Shahriar, et al. v. Smith & Wollensky Restaurant, No. 10-1884 (2d Cir. 2011)
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Plaintiffs, on behalf of themselves and all other similarly situated, filed a complaint alleging that defendants violated the minimum wage and overtime provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 29 U.S.C. 201-19, by requiring waiters to share tips with tip-ineligible employees. Plaintiffs also alleged that Park Avenue also violated various provisions of the New York Labor Law by requiring servers to share tips with tip-ineligible employees and by failing to pay waiters for an extra hour's work when their workdays lasted more than ten hours. Defendants appealed from the district court's order granting plaintiffs' motion for class certification. The court held that plaintiffs provided ample and sufficient evidence as to the elements of Rule 23(a)(1)-(4) and Rule 23(b)(3) for it to uphold the district court's findings and conclusions with respect to each of the Rule 23 requirements. Accordingly, the court affirmed the district court's order.
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10-1884-cv Salim Shahriar et al. v. Smith & Wollensky 1 2 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 August Term 2010 4 Docket No. 10-1884-cv 5 6 Argued: June 6, 2011 Decided: September 26, 2011 _____________________________________________________________________________ 7 8 9 10 11 12 Salim Shahriar, Muhammad Islam, and Mary Harvey, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, and Suhel Ahmed, Andrew Mellor, Maria Zayaruzny, Masud Ahad, Anthony Justin DeSouza, Nazaruddin Zaidan, Christopher Lee Robbins, Sebastian G. Joulain, Michael Mueller, Gous Uddin, Ron Elton Megason, Bobbi Kim, Nicholas Lee Mullins, Erasmo Dinninno, Matthew Alexander Wulf, Ishah Faith-Jannsen, Mahbub Malik, Raymond Taylor, Phyliss Lynn Spiece, Lawrence Larocca, Rbiai Ouazene, Pat Thuniljinda, 13 Plaintiffs-Appellees, 14 v. 15 16 Smith & Wollensky Restaurant Group, Incorporated, DBA Park Avenue Restaurant, Fourth Walls Restaurant LLC, DBA Park Avenue Restaurant, 17 18 Defendants-Appellants.* _____________________________________________________________________________ 19 Before: NEWMAN, MINER, and LYNCH, Circuit Judges. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Defendants-appellants appeal from a January 29, 2011 Order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Cedarbaum, J.) granting plaintiffs-appellees motion for class certification, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, of their state law claims, in an action brought by former employees of defendant restaurant alleging (1) claims of failure to pay minimum wage and overtime in violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 29 U.S.C. §§ 201, et seq., ( FLSA ); (2) claims of failure to pay minimum wage and overtime in violation of the New York State Minimum Wage Act, New York Labor Law §§ 650, 663; (3) illegal pay deductions and deductions from gratuities in violation of New York Labor Law §§ 193, 196-d, 198-b; and (4) violation of the New York Labor Law s spread of hours requirement, New York Labor Law § 650, et seq., N.Y. Comp. Code R. & Regs. tit. 12, § 137-1.7, the District Court having exercised supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiffs-appellees New York State Labor Law claims and found the requirements for class certification under Rule 23(a), (b)(3) satisfied. 32 33 AFFIRMED. * The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the official caption as set forth above. 1 1 2 3 GREGORY B. REILLY III, A. MICHAEL WEBER, Littler Mendelson, P.C., New York, New York, for Defendants-Appellants. 4 5 6 7 DANIEL MAIMON KIRSCHENBAUM, Denise A. Schulman, Charles Joseph, Joseph, Herzfeld, Hester & Kirschenbaum LLP, New York, New York, for Plaintiffs-Appellees. 8 9 Richard J. Burch, Bruckner Burch PLLC, Houston, Texas, for Plaintiffs-Appellees. 10 11 12 13 14 15 DEAN A. ROMHILT (Jennifer S. Brand, Associate Solicitor and Paul L. Frieden, Counsel for Appellate Litigation, on the brief; M. Patricia Smith, Solicitor of Labor, of counsel), Washington, D.C., for the United States Secretary of Labor as Amicus Curiae in Support of Plaintiffs-Appellees. 16 17 18 19 20 Justin M. Swartz (Rachel Bien and Mariko Hirose, on the brief), Outten & Golden LLP, New York, New York, for Rebecca M. Hamburg, National Employment Lawyers Association, et al., San Francisco, California, as Amicus Curiae in Support of Plaintiffs-Appellees. 21 22 MINER, Circuit Judge: Defendants-appellants, Smith & Wollensky Restaurant Group, Inc. (d/b/a Park Avenue 23 Restaurant), and Fourth Walls Restaurant LLC (d/b/a Park Avenue Restaurant) (collectively, Park 24 Avenue ) appeal from a January 29, 2010, Order of the United States District Court for the 25 Southern District of New York (Cedarbaum, J.) granting a motion for class certification made, 26 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, by plaintiffs-appellees, Salim Shahriar, Muhammad 27 Islam, and Mary Harvey (collectively, the Plaintiffs ). Plaintiffs worked for Park Avenue as waiters 28 at the Park Avenue Restaurant in Manhattan. On behalf of themselves and all others similarly 29 situated, they filed a Complaint on January 4, 2008, and an Amended Complaint on July 28, 2008, 30 alleging that Park Avenue violated the minimum wage and overtime provisions of the Fair Labor 31 Standards Act ( FLSA ), Pub. L. No. 75-718, ch. 676, 52 Stat. 1060 (1938), 29 U.S.C. §§ 201 19 32 (2006), by requiring waiters to share tips with tip-ineligible employees. Plaintiffs allege that Park 33 Avenue also violated various provisions of the New York Labor Law by requiring servers to share 34 tips with tip-ineligible employees and by failing to pay waiters for an extra hour s work when their 2 1 workdays lasted more than ten hours. Plaintiffs federal claims for relief were brought as a collective 2 action pursuant to Section 16(b) of the FLSA, 29 U.S.C. § 216(b), and a putative class action was 3 brought with regard to Plaintiffs New York State Labor Law claims. 4 On November 11, 2009, Plaintiffs moved to have their state law claims certified as a class 5 action pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 ( Rule 23 ). The District Court heard oral 6 argument and orally granted Plaintiffs motion on January 28, 2010. In granting the motion, the 7 court exercised supplemental jurisdiction over the Plaintiffs New York State Labor Law claims and 8 found that the requirements for class certification under Rule 23(a), (b)(3) had been met. 9 On February 11, 2010, Park Avenue filed in this Court, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 10 Procedure 23(f), a petition for leave to appeal from the District Court s written January 29, 2010, 11 interlocutory Order granting Plaintiffs motion for class certification of their state law claims. Over 12 plaintiffs opposition, we granted the petition for leave to appeal on May 14, 2010. [A 259 60] For 13 the reasons that follow, we affirm the Order of the District Court certifying the class action. BACKGROUND 14 15 16 I. Park Avenue s Alleged Practices Defendant-appellant Smith & Wollensky Restaurant Group, Inc. ( Smith & Wollensky ), is a 17 Delaware corporation with its headquarters in New York City. Smith & Wollensky owned and 18 managed Park Avenue Restaurant in midtown Manhattan. Defendant Fourth Walls Restaurants 19 LLC (d/b/a Park Avenue Restaurant) is a limited liability corporation with its headquarters in New 20 York and owns and manages Park Avenue Restaurant. Each plaintiff was employed by Park Avenue 21 at the Park Avenue Restaurant as a front waiter/captain within three years of the filing of the 22 Complaint. 