Marlene Sosa, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Airprint Systems, Inc., a Florida Corporation, Defendant-appellee, 133 F.3d 1417 (11th Cir. 1998)

Appellant Marlene Sosa sued appellee Airprint Systems, Inc. ("Airprint"), her former employer, alleging violations of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq. ("ADEA"), and the Florida Civil Rights Act of 1992, Fla. Stat. Ch. 760 ("FCRA"). The district court dismissed Sosa's case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because Airprint had too few employees to be subject to the provisions of the ADEA and FCRA. Sosa does not challenge that ruling, but instead appeals the district court's denial of her motion to amend the complaint to add Viking Industries, Inc. as a second defendant.¹  The motion to amend argued that Viking Industries and Airprint were so closely integrated that they could be considered a single employer and that the two companies together employed more than the jurisdictional minimum number of employees. Noting that Sosa's motion to amend was filed well after the time prescribed by the court's scheduling order, the district court denied the motion as untimely.

District courts are required to "enter a scheduling order that limits the time to ... join other parties and to amend the pleadings ..." Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b). Such orders "control the subsequent course of the action unless modified by a subsequent order," Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(e), and may be modified only "upon a showing of good cause." Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b). This good cause standard precludes modification unless the schedule cannot "be met despite the diligence of the party seeking the extension." Fed. R. Civ. P. 16 advisory committee's note; see also Johnson v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 609 (9th Cir. 1992) ("If [a] party was not diligent, the [good cause] inquiry should end.").² 

A district court's decision to enforce its pre-trial order will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Santiago v. Lykes Bros. Steamship Co., 986 F.2d 423, 427 (11th Cir. 1993). Because our review of the record reveals that Sosa failed to demonstrate good cause for belatedly amending her complaint, we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion and thus affirm the decision below.

The record makes clear that Sosa's failure to comply with the court's scheduling order resulted from a lack of diligence in pursuing her claim. First, despite Sosa's counsel's asserted familiarity and experience with the employee numerosity requirement under the ADEA and FCRA, counsel failed to ascertain the number of Airprint's employees before filing suit and took no steps to acquire this information early in the discovery period. Even in the face of Airprint's assertion in its answer that it "no longer has any employees," R.6-3, counsel waited some four months before propounding written discovery and took no oral depositions until nearly three months after the deadline for amending the complaint. Counsel thus left to chance a critical component of subject matter jurisdiction.

Second, the information supporting the proposed amendment to the complaint was available to Sosa even before she filed suit. Sosa's affidavit, filed with the district court in conjunction with her motion for leave to amend, indicates that she had been aware of the existence of Viking Industries since she began working for Airprint. Also, much of the evidence cited by counsel in support of the motion-e.g., that Airprint and Viking Industries had a common principal address, CEO, President, Secretary, and Treasurer-was public information obtained from the Florida Department of State and was readily accessible to Sosa prior to initiating her action against Airprint.

Third, Airprint informed Sosa via interrogatory responses that it had not employed more than 20 employees during the relevant time period and that it was not an employer within the meaning of the ADEA or the FCRA. Despite receiving this information two weeks prior to the deadline for amending her complaint, Sosa waited approximately six months before taking steps to preserve her ability to assert a viable theory of subject matter jurisdiction.

Sosa's brief on appeal does not address good cause under Rule 16(b), but focuses instead upon the liberal amendment standard set out in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a). If Sosa's motion for leave to amend had been filed within the time prescribed by the scheduling order, Rule 15(a) would be our primary focus, as well. However, because Sosa's motion to amend was filed after the scheduling order's deadline, she must first demonstrate good cause under Rule 16(b) before we will consider whether amendment is proper under Rule 15(a). Johnson, 975 F.2d at 607-08; Anda, 959 F.2d at 1155. If we considered only Rule 15(a) without regard to Rule 16(b), we would render scheduling orders meaningless and effectively would read Rule 16(b) and its good cause requirement out of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

In light of Sosa's lack of diligence in protecting her rights, Sosa's attempt to add a defendant outside the time frame prescribed by the scheduling order was not supported by good cause. The district court thus did not abuse its discretion by denying as untimely Sosa's motion for leave to amend her complaint.

AFFIRMED.