In re: Amy & Vicky, et al v. USDC, Sacramento, No. 13-71486 (9th Cir. 2013)
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Amy and Vicky, child pornography victims, petitioned for a writ of mandamus pursuant to the Crime Victims Rights Act (CVRA), 18 U.S.C. 3771. The court concluded that the district court did not commit legal error or abuse its discretion in declining to impose joint and several liability in this case. Petitioners' request that this court overrule United States v. Kennedy, which required a court to identify a causal connection between the defendant's offense conduct and the victim's specific losses before awarding restitution pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 2259, was previously considered and denied. Accordingly, the court denied the petition for a writ of mandamus.
Court Description: Criminal Law. A motions panel denied a petition for writ of mandamus brought by child pornography victims challenging the methodology applied by the district court on remand in determining the amount of restitution. The panel held that the district court did not commit legal error or abuse its discretion in declining to impose joint and several liability on the defendant for all of their losses. The panel also noted that there is no intervening higher authority that is clearly irreconcilable with United States v. Kennedy, 543 F.3d 1251 (9th Cir. 2011), which therefore remains binding.
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FILED MAY 03 2013 FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT In re: AMY & VICKY, Child Pornography Victims. No. 13-71486 D.C. No. 2:11-cr-00542-GEB AMY & VICKY, Child Pornography Victims, OPINION Petitioners, v. UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA, SACRAMENTO, Respondent, JOSEPH CANTRELLE, Defendant - Real Party in Interest, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Real Party in Interest. Petition for Writ of Mandamus to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California Submitted May 1, 2013 Filed May 3, 2013 * Before: TROTT, PAEZ, and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Amy and Vicky, child pornography victims, petition for a writ of mandamus pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3771, the Crime Victims Rights Act ( CVRA ). Finding no legal error or abuse of discretion, we deny the petition. This matter was previously before the court in a CVRA petition that challenged the district court s denial of restitution to petitioners Amy and Vicky. See In re: Amy ( Amy I ), 710 F.3d 985, 986 (9th Cir. 2013) (per curiam). We denied petitioners request to overrule United States v. Kennedy, 643 F.3d 1251 (9th Cir. 2011), noting that Kennedy remains binding on this court in the absence of intervening higher authority that is clearly irreconcilable with our circuit precedent. 710 F.3d at 987. Kennedy requires a court to identify a causal connection between the defendant s offense conduct and the victim s specific losses before awarding restitution pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 2259. 643 F.3d at 1262. The Amy I court concluded, however, that the district court abused its * The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). 2 13-71486 discretion in refusing to order any restitution, finding petitioners had provided sufficient evidence to establish a causal connection between defendant s offense and petitioners losses. 710 F.3d at 987. The court remanded for further proceedings to determine the amounts of restitution to be awarded to Amy and Vicky. Id. On remand, the district court adopted the approach for determining restitution suggested by the Sixth Circuit in United States v. Gamble, 709 F.3d 541, 553-54 (6th Cir. 2013). Specifically, the district court determined the relevant pool of each victim s provable losses by excluding any losses incurred prior to the offense date, then divided that pool of losses by the number of standing restitution orders. Utilizing that methodology, the district court awarded petitioner Amy $17,307.44 and petitioner Vicky $2,881.05 in restitution. Petitioners challenge the district court s order. In reviewing a CVRA mandamus petition, this court must issue the writ whenever we find that the district court s order reflects an abuse of discretion or legal error, and need not balance the factors outlined in Bauman v. U.S. Dist. Court, 557 F.2d 650, 654-55 (9th Cir. 1977), in deciding these petitions. Kenna v. U.S. Dist. Court, 435 F.3d 1011, 1017 (9th Cir. 2009). 3 13-71486 Petitioners first contend that the district court applied an improper methodology for determining the appropriate amount of restitution to be awarded. Because 18 U.S.C. § 2259(b)(1) directs that an order of restitution under this section shall direct the defendant to pay the victim . . . the full amount of the victim s losses, petitioners assert that the district court s award of only a portion of the requested restitution contravenes the plain language of the statute. Petitioners urge us to reverse the district court s restitution order and impose joint and several liability on defendant Joseph Cantrelle for all of their losses. Petitioners also reassert their argument that Kennedy was wrongly decided and should be overruled. The district court did not commit legal error or abuse its discretion in declining to impose joint and several liability in this case. The appropriate method for calculating a restitution award under 18 U.S.C. § 2259 is an open question in this Circuit. See Kennedy, 643 F.3d at 1265. Nowhere in 18 U.S.C. §§ 2259 or 3664(h), the general federal criminal restitution statute, is joint and several liability expressly authorized. Further, numerous sister courts have concluded that § 3664(h) only allows for joint and several liability where the defendants from whom joint liability is sought are defendants in the same case. See, e.g., United States v. Fast, 709 F.3d 712, 723 n.6 (8th Cir. 2013); United States v. Laraneta, 4 13-71486 700 F.3d 983, 992-93 (7th Cir. 2012); United States v. Aumais, 656 F.3d 147, 156 (2d Cir. 2011). Moreover, there is a clear split in authority on this issue. Several circuit courts have expressly declined to impose joint and several liability in the context of a restitution award under 18 U.S.C. § 2259(b)(1). See, e.g., Gamble, 709 F.3d at 552; Fast, 709 F.3d at 723 n.6; Aumais, 656 F.3d at 156. Of the circuit courts to consider the issue, only the Fifth Circuit has imposed joint and several liability for restitution pursuant to § 2259. See In re Amy Unknown, 701 F.3d 749, 769-71 (5th Cir. 2012) (en banc), petitions for cert. filed, __ U.S.L.W. __ (U.S. Jan 31, 2013) (Nos. 12-8505, 12-8561). The Fifth Circuit, however, simultaneously rejected the proximate cause requirement adopted by this court in Kennedy. See 701 F.3d at 765-66. Under these circumstances, the district court did not err in declining to impose joint and several liability. Petitioners request that this court overrule Kennedy was previously considered and denied. See Amy I, 710 F.3d at 987. Absent intervening higher authority that is clearly irreconcilable with our circuit precedent, Kennedy remains binding on this panel. Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 893, 900 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). No such authority exists. Indeed, petitioners concede as much in their petition and merely seek to preserve the issue for future proceedings in this 5 13-71486 court or before the United States Supreme Court. Accordingly, the petition for a writ of mandamus is denied. DENIED. 6 13-71486 Counsel Listing Paul Cassell, Appellate Clinic, S.J. Quinney College of Law, at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; James R. Marsh, Marsh Law Firm, PLLC, White Plains, New York; and Carol L. Hepburn, Carol L. Hepburn PS, Seattle, Washington, for Petitioners. Benjamin B. Wagner, U.S. Attorney, and Camil Skipper, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Office of the U.S. Attorney, Sacramento, California, for Plaintiff - Real Party in Interest. Kresta Nora Daly, Barth Tozer & Daly, LLP, Sacramento, California, for Defendant - Real Party in Interest. 7 13-71486
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