23 24 Plaintiffs have alleged that Park Avenue s practices concerning tips violate federal and state law. Park Avenue compensates servers pursuant to state and federal tip credits that permit 3 1 restaurant employers to pay tipped employees1 a lower minimum wage as long as the employees earn 2 a certain amount in tips. See 29 U.S.C. § 203(m) (2006); N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 12, § 3 137-1.5 (2010) ( Tip allowance for food service worker ).2 The FLSA permits employers to take a 4 tip credit up to 50% of the minimum wage except that the credit may not exceed the value of the 5 tips actually received by the employee. 29 U.S.C. § 203(m). Under New York Labor Law, as of 6 January 1, 2011, however, employers are entitled to a tip credit of only $2.25. N.Y. Comp. Codes R. 7 & Regs. tit. 12, § 146-1.3 (effective Jan. 1, 2011) ( Tip credits ). 8 Under the FLSA an employer may not avail itself of the tip credit if it requires tipped 9 employees to share their tips with employees who do not customarily and regularly receive tips. 10 29 U.S.C. § 203(m) (stating that the tip credit shall not apply with respect to any tipped employee 11 unless such employee has been informed by the employer of the provisions of this subsection, and 12 all tips received by such employee have been retained by the employee, except that this subsection 13 shall not be construed to prohibit the pooling of tips among employees who customarily and 14 regularly receive tips ). Thus, an employer loses its entitlement to the tip credit where it requires 15 tipped employees to share tips with (1) employees who do not provide direct customer service or (2) 16 managers. E.g., Myers v. Copper Cellar Corp., 192 F.3d 546, 550 51 (6th Cir. 1999) (noting its 17 precedent that a host or hostess qualifies as a tipped employee[] because his or her work entails 18 sufficient customer interaction and table attendance duties but concluding that a salad maker 19 was not a tipped employee because a salad maker: had no direct intercourse with diners, worked 20 entirely outside the view of restaurant patrons, and solely performed duties traditionally classified as 1 A tipped employee is one engaged in an occupation in which he customarily and regularly receives more than $30 a month in tips. 29 U.S.C. § 203(t) (2006). 2 For most of the period relevant to the underlying action, the New York regulation regarding tip credits was N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 12, § 137-1.5. On December 14, 2010, this regulation was replaced by N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 12, § 146-1.3 (effective Jan. 1, 2011) ( Tip credits ). Under, § 146-1.3(b) [a] food service worker shall receive a wage of at least $5.00 per hour, and credit for tips shall not exceed $2.25 per hour, provided that the total of tips received plus the wages equals or exceeds $7.25 per hour. 4 1 food preparation or kitchen support work ); Chung v. New Silver Palace Rest., 246 F. Supp. 2d 220, 2 229 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (finding that it violates the FLSA for an employer to use a tip credit while 3 requiring tipped employees to share tips with managers). 4 New York law similarly prohibits employers from requiring tipped employees to share tips 5 with non-service employees or managers. N.Y. Labor Law § 196-d ( § 196-d ) (McKinney 2009) 6 ( Gratuities ) provides: 7 8 9 10 11 No employer or his agent or an officer or agent of any corporation, or any other person shall demand or accept, directly or indirectly, any part of the gratuities, received by an employee, or retain any part of a gratuity or of any charge purported to be a gratuity for an employee. . . . Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed as affecting . . . the sharing of tips by a waiter with a busboy or similar employee. 12 By its plain terms, § 196-d bars employers from requiring tipped employees to share tips 13 with employees who do not perform direct customer service i.e., employees who are not 14 busboy[s] or similar employee[s] and employees who are managers or agent[s] of the employer. 15 See Chan v. Triple 8 Palace, Inc. ( Chan II ), No. 03 Civ. 6048, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15780, at 16 *57 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2006) (noting that plaintiffs may establish a violation of § 196-d by showing 17 that they were required to share tips with individuals who were either employers, owners, or 18 managers or simply not waiters, busboys, or similar employees ); see also Ayres v. 127 19 Restaurant Corp., 12 F. Supp. 2d 305, 307 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) ( While tip-pooling is not per se 20 illegal, N.Y. Labor Law § 196-d prohibits any employer or his agent from demand[ing] or 21 accept[ing], directly or indirectly, any part of the gratuities, received by an employee, or retain[ing] 22 any part of a gratuity or of any charge purported to be a gratuity for an employee. An employer 23 includes any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an 24 employee. 29 U.S.C. § 203(d). (internal citation omitted; alternations in original)); Tandoor Rest., 25 Inc. v. Comm r of Labor, No. PR-82-85 (Industrial Bd. of App. Dec. 23, 1987) (finding that 26 defendant restaurant violated § 196-d by requiring service employees to share tips with managers and 27 with clerical and kitchen staff who did not engage in any meaningful aspect of direct service to 28 customers ). 5 1 Thus, 29 U.S.C. § 203(m) and § 196-d bar the same types of tipping practices, and actions 2 that violate the tip pooling provision of 29 U.S.C. § 203(m) may also violate § 196-d. Plaintiffs 3 contend that Park Avenue s tipping practices violate both 29 U.S.C. § 203(m) and § 196-d. 4 According to the Plaintiffs, Park Avenue required servers to share their tips with expediters, 5 dishwashers, silver polishers, and coffee makers. Plaintiffs allege that none of these 6 employees had any direct contact with customers. These employees worked in the kitchen, which 7 was on a floor of the restaurant to which customers did not have access. According to the Plaintiffs, 8 at the Park Avenue Restaurant, expediters work in the kitchen relaying food orders to the cooks and 9 making sure that food runners take the correct orders out of the kitchen; dishwashers wash dishes 10 and various other service items; coffee makers prepare coffee; and silver polishers polish silverware 11 and glassware. 12 Beginning in or around May 2007, Park Avenue also required servers to share tips with a 13 person who Plaintiffs contend was a manager whose primary duties included supervising 14 employees, interviewing job applicants, disciplining employees, running daily pre-shift meetings for 15 servers, and scheduling employees. Plaintiffs claim that, because of the nature of a restaurant-wide 16 tip sharing policy, the inclusion of a single tip-ineligible employee in that pool is a violation with 17 respect to all waiters because every waiter would have shared tips with that ineligible employee. 