk on uneven ground, and could use a hand-held device for prolonged 11 ambulation, when walking on uneven terrain, or ascending and descending slopes. She could occasionally 12 perform gross manipulation with the right upper extremity. She must avoid all exposure to hazardous 13 machinery, unprotected heights, and other high-risk, hazardous or unsafe conditions. Plaintiff’s RFC did 14 not preclude her from performing her past relevant work as a collection clerk. [AR 13-16]. 15 Accordingly, the ALJ concluded that plaintiff was “not disabled” at any time through the date of his 16 decision. [AR 17]. On June 5, 2009, the Appeals Council denied plaintiff’s request for review of the ALJ’s 17 decision. [AR 1, 6]. 18 Standard of Review 19 The Commissioner’s denial of benefits should be disturbed only if it is not supported by substantial 20 evidence or is based on legal error. Stout v. Comm’r Social Sec. Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1054 (9th Cir. 21 2006); Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 954 (9th Cir. 2002). “Substantial evidence” means “more than 22 a mere scintilla, but less than a preponderance.” Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1214 n.1 (9th Cir. 23 2005). “It is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” 24 Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005)(internal quotation marks omitted). The court is 25 required to review the record as a whole and to consider evidence detracting from the decision as well as 26 evidence supporting the decision. Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin, 466 F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006); 27 Verduzco v. Apfel, 188 F.3d 1087, 1089 (9th Cir. 1999). “Where the evidence is susceptible to more than 28 one rational interpretation, one of which supports the ALJ's decision, the ALJ's conclusion must be upheld.” 2 1 Thomas, 278 F.3d at 954 (citing Morgan v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 169 F.3d 595, 599 (9th Cir.1999)). 2 Discussion 3 Treating physician’s opinion 4 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred in rejecting the opinions of her treating physician, Charlie Chan, 5 M.D. [See JS 4-10]. 6 Progress notes in the record indicate that Dr. Chan treated plaintiff from June 2006 through 7 November 24, 2008. During the hearing in January 2009, plaintiff testified that she continued to see Dr. 8 Chan, her family doctor, every month or every other month. [AR 37]. The progress reports from Dr. Chan 9 indicate that plaintiff saw him for intermittent complaints of pain and swelling in the right knee, swelling 10 of the feet, headache, left shoulder pain, neck pain, and a rash. Dr. Chan also treated her for type-2 diabetes, 11 hypertension, hyperlipidimia, elevated creatinine, anemia, and diabetes. Dr. Chan prescribed medication, 12 including, in various combinations, the anti-inflammatory naproxen, Tylenol 500 milligrams four times a 13 day as needed for pain; the diabetes medications metformin, Amaryl (glimepiride), and Actos (pioglitazone); 14 and the anti-hypertensive medications losartan, benazepril, Norvasc (anlodipine) and Maxzide (triamterene 15 and hydrochlorothiazide). He also advised plaintiff to exercise and to adhere to a low-fat, low-sodium, 1800 16 calorie-per-day diet. [See AR 302-372]. 17 On November 24, 2008, Dr. Chan completed a “Physical Residual Functional Capacity 18 Questionnaire.” [AR 374-377]. Dr. Chan stated that plaintiff had diagnoses of diabetes mellitus, 19 hypertension, hyperlipidimia, obesity, right knee pain, and lower back pain. [AR 374]. He described her 20 subjective symptoms as knee pain, headache, back pain, tiredness, body ache, pain, and dizziness. [AR 374]. 21 He said that plaintiff had “sharp” pain located in the knees and lower back pain that was present every day 22 and was precipitated by walking. Dr. Chan rated plaintiff’s pain as a “7” on a 1-through-10 scale. [AR 374]. 23 Asked to identify clinical findings and objective signs supporting his diagnosis, prognosis, and description 24 of plaintiff’s symptoms and resulting limitations, Dr. Chan wrote “no limitation of knee pain with 25 movement, hard to get up and get down due to back pain, use cane to walk due to knee pain.” [AR 374]. 26 Regarding plaintiff’s treatment and response, Dr. Chan noted that plaintiff currently was taking “Tylenol, 27 losartan, Amaryl, ASA [acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)], [and] Maxzide-25.” [AR 374]. Dr. Chan also 28 remarked that he discontinued naproxen and Actos because they affected plaintiff’s kidney and caused leg 3 1 swelling, and that the swelling improved when those medications were discontinued. [AR 374]. 