Russ v. Wilkins, 410 F. Supp. 579 (N.D. Cal. 1976)

James F. King, Jr., Art Bunce, California Indian Legal Services, Escondido, Cal., for plaintiffs and plaintiff in intervention.

Evelle J. Younger, Atty. Gen., Carl Boronkay, Asst. Atty. Gen., Roderick E. Walston, Charles W. Getz, IV, Deputy Attys. Gen., San Francisco, Cal., for defendants.

RENFREW, District Judge.

This case raises the questions of the exact boundary of the Round Valley Indian Reservation (Reservation) in Mendocino County, California, and whether the State of California has jurisdiction to regulate hunting upon that Reservation.

On April 15, 1973, plaintiffs Russ and Whipple, two enrolled members of the Covelo Indian Community of the Reservation, shot a deer on land they claim is part of the Reservation. The land in question is located within the boundary of the Reservation defined by Congress in 1873, Act of March 3, 1873, 17 Stat. 633 (Act of 1873), but is outside the area selected and retained for the Indians *580 pursuant to the Act of October 1, 1890, 26 Stat. 658 (Act of 1890).^[1] The plaintiffs were apprehended and the deer confiscated by defendant Wilkins of the California Department of Fish and Game, who denies that the locus of the shooting was within the present Reservation and asserts jurisdiction in any event under California law.

Plaintiffs Russ and Whipple brought this action against Wilkins and the Director of the California Department of Fish and Game seeking $100 damages for the value of the confiscated deer and declaratory and injunctive relief establishing the right of plaintiffs and other members of the Covelo Indian Community to hunt and fish on all portions of the Reservation defined by Congress in 1873. Plaintiff in Intervention Covelo Indian Community of the Round Valley Reservation seeks declaratory relief to establish (1) its sole authority to regulate all hunting and fishing on the Indian country of the Reservation, and over the rivers and streams surrounding the Reservation, as to Indians and non-Indians alike, and (2) the exact boundary of the Indian country of the Reservation. It also seeks injunctive relief to restrain defendants from enforcing California Fish and Game Law on the Reservation. The action has been tried on a bifurcated basis, the first phase of which is to determine whether the disputed land is part of the Reservation.

The Round Valley^[2] was originally selected for Indian purposes by the Department of the Interior in 1856. It became the home of Yuki, Wylackie, Nevada, Concow, and Indians of other tribes, many of whom had been displaced from other areas of California. In 1870, pursuant to the Four Reservations Act, Act of April 8, 1864, 13 Stat. 39, President Grant established the Reservation by executive order and expanded the original tract by approximately 6,000 acres.^[3]

A major revision of the Reservation was undertaken by Congress in the Act of 1873. 12,000 acres of Reservation agricultural land were "restored to the public lands". As compensation, 89,000 acres of generally mountainous land to the north were added to the Reservation. The 1873 Reservation was approximately 102,000 acres in size.

The record in this case establishes, however, that the Indians had a very limited enjoyment of the lands allocated to them by Congress. Ranchers and land speculators had begun to enter the area in the 1850s and often laid claim to the lands pursuant to the Swamp Lands Act, 9 Stat. 519, which vested title in the states to lands which were "overflowed" or "swamp" in character and thereby unfit for cultivation. By 1875, over 97,000 acres of the Reservation were occupied by non-Indians, and the 800 Reservation Indians were confined to an area of no more than 5,000 acres. The Committee on Indian Affairs, in investigating this problem in 1885, found that there were only nine settlers who could legitimately claim 160 acres each, and that the rest of the claims were without any legal basis.^[4] The Reservation Indians were afraid to travel on the Reservation at large, and their cattle were often stolen in large numbers.^[5]

On October 1, 1890, Congress again dealt with the Reservation in "An Act to provide for the reduction of the Round Valley Indian Reservation, in the State of California, and for other purposes" (Act of 1890). The Act of 1890 provided that a portion of the Reservation was to be allotted in ten-acre tracts to individual *581 Indians and that additional lands were to be held for the Indian community in common. (See the "General Indian Allotment or Dawes Act", Act of February 8, 1887, 24 Stat. 388.) All claims by non-Indians within these Indian allotted portions were to be appraised and compensated. The remainder of the Reservation was to be surveyed into 640-acre tracts and put up for sale with the proceeds, after deduction of certain expenses, placed in the Treasury of the United States to the credit of the Indians. The Act appointed a commission to carry out the actual division and allotment of the Reservation. The commission allotted the southwest portion of the Reservation to the Indians and offered the rest at public sale. Only 1,223 acres^[6] were actually sold out of the 63,600 acres offered and, consequently, Congress later amended the Act of 1890 to reduce the plot sizes from 640 acres to 160 acres in size. Act of February 8, 1905, 33 Stat. 706.