18 Plaintiffs contend that their claims brought under the FLSA and § 196-d depend on whether, given 19 their job duties, expediters, dishwashers, silver polishers, coffee makers, and managers lawfully could 20 be included in Park Avenue s tip pool and tip sharing scheme. Because all servers were required to 21 share their tips with the same people, Plaintiffs contend that once factual findings are made in the 22 District Court as to the duties of the positions in question, Park Avenue will either be liable or not 23 liable to all servers under the FLSA and section 196-d of the New York Labor Law.3 3 Although it does not affect the resolution of the issues in this case, the New York State Hospitality Industry Wage Order, which took effect on January 1, 2011, made various changes to practices in the food services industry. One such change is that employers may now require food service workers to participate in mandatory tip sharing or tip pooling. N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs., tit. 12, §§ 146-2.15(b), 146-2.16(b) (Jan. 1, 2011). 6 1 Plaintiffs also contend that Park Avenue violated New York s spread of hours provision. 2 That provision required employers to pay servers an extra hour s pay at the regular minimum wage 3 for each day they work more than ten hours. N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 12, § 137-1.7 (2010) 4 ( On each day in which the spread of hours exceeds 10, an employee shall receive one hour s pay at 5 the basic minimum hourly wage rate before allowances, in addition to the minimum wages otherwise 6 required in this Part. ).4 7 II. 8 Prior Proceedings On January 4, 2008, Plaintiffs filed a Complaint in the District Court. On July 28, 2008, 9 Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint alleging (1) claims of failure to pay minimum wage and 10 overtime in violation of the FLSA (Claims One and Two); (2) claims of failure to pay minimum 11 wage and overtime in violation of the New York State Minimum Wage Act, New York Labor Law 12 §§ 650, 663 (McKinney 2002) (Claims Three and Four); (3) illegal pay deductions and deductions 13 from gratuities in violation of New York Labor Law §§ 193, 196-d, 198-b (McKinney 2009) (Claim 14 Five); and (4) violation of the New York Labor Law s spread of hours requirement, N.Y. Comp. 15 Code R. & Regs. tit. 12, § 137-1.7 (2010) (Claim Six).5 16 Following joinder of issue, plaintiffs filed a November 11, 2009 motion seeking an order 17 from the District Court certifying the class of plaintiffs, as to their state law claims, pursuant to Rule 18 23. In support of their motion for class certification, Plaintiffs submitted declarations, deposition 19 testimony, and documentary evidence that related to the entire period of time covered by the 4 As of December 29, 2010, former N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 12, § 137-1.7 was replaced by N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 12, § 146-1.6, which also requires employers to pay employees an extra hour s pay at the minimum wage when their workday lasts longer than 10 hours. Plaintiffs cite to N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 12, § 137-1.7 because it was effective for the entire class period. 5 After the original Complaint was filed, four additional plaintiffs filed consent-to-sue forms, thereby asserting FLSA claims. By consent of the parties and with the District Court s approval, the Plaintiffs sent notice in 2008 of the FLSA claims to the waiters who worked for Park Avenue, providing an opportunity for them to join the lawsuit within the FLSA statute of limitations. As a result, 18 additional persons filed consent to sue forms, bringing the total number of plaintiffs to 25, all now named in the caption. 7 1 underlying action. The Plaintiffs submitted the evidence to demonstrate that (1) all purported class 2 members were subject to the same tipping practices; (2) the expediters, dishwashers, silver polishers, 3 and coffee makers with whom servers were required to share tips provided no direct customer 4 service; (3) servers were required to share tips with a manager; and (4) Park Avenue did not provide 5 spread of hours pay to servers. 6 At a hearing in the District Court on January 28, 2010, the court certified the class and 7 explained its reasoning from the bench. As an initial matter, the court retained supplemental 8 jurisdiction over the Plaintiffs state law claims, noting its concern with the prospect of Plaintiffs 9 having to refile their state claims in state court given the statute of limitations period. Specifically, 10 the court stated that it would not dismiss the state law claims unless I know that [the Plaintiffs] can 11 do the same thing in state court that they can do here. Moreover, in allowing the state law class 12 claims to coexist with the federal claims, the court also stated that there is an interesting policy 13 question involved but that it was too late in this case and too close to trial to decline 14 supplemental jurisdiction. 15 Second, the court turned to class certification under Rule 23. The court noted that sufficient 16 numerosity existed in this case, as a class of 275 is numerous enough. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1). 17 Next, the court accepted Plaintiffs argument that there were no individual issues that predominate 18 over the class issues and that [t]he class issues are one and the same, thereby finding that there 19 are questions of law or fact common to the class, Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(2), (b)(3), and that the 20 claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class, 21 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(3). 22 Park Avenue filed a petition for leave to appeal pursuant to Rule 23(f) on February 11, 2010, 23 seeking permission to appeal the District Court s order granting Plaintiffs motion for class 24 certification.6 A Panel of this Court granted that petition on May 14, 2010.7 6 By motion filed in the District Court on February 11, 2010, Park Avenue sought a stay of proceedings in the District Court pending the outcome of this appeal. That unopposed motion was granted by the court on March 15, 2010. Shahriar, et al. v. Smith & Wollensky, et al., No. 08-cv8 1 On appeal, Park Avenue challenges the District Court s decision granting class certification. 2 Park Avenue contends that the court: (1) abused its discretion in exercising supplemental jurisdiction 3 over the Plaintiffs New York State Labor Law claims; (2) erred in its determination that the 4 Plaintiffs evidence sufficed to meet the standards for class certification under Rule 23; and (3) failed 5 to make a ruling with respect to each requirement for Rule 23 class certification. ANALYSIS 6 7 8 9 I. Supplemental Jurisdiction Over Plaintiffs State Law Class Claims Before turning to the question of whether Rule 23 class certification was proper, we first must examine whether the District Court properly exercised supplemental jurisdiction over 10 Plaintiffs parallel state law class claims. We review a district court s exercise of supplemental 11 jurisdiction for abuse of discretion. See Valley Disposal, Inc. v. Central Vermont Solid Waste Mgmt. 12 Dist., 31 F.3d 89, 103 (2d Cir. 1994) (A district court may, in its discretion, exercise supplemental 13 jurisdiction. ). 14 The FLSA was designed to protect workers and ensure that they are not subjected to 15 working conditions detrimental to the maintenance of the minimum standard of living necessary 16 for health, efficiency, and general well-being. 