2 Dr. Chan said that neither emotional factors nor any psychological condition contributed to the 3 severity of plaintiff’s physical symptoms. [AR 375]. He opined that during a typical eight-hour workday, 4 with a morning, lunch, and afternoon breaks, plaintiff’s pain or other symptoms would “constantly” interfere 5 with the attention and concentration necessary to sustain simple, repetitive work tasks. Plaintiff was 6 “[i]ncapable of even ‘low stress’ work.” [AR 375]. Dr. Chan opined that during an eight-hour work day, 7 plaintiff could not sit for more than thirty minutes at a time or less than two hours total, stand for more than 8 five minutes before needing to alternate positions, and could stand or walk for less than two hours total out 9 of eight. [AR 375-376]. Plaintiff would require two extra unscheduled breaks in a two-hour period. [AR 10 376]. Plaintiff could lift and carry less than ten pounds occasionally. [AR 376]. She could occasionally 11 stoop or bend, but never twist, crouch, and climb ladders or stairs. [AR 376]. Plaintiff was not limited in 12 repetitive reaching, handling, or fingering. [AR 376]. She had to avoid temperature extremes. [AR 377]. 13 Plaintiff’s limitations were likely to produce “good days” and “bad days.” [AR 377]. Dr. Chan estimated 14 that plaintiff would be absent from work due to her impairments or for necessary medical care more than 15 four days per month. [AR 377]. 16 A treating physician’s opinion is not binding on the Commissioner with respect to the existence of 17 an impairment or the ultimate issue of disability. Tonapetyan v. Halter, 242 F.3d 1144, 1148 (9th Cir. 18 2001). Where, however, a treating physician's medical opinion as to the nature and severity of an 19 individual's impairment is well-supported and not inconsistent with other substantial evidence in the record, 20 that opinion is entitled to controlling weight. Edlund v. Massanari, 253 F.3d 1152, 1157 (9th Cir. 2001); 21 Holohan v. Massanari, 246 F.3d 1195, 1202 (9th Cir. 22 416.927(d)(2); Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 96-2p, 1996 WL 374188, at *1-*2. Even when not entitled 23 to controlling weight, “treating source medical opinions are still entitled to deference and must be weighed” 24 in light of (1) the length of the treatment relationship; (2) the frequency of examination; (3) the nature and 25 extent of the treatment relationship; (4) the supportability of the diagnosis; (5) consistency with other 26 evidence in the record; and (6) the area of specialization. Edlund, 253 F.3d at 1157 & n.6 (quoting SSR 96- 27 2p and citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527); Holohan, 246 F.3d at 1202. 28 2001); see 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(d)(2), If a treating source opinion is uncontroverted, the ALJ must provide clear and convincing reasons, 4 1 supported by substantial evidence in the record, for rejecting it. If contradicted by that of another doctor, 2 a treating or examining source opinion may be rejected for specific and legitimate reasons that are based 3 on substantial evidence in the record. Batson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1195 (9th 4 Cir. 2004); Tonapetyan, 242 F.3d at 1148-1149; Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 830-831 (9th Cir. 1995). 5 The ALJ stated that Dr. Chan’s opinion was “not credible and [was] given very little weight because 6 there is much speculation expressed in his report without sufficient supporting objective medical evidence 7 . . . .” [AR 16]. The ALJ instead gave weight to the opinions of the Commissioner’s examining internist, 8 Dr. Klein, and the nonexamining state agency physician, Dr. Friedman. On the basis of his unremarkable 9 internal medicine examination findings, Dr. Klein concluded that plaintiff had visual limitations but no 10 other physical restrictions. Dr. Friedman opined that plaintiff could perform light work. [AR 219-225, 11 275-282]. After taking plaintiff’s subjective testimony into account, the ALJ found that plaintiff could 12 perform a range of sedentary work. [AR 14]. 13 The questionnaire asked Dr. Chan to identify “all clinical findings or objective signs supporting” 14 his opinion, but the only evidence he cited was plaintiff’s knee and back pain, which is a subjective 15 symptom. Dr. Chan did not mention any objective signs or clinical findings, such as x-ray or other imaging 16 studies, or positive clinical examination findings that are considered reliable indicators of a back or knee 17 impairment. