United States of America, v. Vincent R. Davis, Appellant, 197 F.3d 662 (3d Cir. 1999)

This does not suggest that the government may introduce either reports or evidence that Davis was suspended for forty-four days, or documentation of the Internal Affairs determination that Davis lied about the subway pass incident. Such evidence would not only be hearsay to the extent it contains assertion of fact, it would be inadmissible extrinsic evidence under Rule 608(b). More precisely, the government cannot make reference to Davis's forty-four day suspension or that Internal Affairs found that he lied about the subway-pass incident. The government needs to limit it cross examination to the facts underlying those events. To impugn Davis's credibility, the government properly can question Davis about misappropriating departmental gasoline for personal use and putting a false name in a gas log, and it may question Davis about lying to an Internal Affairs officer about ripping up an individual's subway pass. If her denies that such events took place, however, the government cannot put before the jury evidence that he was suspended or deemed a liar by Internal Affairs. As Professor Salizburg aptly warns, "counsel should not be permitted to circumvent the no-extrinsic evidence provision (in Rule 608(b) (1)) by tucking a third person's opinion about prior acts into a question asked of the witness who has denied the act." Stephen A. Salizburg, Impeaching the Witness: Prior Bad Acts and Extrinsic Evidence, 7 CRIM JUST. 28.31 (Winter 1993). Allowing such a line of questioning not only puts hearsay statements before the jury, it injects the views of a third person into the case to contradict the witness. This injection of extrinsic evidence not only runs afoul of Rule 608(b), but also sets the stage for a mini-trial regarding a tangential issue of dubious probative value that is laden with potential undue prejudice.