The last change in the Reservation was effected pursuant to the Wheeler-Howard Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, 48 Stat. 984, 25 U.S.C. § 463(a). Section 3 of that Act provides, in pertinent part, that the Secretary of the Interior may "restore to tribal ownership the remaining surplus lands of any Indian reservation" previously opened to sale. In 1947 the Secretary of the Interior restored the unsold portions of the Reservation which had been offered for public sale by the Acts of 1890 and 1905. The restored areas totaled about 7,531 acres.

The threshold issue before the Court is whether the "reduction" of the Reservation by the Act of 1890 was intended by Congress to restore the northern portion of the Reservation to the public domain or to merely hold it as surplus Reservation land. The Court follows the rule in Mattz v. Arnett, 412 U.S. 481, 505, 93 S. Ct. 2245, 2258, 37 L. Ed. 2d 92, 106 (1973), that "[a] congressional determination to terminate must be expressed on the face of the Act or be clear from the surrounding circumstances and legislative history". Such an intent will not be imputed, and "`doubtful expressions are to be resolved in favor of the weak and defenseless people who are wards of the nation, dependent upon its protection and good faith'". DeCoteau v. District County Court, 420 U.S. 425, 444, 95 S. Ct. 1082, 1093, 43 L. Ed. 2d 300, 314 (1975), quoting Carpenter v. Shaw, 280 U.S. 363, 367, 50 S. Ct. 121, 122, 74 L. Ed. 478, 481 (1930). On many occasions Congress has unilaterally terminated sections of reservations by restoring them to the public domain, and indeed had done so to an earlier portion of the Reservation in 1873. At that time Congress used express language to terminate the reservation status of lands and return them to the public domain. The Act of 1873 specifically "restored to the public lands" the 12,000 acres it severed from the Reservation. Similar unequivocal language was used in 27 Stat. 63 (1892), which "vacated and restored to the public domain" part of the Colville Indian Reservation in the State of Washington. Seymour v. Superintendent, 368 U.S. 351, 354, 82 S. Ct. 424, 426, 7 L. Ed. 2d 346, 348 (1962). See also 15 Stat. 221 (1868) in which "the Smith River Reservation is hereby discontinued" and 33 Stat. 218 (1904) in which "the reservation lines of the said Ponca and Otoe and Missouria Indian reservations be, and the same are hereby, abolished". Mattz v. Arnett, supra, 412 U.S. at 504, n. 22, 93 S. Ct. at 2258, 37 L. Ed. 2d at 106. Similarly, the 1889 Sisseton-Wahpeton Agreement, ratified by Congress on March 3, 1891, 26 Stat. 1036, provided that the tribes involved "hereby cede, sell, relinquish, and convey to the United States all their claim, right, title, and interest in and to all the unallotted lands . .", quoted in DeCoteau v. District County Court, supra, 420 U.S. at 456, 95 S. Ct. at 1093, 43 L. Ed. 2d at 314.