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1528, 416.908 (defining symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings). Dr. 18 Chan observed that plaintiff used a cane to walk due to knee pain, but he did not mention prescribing a cane 19 in his description of the treatment provided, nor did he state that a cane was medically necessary. In 20 addition, Dr. Chan did not respond to questions asking: (1) whether plaintiff’s physical and emotional 21 impairments were “reasonably consistent” with the symptoms and functional limitations he described, and 22 (2) for an explanation of his conclusion that plaintiff was incapable of even low stress work. [AR 375]. 23 Plaintiff has not cited to any findings in Dr. Chan’s progress notes that fill in the gaps in his 24 questionnaire responses. Even when she presented with pain complaints, plaintiff was routinely described 25 as in “no acute distress,” with pain scores ranging from a low of “0” to a high of “4” out of 10. In contrast, 26 Dr. Chan said that plaintiff had a pain score of 7 out of 10. [AR 305, 309, 324, 345-346, 365]. Furthermore, 27 x-rays taken in January 2008 showed only “[m]ild left acromioclavular joint osteoarthritis” in the left 28 shoulder and “[m]inimal degenerative changes, characterized by anterior end plate osteophytes” in the 5 1 cervical spine. Those studies were otherwise “unremarkable.” [AR 347-349]. In August 2008, plaintiff was 2 noted to have left shoulder pain and cervical pain, both with “mild” degenerative joint disease. [AR 338]. 3 There do not appear to be any references to plaintiff’s using or needing a cane to ambulate. 4 The ALJ permissibly rejected Dr. Chan’s opinion based on the absence of objective or clinical 5 findings supporting his opinion. The opinions of the examining and nonexamining physicians together 6 served as substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s RFC assessment. See Tonapetyan, 242 F.3d at 1149 7 (holding that the ALJ permissibly rejected a treating physician’s opinion “because it was unsupported by 8 rationale or treatment notes, and offered no objective medical findings to support the existence of [the 9 claimant’s] alleged conditions,” and noting that the contrary opinions of an examining and non-examining 10 physician “serve as additional specific and legitimate reasons for rejecting the opinions” and also constitute 11 substantial evidence because they are based on objective findings independent of those relied on by the 12 treating physician). 13 14 15 16 Accordingly, plaintiff’s contention lacks merit. Credibility finding Plaintiff also contends that the ALJ failed to provide clear and convincing reasons for rejecting plaintiff’s subjective symptom testimony. [See JS 10-14]. 17 Once a disability claimant produces evidence of an underlying physical or mental impairment that 18 is reasonably likely to be the source of his or her subjective symptoms, the adjudicator is required to 19 consider all subjective testimony as to the severity of the symptoms. Moisa v. Barnhart, 367 F.3d 882, 885 20 (9th Cir. 2004); Bunnell v. Sullivan, 947 F.2d 341, 345 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc); see also 20 C.F.R. §§ 21 404.1529(a), 416.929(a) (explaining how pain and other symptoms are evaluated). Although the ALJ may 22 then disregard the subjective testimony he considers not credible, he must provide specific, convincing 23 reasons for doing so. Tonapetyan, 242 F.3d at 1148; see also Moisa, 367 F.3d at 885 (stating that in the 24 absence of evidence of malingering, an ALJ may not dismiss the subjective testimony of claimant without 25 providing “clear and convincing reasons”). The ALJ's credibility findings “must be sufficiently specific to 26 allow a reviewing court to conclude the ALJ rejected the claimant's testimony on permissible grounds and 27 did not arbitrarily discredit the claimant's testimony.” Moisa, 367 F.3d at 885; see Light v. Social Sec. 28 Admin., 119 F.3d 789, 792 (9th Cir. 1997) (enumerating factors that bear on the credibility of subjective 6 1 complaints); Fair v. Bowen, 885 F.2d 597, 604 n.5 (9th Cir. 1989)(same). If the ALJ's assessment of the 2 claimant's testimony is reasonable and is supported by substantial evidence, it is not the court's role to 3 “second-guess” it. Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001). 4 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erroneously rejected plaintiff’s subjective allegation that “she can 5 only perform about 2 hours of activity per day. This is consistent with the treating doctor.” [JS 12]. For 6 the reasons already described, however, the ALJ permissibly rejected Dr. Chan’s disability opinion. 