Unpublished Disposition, 876 F.2d 897 (9th Cir. 1989)

MEMORANDUM^** 

Jose de Jesus Silva-Pena (Silva-Pena) appeals his conviction of possession with intent to distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a) (1). He contends that the district court erred by refusing to instruct the jury on his proffered defense of duress. We affirm.

"For an instruction on a particular defense to go to the jury, the defendant must present sufficient evidence to raise triable issues of fact on the elements of that defense." United States v. Charmley, 764 F.2d 675, 676 (9th Cir. 1985). "The three elements of the duress defense are: (1) immediate threat of death or grave bodily harm; (2) well grounded fear that the threat will be carried out; and (3) no reasonable opportunity to escape." Id.

Whatever the merits of Silva-Pena's arguments on the last two elements of the duress defense, our review of the entire record reveals that Silva-Pena failed to show an immediate threat of death or grave bodily harm. At trial, Silva-Pena testified that he would be killed or beaten by DEA agent James Wade (Wade), the "buyer" who had arranged to purchase the cocaine, if Silva-Pena did not complete the cocaine deal. He further testified that government informant Richard Keerne Garcia (Garcia) told him, "Look, remember I told you this man, Jim (Wade), was a very big man in the casinos. You think they aren't going to kill you?" Finally, he testified that one day he noticed two men in a car following him, whom he believed were Wade's bodyguards. At no time, however, was Silva-Pena threatened with death or great bodily harm by someone actually present to enforce the threat. Such nonimmediate threats do not establish a prima facie case of duress. See United States v. Shapiro, 669 F.2d 593, 596 and n. 3 (9th Cir. 1982). Accordingly, the district court did not err by refusing to instruct the jury on the duress defense.

AFFIRMED.