There have been disposals of reservation lands, however, in which termination was not the intent of Congress. In these instances, it was congressional *582 policy to allot acreage to the Indians and to issue patents at public sale to unneeded reservation lands. That such patented lands are to continue to be included within the reservations is made clear by 18 U.S.C. § 1151, which defines "Indian country", in pertinent part, as "all land within the limits of any Indian reservation under the jurisdiction of the United States government, notwithstanding the issuance of any patent". This allotment policy was codified in the General Allotment Act of 1887, 24 Stat. 388, commonly referred to as the Dawes Act. It was designed to "continue the reservation system and the trust status of Indian lands, but to allot tracts to individual Indians for agriculture and grazing." Mattz v. Arnett, supra, 412 U.S. at 496, 93 S. Ct. at 2253, 37 L. Ed. 2d at 101. Any surplus land could be offered for sale to the public, with the proceeds to be placed in trust for the Indians. Sale of the surplus lands in an allotment context, without express severance from the reservation, cannot be interpreted to destroy the reservation status of the land. Mattz v. Arnett, supra, 412 U.S. at 497, 93 S. Ct. at 2254, 37 L. Ed. 2d at 102; Seymour v. Superintendent, supra, 368 U.S. at 355-356, 82 S. Ct. at 426-427, 7 L. Ed. 2d at 349. A number of statutes were enacted under the allotment and sale policy of the Dawes Act which did not terminate the overall boundaries of reservations.^[7] It is not immediately apparent, however, whether the Act of 1890 should be placed among those statutes which terminate reservation land or those which continue reservation land under patent. The word "reduction" under consideration here is unique among the cases and statutes the parties have cited.

Unlike those cases where the courts have found the intent to terminate, there is no express language "abolishing", "discontinuing", "restoring to the public lands", or "ceding all claim, right, title, and interest" in reference to the disputed lands here. Defendants argue that "reduction" has the same force and effect as the other phrases found to have caused a termination in other cases. However, such a Congressional intent is not clear from the face of the Act. Reduction is not synonymous with discontinuation, abolishment, restoration, or cession. Hence, we turn to the legislative history in which the word "reduction" was used.

The word "reduction" first appears in Senate Report No. 1522, 48th Cong., 2d Sess. (Feb. 27, 1885, ser. # 2274). The Committee recommended that the Reservation be "reduced" to the current wants of the Indians and that the balance of the Reservation be sold and the proceeds put in trust for the benefit of these or other Indians. The Chairman of that Committee was Senator Dawes, the author of the General Allotment Act of 1887. As has been stated above, the policy of the 1887 Act was to continue lands opened for sale to the non-Indian public within the reservation system. The 1885 report by Chairman Dawes reflects the same intent. There were unsuccessful bills in 1886 and 1888 which also clearly reflect allotment and patent provisions and which were otherwise very similar to the Act of 1890. The legislative history does not make "clear" that the object of the Act of 1890 was to restore part of the Reservation to the public lands. Although most of the land had been occupied by settlers for many years, the 1885 report was clear that most of these claims were without any legal basis.

Defendants next argue that even if the Act does not, on its face, mandate any change in the size of the Reservation, it was applied in such a manner as *583 to create a distinct and new smaller Reservation. Thus, we must examine the surrounding circumstances, including similar statutes interpreted by other courts, and the manner in which Congress effected the "reduction" of the Reservation.

In analyzing the meaning of a "reduced" Reservation, the Court is assisted by a decision which considered the word "diminished" to be consistent with continued reservation status. United States v. Erickson, 478 F.2d 684 (8 Cir. 1973), examined the Act of May 29, 1908, 35 Stat. 460, which opened reservation lands to settlement and referred to the "reservations thus diminished". That court found that "diminished" merely referred to the area allotted to the Indians; the opened portion was still reservation land and the original boundary was unaffected. 478 F.2d at 686-688. Mattz v. Arnett, supra, 412 U.S. at 498-499, 93 S. Ct. at 2254-55, 37 L. Ed. 2d at 102-103, holds that referring to a reservation in a "past tense" is merely a natural, convenient and shorthand way to identify the area for allotment, and does not indicate any clear purpose to terminate the reservation. The fact that Indians had abandoned an area and white settlers had moved onto the land also does not affect continued reservation status. 412 U.S. at 499, 93 S. Ct. at 2255, 37 L. Ed. 2d at 103. Set forth in an appendix to this Memorandum of Opinion are the leading cases which have construed certain operative language in various statutes affecting Indian reservations and which have found continuations of land within reservations, on one hand, and terminations of Indian country, on the other.