29 U.S.C. § 202(a) (2006). New York similarly 17 enacted minimum wage standards to remedy the practice of persons working at wages insufficient 18 to provide adequate maintenance for themselves and their families, N.Y. Lab. Law § 650 19 (McKinney 2002), and it created standards regarding tipping in order to ensure that service 20 employees receive all monies given as gratuities to them. See Samiento v. World Yacht Inc., 10 21 N.Y.3d 70, 79 n.4 (2008). Victims of wage and hour violations therefore often have parallel claims 0057 (MGC), Document 63 (S.D.N.Y. March 17, 2010) (Memo Endorsed, Defendants Notice of Motion for a Stay Pending Appeal). 7 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 23(f) provides us with the authority to permit interlocutory review of a district court s class certification order. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(f). Permission was granted by a previous panel of this Court, and we therefore have appellate jurisdiction to proceed with this appeal. 9 1 2 under both the FLSA and the New York Labor Law ( NYLL ). Under the FLSA, a plaintiff may bring a collective action for his or her FLSA claims. 3 Collective actions under the FLSA are actions that allow employees to sue on behalf of themselves 4 and other employees who are similarly situated. 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) (2006). The FLSA requires, 5 however, that an employee affirmatively consent to join a collective action in order to assert a 6 claim. Id. ( An action to recover the liability prescribed in either of the preceding sentences may be 7 maintained against any employer (including a public agency) in any Federal or State court of 8 competent jurisdiction by any one or more employees for and in behalf of himself or themselves and 9 other employees similarly situated. No employee shall be a party plaintiff to any such action unless 10 he gives his consent in writing to become such a party and such consent is filed in the court in which 11 such action is brought. ). 12 Thus, an employee fearful of retaliation or of being blackballed in his or her industry may 13 choose not to assert his or her FLSA rights. Damassia v. Duane Reade, Inc., 250 F.R.D. 152, 163 14 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) ( Indeed, it may be that in the wage claim context, the opt-out nature of a class 15 action is a valuable feature lacking in an FLSA collective action, insofar as many employees will be 16 reluctant to participate in the action due to fears of retaliation. (internal citations omitted)); Scott v. 17 Aetna Services, 210 F.R.D. 261, 267 (D. Conn. 2002) (noting the evidence that potential class 18 members failed to join the FLSA class action because they feared reprisal ). See generally Sanft v. 19 Winnebago Indus., Inc., 214 F.R.D. 514, 524 (N.D. Iowa 2003) (compiling cases holding Rule 23 s 20 numerosity requirement satisfied because, where some class members are still employed by the 21 defendant, concern regarding employer retaliation or reprisal renders individual joinder less 22 practicable ). 23 The NYLL, on the other hand, does not have a provision for collective actions. Instead, 24 plaintiffs may pursue a traditional opt-out class action through class certification for their state law 25 claims. A class action under the NYLL allows employees to recover lost wages without the risks 26 attendant to asserting affirmatively an FLSA claim. See, e.g., Damassia, 250 F.R.D. at 152. Because 10 1 FLSA and NYLL claims usually revolve around the same set of facts, plaintiffs frequently bring both 2 types of claims together in a single action using the procedural mechanisms available under 29 3 U.S.C. § 216(b) to pursue the FLSA claims as a collective action and under Rule 23 to pursue the 4 NYLL claims as a class action under the district court s supplemental jurisdiction. This is what has 5 occurred in this case. At issue before us is whether the District Court properly exercised 6 supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiffs NYLL claims such that the Plaintiffs may proceed 7 simultaneously with both their class action and collective action in federal court. 8 Park Avenue contends that it was an abuse of the District Court s discretion to exercise 9 supplemental jurisdiction, arguing that Congress s intent in requiring that employees affirmatively 10 opt-in to FLSA collective actions is undermined when employees bring a lawsuit alleging both a 11 FLSA collective action and a Rule 23 class action (i.e., an opt-out class action) alleging state labor 12 law claims. Park Avenue asserts that the inherent conflict between the two types of actions stems 13 from the fact that the number of employees in the opt-out class will likely be much larger than the 14 number in the opt-in collective action. Park Avenue claims that the dual actions are impractical, 15 unfair, and offensive to the structure of the FLSA because those employees who do not opt-in to 16 the FLSA collective action could very well have their FLSA cause of action extinguished as their 17 FLSA claims will be adjudicated by the dual (state) action. We disagree. 18 19 A district court s exercise of supplemental jurisdiction is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 1367 ( section 1367 ). Subsection (a) of section 1367 provides: 20 21 22 23 24 25 (a) Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c) or as expressly provided otherwise by Federal statute, in any civil action of which the district courts have original jurisdiction, the district courts shall have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution. . . . 26 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) (2006). For purposes of section 1367(a), claims form part of the same case or 27 controversy if they derive from a common nucleus of operative fact. Briarpatch Ltd., L.P. v. 28 Phoenix Pictures, Inc., 373 F.3d 296, 308 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, 29 the NYLL and FLSA actions clearly derive from such a common nucleus of operative facts since 11 1 they arise out of the same compensation policies and practices of Park Avenue. See, e.g., Treglia v. 2 Town of Manlius, 313 F.3d 713, 723 (2d Cir. 2002) (exercise of supplemental jurisdiction was proper 3 where plaintiff s state and federal claims arose out of approximately the same set of events ). 4 Where section 1367(a) is satisfied, the discretion to decline supplemental jurisdiction is available 5 only if founded upon an enumerated category of subsection 1367(c). Itar-Tass Russian News 6 Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc., 140 F.3d 442, 448 (2d Cir. 1998) (emphasis supplied). In addition, 7 we have stated that 8 9 10 11 12 13 where at least one of the subsection 1367(c) factors is applicable, a district court should not decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction unless it also determines that doing so would not promote the values articulated in [United Mine Workers of America v.] Gibbs, [383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966)]: economy, convenience, fairness, and comity. Jones v. Ford Motor Credit Co., 358 F.3d 205, 214 (2d Cir. 2004). 14 Subsection (c) of § 1367 provides: 15 16 (c) The district courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim under subsection (a) if 17 18 19 20 21 22 (1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law, (2) the claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the district court has original jurisdiction, (3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction, or (4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction. 