7 Furthermore, it is evident from the record that while the ALJ did not find plaintiff’s subjective symptom 8 testimony entirely credible, he carefully considered that testimony and factored it into his detailed RFC 9 assessment. 10 During the hearing in January 2009, plaintiff was represented by counsel and testified on her own 11 behalf. She said that she had been misdiagnosed with myasthenia gravis with ptosis (eyelid droop), an 12 autoimmune neuromuscular disease. Plaintiff said that she had to be hospitalized due to the effects of the 13 steroids that were unnecessarily prescribed to treat that condition. [AR 30-32]. Plaintiff testified (and the 14 ALJ found) that her misdiagnosis and treatment for myasthenia gravis occurred in 2006, but plaintiff 15 apparently confused the dates, because medical and social security claim file records indicate that those 16 events occurred in 2007. [See AR 15-16, 30-32, 228-274, 279-281, 286-288, 368]. 17 Plaintiff also testified that she had developed kidney problems and swelling in her lower extremities 18 due to one of her diabetes medications, along with generalized fatigue and weakness. She said since that 19 medication (metformin) had been discontinued, her swelling was under control and her kidney problems 20 seemed to be getting better. However, she was still waiting to be evaluated at a kidney clinic. [AR 31-32, 21 44]. 22 When asked by the ALJ what the “biggest problem” was preventing her from working, plaintiff 23 answered: “I have back pain, I’m unable to use my right leg normally from my knee to my thigh. I get very 24 tired and I’m weak a lot. To maintain an occupation which only I know is collections [sic] would be almost 25 completely impossible on a daily basis.” [AR 33]. Plaintiff testified that she had back pain on the right side 26 toward the middle of her back that radiated down to her right knee. She said that her leg pain could turn 27 into numbness from the knee up, and that her hands became numb from the fingertips to her wrist on the 28 right side. She described her pain as constant. [AR 33-34]. Plaintiff said that Tylenol relieved her pain for 7 1 two to three hours, and that she had been prescribed a new pain medication that was not effective. [AR 34- 2 35, 37-38]. She said that standing for too long or leaning against the sink to wash dishes caused numbness, 3 and that she needed to sit and elevate her legs to relieve it. [AR 35]. She had to elevate her legs “[m]aybe 4 once or twice” a day, but sometimes she just endured it and took her medication. [AR 35-36]. Plaintiff said 5 that her anemia was “pretty much handled,” but she had a “little bit of anemia still.” [AR 32, 37]. She did 6 not know what was causing her feelings of fatigue and weakness, and her doctors had not been able to 7 determine a cause. [AR 36]. 8 Plaintiff stated that she was five feet, one and three-quarter inches tall, and that she weighed two 9 hundred and forty-five pounds. She testified that she was watching her diet and had lost about twenty 10 pounds in the last six months. [AR 39]. 11 Plaintiff testified that she lived with a friend who paid rent and occupied part of her house. [AR 12 27-28, 41-42]. She fixed breakfast, lunch, and dinner; cleared the table; washed and put away dishes; 13 cleaned and straightened up, but did not vacuum; watched television; drove a car to go shopping twice a 14 month and to doctors’ appointments; did laundry; and cared for her personal hygiene. [AR 39-40]. She used 15 a cane to ambulate during the hearing, and she said that she used it “[h]ome and out.” [AR 40]. Asked 16 whether her doctor told her she needed a cane, plaintiff replied, “I told him I didn’t have a choice. . . . I 17 asked for a cane but he said they don’t give them there.” [AR 40]. She did embroidery as a hobby and made 18 candy for the holidays. [AR 41]. Plaintiff’s housemate helped her with chores she could not perform. [AR 19 27-28, 41-42]. Plaintiff said that she did not have a limitation on sitting as long as she used a back roll for 20 lumbar support. She also said that she used a footstool at home. [AR 43]. Plaintiff had numbness in her 21 right arm, not her left. [AR 43-44]. 22 The ALJ credited plaintiff’s subjective testimony insofar as he gave her a significantly more limited 23 RFC than either the examining or nonexamining physicians. The ALJ articulated specific, convincing 24 reasons supporting his credibility evaluation. He noted that plaintiff’s subjective complaints were not fully 25 corroborated by the objective medical evidence. See Burch, 400 F.3d 676, 681 (9th Cir. 2005)(“Although 26 lack of medical evidence cannot form the sole basis for discounting pain testimony, it is a factor that the 27 ALJ can consider in his credibility analysis.”). 