A description of any precise areas to be opened or terminated from the Reservation is conspicuously lacking from the face of the Act of 1890. When the Act of 1873 restored 12,000 acres to the public lands, the area to be restored was delineated by metes and bounds. In the statutes which have been recognized as terminating reservation lands (refer to the appendix hereto), the terminated areas are also precisely identified, either by metes and bounds or otherwise. In 27 Stat. 63, considered in Seymour v. Superintendent, supra, 368 U.S. 351, 82 S. Ct. 424, 7 L. Ed. 2d 346, and 33 Stat. 254, considered in Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. Kneip, 521 F.2d 87 (8 Cir. 1975), metes and bounds were utilized. In 26 Stat. 1035, 1036, considered in DeCoteau v. District County Court, supra, 420 U.S. 425, 95 S. Ct. 1082, 43 L. Ed. 2d 300, portions of the Lake Traverse Reservation had previously been allotted to the tribes there and the termination of the "unallotted lands" had a specific geographical meaning. In 15 Stat. 221 and 33 Stat. 218, noted in Mattz v. Arnett, supra, 412 U.S. at 504, n. 22, 93 S. Ct. at 2258, 37 L. Ed. 2d at 106, the entire reservations were terminated. The vagueness of the Act of 1890 in affecting any particular area is a factor which militates against finding a termination of a specific part of the Reservation.

Defendants point out that the Commission recommended an unusually distinct boundary around the Indian area, whereas allotments usually resulted in "checkerboard" boundaries between Indians and settlers. See Seymour v. Superintendent, supra, 368 U.S. at 358, 82 S. Ct. at 428, 7 L. Ed. 2d at 350; Mattz v. Arnett, supra, 412 U.S. at 495, 93 S. Ct. at 2253, 37 L. Ed. 2d at 101. However, the rather specific segregation of Indian from non-Indian patent areas is well founded in the Reservation's history. The Reservation has had a tragic history whereby proximity to settlers has resulted in a disappropriation of land from the Indians. Furthermore, the open-range system in Round Valley has resulted in a significant number of cattle belonging to the Indians, being intermingled with the herds of cattle of the settlers, being lost or stolen. The unusual allotment boundary here is not sufficient evidence of a termination of the northern portion of the Reservation.

The Court does not find, from the face of the Act of 1890 or the surrounding circumstances, a clear intent by Congress to terminate the disputed land from the Reservation. "[W]hen Congress has once established a reservation, all tracts included *584 within it remain a part of the reservation until separated therefrom by Congress." United States v. Celestine, 215 U.S. 278, 285, 30 S. Ct. 93, 95, 54 L. Ed. 195, 197 (1909). Therefore, all land within the 1873 boundary is still Reservation land and is Indian country, subject to existing patents as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1151.

It will now be necessary to proceed to the second phase of the trial to determine whether the State of California has jurisdiction to regulate hunting and fishing on the Reservation.