23 24 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c) (2006). In providing that a district court may decline to exercise such jurisdiction, [section 1367(c)] 25 is permissive rather than mandatory. Valencia ex rel. Franco v. Lee, 316 F.3d 299, 305 (2d Cir. 26 2003) (citing Marcus v. AT & T Corp., 138 F.3d 46, 57 (2d Cir. 1998); Nowak v. Ironworkers Local 27 6 Pension Fund, 81 F.3d 1182, 1187 (2d Cir.1996)). As the Supreme Court stated in discussing § 28 1367 s predecessor judicial doctrine of pendent jurisdiction, however, this is traditionally a doctrine 29 of discretion, not of plaintiff s right. Kolari v. New York Presbyterian Hosp., 455 F.3d 118, 122 30 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966)). Subsection (c) 31 of § 1367 confirms the discretionary nature of supplemental jurisdiction by enumerating the 12 1 circumstances in which district courts can refuse its exercise. Id. (quoting City of Chicago v. Int l 2 Coll. of Surgeons, 522 U.S. 156, 173 (1997)). 3 Having concluded that the NYLL and FLSA claims form part of the same case or 4 controversy, our analysis proceeds to section 1367(c), where the critical inquiry becomes whether 5 one or more of the section 1367(c) factors is applicable, in which case the exercise of supplemental 6 jurisdiction could be an abuse of discretion. 7 First, as to section 1367(c)(1), Plaintiffs NYLL claims based on spread-of-hours pay and 8 purported illegal deductions from tips do not appear to raise a novel or complex issue of [s]tate 9 law. Rather, the spread of hours claim will likely hinge on factual findings of (1) whether class 10 members had workdays lasting more than ten hours and (2) whether Park Avenue paid class 11 members an extra hour s pay at the New York minimum wage when their workdays lasted more 12 than ten hours. See N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 12, § 137-1.7 (2010). Plaintiffs claim for 13 illegal deductions from tips is also straightforward. That claim will turn on whether servers were 14 required to share or pool tips with (1) agents of their employer (such as the Plaintiffs manager) 15 and/or with (2) employees who were not waiters, busboys, or similar employees (such as expediters, 16 silver polishers, dishwashers, and coffee makers who allegedly provided no direct customer service). 17 See N.Y. Labor Law § 196-d (McKinney 2009); see also N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 12, § 18 146-2.14(e) (2011) ( [Tip-e]ligible employees must perform, or assist in performing, personal service 19 to patrons at a level that is a principal and regular part of their duties and is not merely occasional or 20 incidental. ). Accordingly, we conclude that Plaintiffs claims do not raise complicated or novel 21 issues of state law for purposes of § 1367(c)(1). 22 Section 1367(c)(2) requires that a state law claim substantially predominate over a federal 23 claim before a district court has discretion to refuse supplemental jurisdiction. See Itar-Tass Russian 24 News Agency, 140 F.3d at 448. In adjudicating the federal claims, the District Court likely will 25 determine whether the Plaintiffs were tip-eligible under the FLSA. Because the FLSA and the 26 NYLL use a similar standard for making such a determination, and because each set of claims arise 13 1 from the same set of operative facts, a determination as to the FLSA claims may decide the 2 Plaintiffs NYLL claim as well. See 29 U.S.C.§ 203(m) (2006); New York Labor Law § 196-d 3 (McKinney 2009). 4 Moreover, we agree with our sister circuits that the fact that there are more class members in 5 the state law class action than those in the FLSA collective action should not lead a court to the 6 conclusion that a state claim substantially predominates over the FLSA action, as section 1367(c) 7 uses that phrase. Ervin v. OS Rest. Servs., Inc., 632 F.3d 971, 980 (7th Cir. 2011). Predomination 8 under section 1367 generally goes to the type of claim, not the number of parties involved. Id. 9 (quoting De Asencio v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 342 F.3d 301, 311 (3rd Cir. 2003)); see also Ervin, 632 10 F.3d at 981 ( [T]he disparity between the number of FLSA plaintiffs and the number of state-law 11 plaintiffs is not enough to affect the supplemental jurisdiction analysis. In the majority of cases, it 12 would undermine the efficiency rationale of supplemental jurisdiction if two separate forums were 13 required to adjudicate precisely the same issues because there was a different number of plaintiffs 14 participating in each claim. ); accord Wang v. Chinese Daily News, Inc., 623 F.3d 743, 761 62 (9th 15 Cir. 2010) ( Although the number of claimants and amount of potential damages in the [state law] 16 claim may have been higher . . . [p]redomination under section 1367(c)(2) relates to the type of 17 claim and here the state law claims essentially replicate the FLSA claims they plainly do not 18 predominate. (emphasis and alteration in original)). Indeed, any addition of plaintiffs in the 19 certified state law class action does not change the factual determinations and claims made with 20 regard to Park Avenue s practices. Accordingly, we conclude that the Plaintiffs state law claims do 21 not substantially predominate over their federal claims, over which the District Court has original 22 jurisdiction, for purposes of § 1367(c)(2). 23 24 Third, section 1367(c)(3) is not applicable here because the District Court did not dismiss any claims over which it had original jurisdiction. 25 Fourth, as to whether there is a compelling reason under section 1367(c)(4) for the 26 District Court to decline supplemental jurisdiction over the NYLL claims, Park Avenue argues that 14 1 class certification should have been denied because of [an] inherent conflict between opt-in 2 collective actions under FLSA and opt-out class actions under NYLL. We reject this argument for 3 several reasons. First, nothing in the language of the FLSA prevents the exercise of supplemental 4 jurisdiction over Plaintiffs state law wage claims. Section 216(b) of the FSLA provides that 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 [a]ny employer who violates the provisions of section 206 or section 207 of this title shall be liable to the employee or employees affected in the amount of their unpaid minimum wages, or their unpaid overtime compensation, as the case may be, and in an additional equal amount as liquidated damages. Any employer who violates the provisions of section 215(a)(3) of this title shall be liable for such legal or equitable relief as may be appropriate to effectuate the purposes of section 215(a)(3) of this title, including without limitation employment, reinstatement, promotion, and the payment of wages lost and an additional equal amount as liquidated damages. An action to recover the liability prescribed in either of the preceding sentences may be maintained against any employer (including a public agency) in any Federal or State court of competent jurisdiction by any one or more employees for and in behalf of himself or themselves and other employees similarly situated. No employee shall be a party plaintiff to any such action unless he gives his consent in writing to become such a party and such consent is filed in the court in which such action is brought. 