28 physicians concluded that plaintiff could perform at least light work, even with her then-operative diagnosis In addition, both the examining and nonexamining 8 1 of myasthenia gravis, and their opinions were consistent with the medical record as a whole. See Macri v. 2 Chater, 93 F.3d 540, 544 (9th Cir. 1996) (holding that the ALJ properly rejected the claimant's pain 3 testimony based, in part, on the an examining physician's opinion indicating that the claimant was not 4 disabled); Moncada v. Chater, 60 F.3d 521, 524 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding that the ALJ permissibly 5 discredited the claimant's excessive pain complaints based, in part, on an examining doctor's opinion that 6 the claimant was capable of sedentary work). The ALJ noted that plaintiff actually did not have myasthenia 7 gravis, and that she had recovered from the adverse effects of her unnecessary treatment for that condition. 8 [See AR 15-16]. In fact, plaintiff testified that she had recovered more quickly than the ALJ indicated. The 9 ALJ reported that plaintiff said that it had “taken until now”—that is, January 2009—“to recover from the 10 decrease in red and white blood cells” [AR 15-16], but that is incorrect. Plaintiff testified that it had taken 11 merely six months for her blood cells to return to normal, and she denied that she had limitations from the 12 residual effects of her steroid treatment as of the date of the hearing. [See AR 15-16, 31-32, 36; see AR 13 279-281]. 14 The ALJ also noted that nothing in plaintiff’s testimony suggested that she was disabled by stroke, 15 kidney failure, or diabetes, as she initially alleged in her disability report. [AR 16, 127]. Her hypertension 16 and hyperlipidimia were controlled with medication. [AR 15]. The ALJ pointed to plaintiff’s daily activities 17 and course of treatment, which did not even include narcotic pain medication, as further evidence that her 18 subjective symptoms were not as severely limiting as she alleged. [AR 16]. See Meanel v. Apfel, 172 F.3d 19 1111, 1114 (9th Cir. 1999) (explaining that the ALJ properly considered, as part of his credibility 20 evaluation, the treating physician’s failure to prescribe, and the claimant’s failure to request, medical 21 treatment commensurate with the “supposedly excruciating” pain alleged, and her “minimal, conservative 22 treatment”). 23 The ALJ also mentioned plaintiff’s “work history” in his credibility analysis. [AR 16]. The ALJ 24 asked plaintiff during the hearing whether she had looked for or applied for a job since her alleged onset 25 date of June 14, 2005. [AR 22]. Plaintiff testified that in 2006, she went to a temporary employment agency 26 seeking a job, but the agency “wanted [her] to do greater work than [she] was qualified for,” so they were 27 unable to place her. [AR 22-23]. Her earnings record indicated that plaintiff received $1,400 in wages from 28 “RHI Staffing Agency” in 2006, but plaintiff testified that she received no earnings from the agency in 9 1 question. [AR 23, 111, 119]. 2 Although the ALJ characterized that incident as an “unsuccessful work attempt” and did not consider 3 it to be substantial gainful activity, he was permitted to consider the inconsistency between plaintiff’s 4 conduct in attempting to find work and her allegations of disabling subjective symptoms. See Demaria v. 5 Apfel, 1998 WL 30015, at *5 (N.D. Cal. 1998) (holding that the claimant’s admission that he was actively 6 looking for work but was unable to get hired was a “tacit admission that [he] could perform substantial 7 gainful activity,” and that “[the claimant’s] job search efforts discredited his allegations of disability”) 8 (citing Sample v. Schweiker, 694 F.2d 639, 642, 643 (9th Cir. 1982); Copeland v. Bowen, 861 F.2d 536, 9 542 (9th Cir. 1988)); see generally Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1284 (9th Cir. 1996) (stating that an 10 ALJ may consider the claimant’s “work record” and may employ ordinary techniques of credibility 11 evaluation, considering, for example, prior inconsistent statements concerning a claimant’s symptoms). 12 13 The ALJ articulated legally sufficient grounds for discounting the alleged severity of plaintiff’s subjective complaints. Accordingly, plaintiff’s arguments lack merit. 14 15 Conclusion The Commissioner’s decision is based on substantial evidence in the record and is free of legal error. 16 Accordingly, the Commissioner's decision is affirmed. 17 IT IS SO ORDERED. 18 19 November 16, 2010 20 21 22 23 _____________________________ ANDREW J. WISTRICH United States Magistrate Judge 24 25 26 27 28 10
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