                                                    TERMINATIONS
Reservation                 Statute          Case Construing the Statute                               Operative Language
Smith River          Act of July 27, 1868   Mattz v. Arnett, 412 U.S.     "the Smith River reservation is hereby
                     15 Stat. 221           481, 504 n. 22, 93 S.Ct.                        discontinued"
                                            2245, 2258, 37 L. Ed. 2d 92, 106 (1973)
Sisseton-Wahpeton    Act of March 3, 1891   DeCoteau v. District          "The Sisseton and Wahpeton bands
(Lake Traverse)      26 Stat. 1035, 1036    County Court, 420 U.S.                 of Dakota or Sioux Indians hereby
                                            425, 456, 95 S. Ct. 1082,                        cede, sell, relinquish, and convey to
                                            1098, 43 L. Ed. 2d 300, 321                       the United States all their claim,
                                            (1975)                                          right, title, and interest in and to all
                                                                                            the unallotted lands * * *."
Colville             Act of July 1, 1892    Seymour v. Superintendent,    "a portion of the Colville Indian Reservation
                     27 Stat. 63            368 U.S. 351, 354, 82 S.Ct.                     * * * is hereby, vacated
                                            424, 426, 7 L. Ed. 2d 346,                        and restored to the public domain
                                            348 (1962)                                      * * *."
Ponca, Otoe,         Act of April 21, 1904  Mattz v. Arnett, 412 U.S.     "the reservation lines of the said
and Missouria        33 Stat. 218           481, 504 n. 22, 93 S.Ct.                        Ponca and Otoe and Missouria Indian
                                            2245, 2258, 37 L.Ed.2d                          reservations be, and the same are
                                            92, 106 (1973)                                  hereby, abolished."
Rosebud              Act of April 23, 1904  Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. Kneip, "The said Indians belonging on the
                     33 Stat. 254           521 F.2d 87, 94 n. 21, 98                       Rosebud Reservation, South Dakota,
                                            (8 Cir. 1975)                                   for the consideration hereinafter
                                                                                            named, do hereby cede, surrender,
                                                                                            grant, and convey to the United
                                                                                            States all their claim, right, title,
                                                                                            and interest in and to * * *."
                       NO TERMINATION, BUT LAND CONTINUED WITHIN RESERVATION
                                  BY WAY OF ALLOTMENT AND SALE
Reservation                 Statute          Case Construing the Statute                               Operative Language
Klamath River        Act of June 17, 1892   Mattz v. Arnett, 412 U.S.     "That all of the lands embraced in
                     27 Stat. 52            481, 494-495, 93 S.Ct.                          what was Klamath River Reservation
                                            2245, 2252-53, 37 L.Ed.2d                       in the State of California * * *
                                            92, 100-101 (1973)                              are hereby declared to be subject to
                                                                                            settlement, entry, and purchase."
Colville             Act of March 22, 1906  Seymour v. Superintendent,    "to sell or dispose of unallotted lands
                     34 Stat. 80, 81        368 U.S. 351, 354-355, 82                       in the diminished Colville Indian Reservation,
                                            S.Ct. 424, 426-427, 7 L.Ed.                     in the State of Washington."
                                            2d 346, 348-349 (1962)                          "That the said lands shall be opened
                                                                                            to settlement and entry * * *."
Cheyenne River,      Act of May 29, 1908    United States v. Erickson,    "to sell and dispose of all that portion
Standing Rock        35 Stat. 460, 461      478 F.2d 684, 687 (8 Cir.                       of the Cheyenne River and Standing
                                            1973)                                           Rock Indian reservations in the
                                                                                            States of South Dakota and North
                                                                                            Dakota * * *."
                                                                                            "That the lands * * * shall
                                                                                            be opened to settlement and entry
                                                                                            * * *."
                                                                                            "the respective reservations thus diminished
                                                                                            * * *."
Fort Berthild        Act of June 1, 1910    The City of New Town,                  "to sell and dispose of, as hereinafter
                     36 Stat. 455           North Dakota v. United        provided, all the surplus unallotted
                                            States, 454 F.2d 121,                  and unreserved lands within that portion
                                            127 (8 Cir. 1972)                               of said reservation * * *."

[1] The Act of 1890 provided for a commission which would select a portion of the Reservation for the Indians. Refer to the procedures set up in the Act. 26 Stat. 659.

[2] The Round Valley briefly had also been known as the Valley of Nome Cult.

[3] Kappler, Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. 1, pp. 824-828 (1904).

[4] Committee on Indian Affairs, Report No. 1522, U.S. Senate, 48th Cong., 2d Sess. (Feb. 27, 1885, ser. # 2274), p. 2.

[5] Id. pp. 2-3; and Report of General O. O. Howard, U.S.A., to Adjutant General, U.S.A., Sept. 14, 1887 (National Archives).

[6] There is no explanation of the irregular figure.

[7] See, e.g., Act of June 17, 1892, 27 Stat. 52, allotting and opening for sale land on the Klamath reservation, considered in Mattz v. Arnett, supra, 412 U.S. at 494-495, 93 S. Ct. at 2252-53, 37 L.Ed.2d at 100-101; Act of March 22, 1906, 34 Stat. 80 (Colville reservation), considered in Seymour v. Superintendent, supra, 368 U.S. at 354-355, 82 S. Ct. at 426-427, 7 L.Ed.2d at 348-349; Act of May 29, 1908, 35 Stat. 460 (Cheyenne River reservation), considered in United States v. Erickson, 478 F.2d 684 (8 Cir. 1973); Act of June 1, 1910, 36 Stat. 455 (Fort Berthild reservation), considered in The City of New Town, North Dakota v. United States, 454 F.2d 121 (8 Cir. 1972).