19 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) (2006). This section explicitly authorizes employees, on behalf of themselves and 20 those similarly situated, to bring, under the FLSA, minimum wage, overtime, and anti-retaliation 21 claims. Section 216(b) also provides that the FLSA consent requirement applies only to wage 22 claims brought under the substantive provisions of the FLSA and does not apply to wage claims 23 generally. Damassia, 250 F.R.D. at 162. Accordingly, we do not read the plain language of § 24 216(b) as restraining any remedies available to employees under state law or as affecting a federal 25 court s ability to obtain supplemental jurisdiction over state employment actions. See Ervin, 632 26 F.3d at 979 ( [T]he opt-in procedures in the FLSA do not operate to limit expressly or impliedly 27 a district court s supplemental jurisdiction to only those state-law claims that also involve opt-in 28 procedures. ). 29 Second, the FLSA s savings clause makes clear that states may enact wage laws that are 30 more protective than those that are provided in the act: No provision of this chapter or of any 31 order thereunder shall excuse noncompliance with any Federal or State law or municipal ordinance 32 establishing a minimum wage higher than the minimum wage established under this chapter . . . . 33 29 U.S.C. § 218(a) (2006). We have held that this clause demonstrates Congress intent to allow state 15 1 wage laws to co-exist with the FLSA by permitting explicitly, for example, states to mandate greater 2 overtime benefits than the FLSA. See Overnite Transp. Co. v. Tianti, 926 F.2d 220, 221 22 (2d Cir. 3 1991) (rejecting the argument that the FLSA preempts state wage laws); see also Ervin, 632 F.3d at 4 977 (same); Williamson v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 208 F.3d 1144, 1151 (9th Cir. 2000) (stating that 5 section 18(a) indicates that the FLSA is not the exclusive remedy for wage payment claims). Further, 6 interpreting the above provisions of the FLSA to bar employees access to federal courts to seek 7 class-wide remedies for alleged substandard working conditions detrimental to [their] . . . health, 8 efficiency, and general well-being, 29 U.S.C. § 202(a) (2006), would be inconsistent with the stated 9 purpose of the FLSA. 10 Third, the legislative history surrounding the FLSA s opt-in provision also provides no 11 support for precluding joint prosecution of FLSA and state law wage claims in the same federal 12 action. Originally, § 216(b) permitted an employee to bring a collective class action on behalf of 13 similarly situated employees but did not expressly require unnamed plaintiffs to opt-in to the action. 14 See Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 52 Stat. 1060, 1069 (1938). Then, in 1947 Congress added 15 the opt-in provision through passage of the Portal-to-Portal Act (the Portal Act ). See Portal Act, 16 § 1, 61 Stat. 84, 84 85 (1947). The Portal Act made clear that the opt-in requirement shall be 17 applicable only with respect to actions commenced under the [FSLA] of 1938. Id. § 5(b), 61 Stat. at 18 87. However, the Portal Act contains no suggestion of any intent to prevent class certification or 19 any prohibition of the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction over state wage law class claims. See 20 Regulating the Recovery of Portal-to-Portal Pay, and for Other Purposes, H.R. Rep. No. 80-71 21 (1947); Exempting Employers from Liability for Portal-to-Portal Wages in Certain Cases, S. Rep.No. 22 80-48 (1947); Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947, H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 80-326 (1947). We do not view 23 Congress s creation of the opt-in provision for FLSA collective actions as a choice against, or a 24 rejection of, Rule 23 s opt-out process for state law class actions. See Ervin, 632 F.3d at 977 25 ( There is ample evidence that a combined action is consistent with the regime Congress has 26 established in the FLSA. ). 16 1 Finally, our sister circuits in the Seventh, Ninth, and District of Columbia Circuits all have 2 determined that supplemental jurisdiction is appropriate over state labor law class claims in an action 3 where the court has federal question jurisdiction over FLSA claims in a collective action. See Ervin, 4 632 F.3d at 973 74, 978 (looking to the plain language of the FLSA and concluding that (1) there is 5 no categorical rule against certifying a Rule 23(b)(3) state-law class action in a proceeding that also 6 includes a collective action brought under the FLSA ; and (2) if these actions were to proceed 7 separately the FLSA in federal court and the state-law class action in state court an entirely 8 different and potentially worse problem of confusion would arise, with uncoordinated notices from 9 separate courts peppering the employees. ); Wang, 623 F.3d at 761 (concluding that it was within 10 the district court s discretion to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the [state law class claim 11 because] . . . [t]he [state] claim does not pose novel questions of state law akin to those present in De 12 Asencio ); see also Lindsay v. Gov t Employees Ins. Co., 448 F.3d 416, 424 25 (D.C. Cir. 2006) 13 (holding that the opt-in collective action provision of FLSA did not expressly prohibit the exercise 14 of supplemental jurisdiction over the New York Minimum Wage Act claims of opt-out class 15 members and, therefore, that the district court could exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the 16 New York Minimum Wage Act claims of class members). 17 Accordingly, we agree with the Seventh Circuit that while there may in some cases be 18 exceptional circumstances or compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction, the conflict between the 19 opt-in procedure under the FLSA and the opt-out procedure under Rule 23 is not a proper reason to 20 decline jurisdiction under section 1367(c)(4). Ervin, 632 F.3d at 980. 21 The only circuit court decision declining supplemental jurisdiction over state labor law class 22 claims in an action where the court has federal question jurisdiction over FLSA claims was the Third 23 Circuit s decision in De Asencio v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 342 F.3d 301 (2003). In De Asencio, 24 employees at chicken-processing plants brought a representative action in the district court alleging 25 that their employer violated minimum wage and overtime provisions of the FLSA as well as the 26 Pennsylvania Wage Payment and Collection Law (WPCL). See id. at 304. The district court granted 17 1 class certification to the employees for their state labor law (WPCL) claims. See id. at 305. 2 On appeal, the Third Circuit held that although the district court did not abuse its discretion 3 by ruling that FLSA and WPCL actions arose from same controversy and shared a common nucleus 4 of operative facts, 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), the district court should not have exercised supplemental 5 jurisdiction over the WPCL claim, which presented novel and complex questions of state law and 6 which substantially predominated over the FLSA claim within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 7 1367(c)(1), (c)(2) (2006). See De Asencio, 342 F.3d at 309 ( Generally, a district court will find 8 substantial predomination where a state claim constitutes the real body of a case, to which the 9 federal claim is only an appendage only where permitting litigation of all claims in the district 10 court can accurately be described as allowing a federal tail to wag what is in substance a state dog. 11 (internal quotation marks omitted)). Specifically, the Third Circuit explained that 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 certain issues of state law presented in the WPCL action also weigh heavily, tilting the balance against the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction. Pennsylvania courts have not addressed two novel and complex questions of state law squarely presented here: whether a WPCL action may rest on an implied employment contract that relies on alleged oral representations by Tyson managers; and whether the WPCL pertains to at will, non-collective bargaining employees. The need to resolve these issues, which are better left to the Pennsylvania state courts, weighs in favor of declining supplemental jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(1). De Asencio, 342 F.3d at 311. We conclude that De Asencio is distinguishable from this case and the other circuit cases 22 that have dealt with the dual action question in that De Asencio involved a complex question of 23 state law rendering supplemental jurisdiction inappropriate under section 1367(c)(1). Its rationale 24 was premised on a case-specific analysis of supplemental jurisdiction rather than on a general 25 prohibition of exercising supplemental jurisdiction over state labor law class claims in an FLSA 26 action.8 Accordingly, De Asencio represents only a fact-specific application of well-established 8 The Third Circuit nevertheless recognized that the interest in joining the [FLSA and WPCL] actions is strong as well. De Asencio, 342 F.3d at 310. Examining the crucial distinction between opt-in and opt-out classes, the Third Circuit noted that aggregation affects the dynamics for discovery, trial, negotiation and settlement, and can bring hydraulic pressure to bear on defendants. The more aggregation, the greater the effect on the litigation. Id. Ultimately, the Third Circuit recognized the opt-in scheme for FLSA actions as a policy decision by Congress and 18 1 rules, not a rigid rule about the use of supplemental jurisdiction in cases combining an FLSA count 2 with a state-law class action. Ervin, 632 F.3d at 981; see also Wang, 623 F.3d at 761 62 3 (distinguishing the facts of De Asencio). Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the District 4 Court s decision to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the NYLL claims in this case. See Ervin, 5 632 F.3d at 980 ( [W]hile there may in some cases be exceptional circumstances or compelling 6 reasons for declining jurisdiction, the conflict between the opt-in procedure under the FLSA and 7 the opt-out procedure under Rule 23 is not a proper reason to decline jurisdiction under section 8 1367(c)(4). ).9 9 II. 10 Rule 23 Class Certification of the State Law Claims A district court s decision regarding class certification under Rule 23 is reviewed for abuse of 11 discretion. See In re IPO Secs. Litig., 471 F.3d 24, 31 32 (2d Cir. 2006) ( Provided that the district 12 court has applied the proper legal standards in deciding whether to certify a class, its decision may 13 only be overturned if it constitutes an abuse of discretion. (internal quotation marks omitted)). We 14 have stated that the abuse-of-discretion standard has regularly been applied in reviewing a district 15 judge s conclusions with respect to individual requirements of Rule 23 both by this Court and by 16 other Circuits. Id. at 32 (internal citations omitted) (collecting cases). An appellate court, however, 17 is noticeably less deferential . . . when [the district] court has denied class status than when it has 18 certified a class. Caridad v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., 191 F.3d 283, 291 (2d Cir. 1999) 19 (internal quotation marks omitted), overruled on other grounds by In re IPO Secs. Litig., 471 F.3d at 20 40. 21 A district court vested with discretion to decide a certain matter is empowered to make a stated that the Court would not tout the relative merits of either approach as it proceeded to a straightforward supplemental jurisdiction analysis under section 1367(a), (c). Id. 9 Moreover, as noted above, even if one of the four statutory bases were applicable, it would still be error to decline supplemental jurisdiction where exercising it would promote the values of economy, convenience, fairness and comity identified in United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs. As is implicit in our discussion above, requiring plaintiffs to bring a separate action in state court to assert their state law claims would result in duplicative litigation and present an additional risk of confusion on the part of potential class members who would receive notices of both actions. 19 1 decision of its choosing that falls within a range of permissible decisions. Parker v. Time 2 Warner Entm t Co., L.P., 331 F.3d 13, 18 (2d Cir. 2003) (emphasis in original; internal quotation 3 marks omitted). A district court abuses or exceeds the discretion accorded to it when (1) its 4 decision rests on an error of law . . . or a clearly erroneous factual finding, or (2) its decision 5 though not necessarily the product of a legal error or a clearly erroneous factual finding cannot 6 be located within the range of permissible decisions. Id. (quoting Zervos v. Verizon N.Y., Inc., 252 7 F.3d 163, 168 69 (2d Cir. 2001) (footnotes omitted; omission in original)). In contrast, de novo 8 review is review without deference, id., and is traditionally associated with appellate assessments 9 of a district court s legal conclusions. Id. 10 With these principles in mind, the standard of review applicable to class certification 11 decisions can be succinctly summarized as follows: We review class certification rulings for abuse of 12 discretion. We review de novo the district court s conclusions of law that informed its decision to 13 deny class certification. Id. (quoting Turner v. Beneficial Corp., 242 F.3d 1023, 1025 (11th Cir. 14 2001)). 15 Rule 23(a) provides that 16 17 (a) One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all members only if: 18 19 20 21 22 23 (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class. 24 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1) (4). In addition, [a] class action may be maintained if Rule 23(a) is satisfied 25 and if: . . . (3) the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to class members 26 predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior 27 to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy. Fed. R. Civ. P. 28 Rule 23(b). 29 As to the role of the district court in making a determination that the foregoing requirements 20 1 of Rule 23 have been met, we have held that 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (1) a district judge may certify a class only after making determinations that each of the Rule 23 requirements has been met; (2) such determinations can be made only if the judge resolves factual disputes relevant to each Rule 23 requirement and finds that whatever underlying facts are relevant to a particular Rule 23 requirement have been established and is persuaded to rule, based on the relevant facts and the applicable legal standard, that the requirement is met; (3) the obligation to make such determinations is not lessened by overlap between a Rule 23 requirement and a merits issue, even a merits issue that is identical with a Rule 23 requirement; (4) in making such determinations, a district judge should not assess any aspect of the merits unrelated to a Rule 23 requirement; and (5) a district judge has ample discretion to circumscribe both the extent of discovery concerning Rule 23 requirements and the extent of a hearing to determine whether such requirements are met in order to assure that a class certification motion does not become a pretext for a partial trial of the merits. 16 In re IPO Secs. Litig., 471 F.3d at 41; see also id. at 42 ( A district judge is to assess all of the 17 relevant evidence admitted at the class certification stage and determine whether each Rule 23 18 requirement has been met, just as the judge would resolve a dispute about any other threshold 19 prerequisite for continuing a lawsuit. ). In deciding a motion for class certification under Rule 23, 20 the district judge must receive enough evidence, by affidavits, documents, or testimony, to be 21 satisfied that each Rule 23 requirement has been met. Id. at 41. While we have made clear that the 22 district court must make these determinations, we have not required that the district court utilize any 23 particular verbal formula, nor that the district court make express findings on each requirement. 24 Where the basis of the district court s ruling is obvious in context, we will not reverse a class 25 certification simply because the district court has not explicitly recited each finding. 26 Citing to In re IPO Secs. Litig., Park Avenue argues that we should reverse the District 27 Court s January 29, 2010, Order certifying the state law claims as a class action because the Plaintiffs 28 have failed to meet, by a preponderance of the evidence, the evidentiary requirements for Rule 23 29 class certification. Park Avenue argues that the District Court neither addressed each requirement 30 for Rule 23 class certification nor made a separate ruling as to each requirement. We disagree. 31 Here, both the record and the transcript of the January 28, 2010, hearing in the District Court 32 provide us with the ability to determine that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in 33 certifying the class action as to the state law claims. 21 1 First, as to the requirement of numerosity, Rule 23(a)(1), the District Court found, and the 2 parties do not appear to dispute, that the class includes approximately 275 people. Accordingly, we 3 have little difficulty in agreeing with the court that the numerosity requirement is satisfied. See 4 Consol. Rail Corp. v. Town of Hyde Park, 47 F.3d 473, 483 (2d Cir. 1995) (stating that numerosity is 5 presumed where a putative class has forty or more members). 6 Second, we conclude that the District Court properly found there to be questions of law or 7 fact common to the class, Rule 23(a)(2), since the Plaintiffs NYLL class claims all derive from the 8 same compensation policies and tipping practices of Park Avenue. Further, all of the class plaintiffs 9 claims arise under the same New York State statutes and regulations. 10 Third, with regard to whether the claims of the representative parties are typical of the claims 11 of the class, Rule 23(a)(3), the District Court recognized that if certain individuals who are tip- 12 ineligible employees are found to have been included inappropriately in the tip pool, such a 13 determination would affect every plaintiff and would result in everybody else getting something 14 more. Indeed, the parties do not appear to dispute that Park Avenue s tipping practices affected 15 every plaintiff during the time period in question. The District Court s observation in this respect is 16 sufficient to uphold its determination that commonality and typicality are satisfied. [A 277 78] See 17 Marisol A. v. Giuliani, 126 F.3d 372, 376 (2d Cir. 1997) ( The commonality requirement is met if 18 plaintiffs grievances share a common question of law or of fact. ); Robidoux v. Celani, 987 F.2d 19 931, 936 (2d Cir. 1993) ( [T]ypicality requirement is satisfied when each class member s claim arises 20 from the same course of events and each class member makes similar legal arguments to prove the 21 defendant s liability. ); Spicer v. Pier Sixty LLC, 269 F.R.D. 321, 337 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (finding 22 commonality and typicality easily satisfied where all class members were subject to the same policies 23 regarding their employers distribution of a service charge). Moreover, Plaintiffs submitted 24 declarations and deposition testimony regarding the tip pool structure, as well as tip-out sheets that 25 show that all Class Members were subject to the same tipping policies of Park Avenue. Plaintiffs 26 also submitted payroll records produced by Defendants that show a common policy and practice of 22 1 not paying the spread of hours premium. We conclude that the District Court properly found the 2 elements of commonality and typicality satisfied. 3 As to whether the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of 4 the class, Rule 23(a)(4), the Plaintiffs provided the District Court with adequate representation that 5 the class representatives are prepared to prosecute fully the action and have no known conflicts with 6 any class member. Accordingly, although there was no express finding by the District Court as to 7 the adequacy of the representative Plaintiffs for the class, there is nothing in the record to suggest 8 that the class representatives are inadequate. Moreover, if, for some reason it is later determined by 9 the court that the representative Plaintiffs are inadequate, the court could substitute another class 10 plaintiff for the representative plaintiff in question or simply allow the remaining representative 11 Plaintiffs to proceed with the class action. See Central States Southeast and Southwest Areas Health 12 and Welfare Fund v. Merck-Medco Managed Care, LLC, 504 F.3d 229, 241 (2d Cir. 2007) ( [W]e 13 note that only one of the named Plaintiffs is required to establish standing in order to seek relief on 14 behalf of the entire class. ). 15 Finally, as to Rule 23(b)(3) s requirement that class-wide issues predominate over individual 16 issues, Plaintiffs have alleged that all servers were subject to Park Avenue s uniform tip-sharing or 17 tip-pooling system. That is, all servers who worked for Park Avenue at a given time allegedly were 18 required to share their tips with the same tip-ineligible person(s) (e.g., a manager). Park Avenue has 19 not denied that all servers were subject to its uniform tip practices, and Plaintiffs support the 20 allegation that all class plaintiffs were subject to the same uniform tip practices with their submission 21 of tip-distribution sheets with their motion for class certification. If Plaintiffs succeed in showing 22 that the expediters, silver polishers, coffee makers, and/or managers were not eligible to receive tips 23 under New York law, then each of the class plaintiffs will likely prevail on his or her section 196-d 24 claims, although class plaintiffs individualized damages will vary. We conclude from the record 25 before us that the District Court s finding that common questions predominate over any 26 individualized damages issues is fully supported. E.g., In re Visa Check/MasterMoney Antitrust 23 1 Litig., 280 F.3d 124, 139 (2d Cir. 2001) ( Common issues may predominate when liability can be 2 determined on a class-wide basis, even when there are some individualized damage issues. ). 3 Accordingly, we conclude that the Plaintiffs provided ample and sufficient evidence as to the 4 elements of Rule 23(a)(1) (4) and Rule 23(b)(3) for us to uphold the District Court s findings and 5 conclusions with respect to each of the Rule 23 requirements. CONCLUSION 6 7 8 In accordance with the foregoing, we affirm the Order of the District Court certifying the New York State law claims. 24
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