Ex parte Sergio Acosta.
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Sergio Acosta petitioned for a writ of mandamus to direct the circuit court to vacate an order granting a motion filed by Trinity Bank to strike Acosta's jury demand with respect to all counts in Acosta's counterclaim and third-party complaint in the bank's action against him. The bank filed filed suit seeking a judgment against Acosta for financial losses it incurred after Acosta defaulted on certain "Multipurpose Note and Security
Agreement[s]" he had executed with the bank. The bank alleged that Acosta had executed two secured notes and one unsecured note, which, it said, Acosta had failed and/or refused to pay; that the bank had foreclosed on the properties pledged as collateral on the secured notes; and that proper credit had been applied to the notes. The bank sought a judgment for the balance due on the notes, plus interest, fees, costs, and attorney fees. Acosta filed a counterclaim against the bank, as well as a third-party complaint against two of its officers, alleging that he had entered into a business relationship with R&B Properties under the name of SilverPalm Properties, LLC; that loans from the bank were the principal source of funding for SilverPalm; that the financing plan was for SilverPalm to procure from the bank the funds to construct the properties, for SilverPalm to pay the interest on the notes until the properties were rented, and for SilverPalm to pay off the notes once the properties generated sufficient rental income to do so. Acosta and R&B Properties dissolved SilverPalm because of a downturn in the economy; but the bank induced that Acosta was personally liable for the notes previously secured only by SilverPalm The bank at some point advised Acosta that additional security was required to continue financing the notes, that Acosta declined to pledge additional security. The bank then called the notes due and foreclosed on the properties securing the notes. Acosta requested an accounting for the amounts claimed by the bank on the notes and the mortgages securing the notes, and he sought damages based on allegations of wantonness, breach of good faith and fair dealing, negligence, fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and promissory estoppel. The counterclaim and third-party complaint included a demand for a jury trial. In its motion to strike Acosta's jury demand, the Bank relied on a jury-waiver provision in four Assignments of Rents and Leases that Acosta had executed in consideration of the notes. The trial court initially denied the bank's motion to strike, and then granted it after reconsideration. The Supreme Court concluded that Acosta demonstrated a clear legal right to a jury trial on the claims asserted in his counterclaim and third-party complaint. As such, the Court granted the petition and directed the trial court to vacate its order striking Acosta's jury demand.
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REL:06/05/2015 Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 2290649), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is printed in Southern Reporter. SUPREME COURT OF ALABAMA OCTOBER TERM, 2014-2015 ____________________ 1140200 ____________________ Ex parte Sergio Acosta PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS (In re: Sergio Acosta v. Trinity Bank) (Geneva Circuit Court, CV-13-900060) BOLIN, Justice. Sergio Acosta petitions this Court for a writ of mandamus directing the Geneva Circuit Court to vacate its October 22, 1140200 2014, order granting a motion filed by Trinity Bank (hereinafter "the bank") to strike Acosta's jury demand with respect to all counts in Acosta's counterclaim and third-party complaint in the bank's action against him. We grant the petition and issue the writ. I. Facts and Procedural History On April 19, 2013, the bank filed a complaint, seeking a judgment against Acosta for financial losses it incurred after Acosta defaulted on certain "Multipurpose Note and Security Agreement[s]" ("the notes") he had executed with the bank. The bank alleged that Acosta had executed two secured notes and one unsecured note, which, it said, Acosta had failed and/or refused to pay; that the bank had foreclosed on the properties pledged as collateral on the secured notes; and that proper credit had been applied to the notes. The bank sought a judgment for the balance due on the notes, plus interest, fees, costs, and attorney fees. On January 30, 2014, Acosta filed a counterclaim against the bank, as well as a third-party complaint against two of its officers, alleging that on April 4, 2006, he had entered into a business relationship with R&B Properties under the 2 1140200 name of SilverPalm Properties, LLC; that SilverPalm was formed to construct and to manage rental properties; that loans from the bank were the principal source of funding for SilverPalm; that the financing plan was for SilverPalm to procure from the bank the funds to construct the properties, for SilverPalm to pay the interest on the notes until the properties were rented, and for SilverPalm to pay off the notes once the properties generated sufficient rental income to do so; that, on November 2, 2009, Acosta and R&B Properties dissolved SilverPalm because of a downturn in the economy; that the bank thereafter induced Acosta to become personally liable for the notes previously secured only by SilverPalm by representing to Acosta that he would be responsible only for the interest accruing on the notes until such time as the principal could be paid from rental income generated by the properties; that Acosta at all times continued to pay the interest on the notes; that the bank at some point advised Acosta that additional security was required to continue financing the notes; that Acosta declined to pledge additional security; and that the bank then called the notes due and foreclosed on the properties securing the notes. Acosta requested an accounting 3 1140200 for the amounts claimed by the bank on the notes and the mortgages securing the notes, and he sought damages based on allegations of wantonness, breach of good faith and fair dealing, negligence, fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and promissory estoppel. The counterclaim and third-party complaint included a demand for a jury trial. On May 2, 2014, the bank filed a motion to strike Acosta's jury demand, relying on a jury-waiver provision in four Assignments of Rents and Leases that Acosta had executed in consideration of the notes ("the assignments"), assigning to the bank all of Acosta's interest in the leases for the rental properties. On May 30, 2014, the trial court entered an order denying the bank's motion to strike, and the bank thereafter filed a motion to reconsider. Following a hearing, the trial court withdrew its May 30, 2014, order and entered a subsequent order, dated October 22, 2014, granting the bank's motion to strike the jury demand as to all counts in Acosta's counterclaim and third-party complaint. Acosta petitioned this Court for a writ of mandamus. II. Standard of Review "A petition for a writ of mandamus is the appropriate vehicle for seeking review by this Court 4 1140200 of a denial of a demand for a jury trial. 'Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy, however, requiring a showing that there is: "(1) a clear legal right in the petitioner to the order sought; (2) an imperative duty upon the respondent to perform, accompanied by a refusal to do so; (3) the lack of another adequate remedy; and (4) properly invoked jurisdiction of the court."' Ex parte Jackson, 737 So. 2d 452, 453 (Ala. 1999) (quoting Ex parte Alfab, Inc., 586 So. 2d 889, 891 (Ala. 1991)). Because mandamus is an extraordinary remedy, the standard of review on a petition for a writ of mandamus is whether there is a clear showing of error on the part of the trial court. Ex parte Finance America Corp., 507 So. 2d 458, 460 (Ala. 1987)." Ex parte Atlantis Dev. Co., 897 So. 2d 1022, 1024 (Ala. 2004). III. Analysis In Ex parte BancorpSouth Bank, 109 So. 3d 163, 166 (Ala. 2012), this Court stated the following regarding jury trials: "The right to a jury trial is a significant right in our jurisprudence. 'Public policy, the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure, and the Alabama Constitution all express a preference for trial by jury.' Ex parte AIG Baker Orange Beach Wharf, L.L.C., 49 So. 3d 1198, 1200–01 (Ala. 2010) (citing Ex parte Cupps, 782 So. 2d [772] at 775 [(Ala. 2000)]). Nevertheless, the right to a jury trial is not absolute in that 'no constitutional or statutory provision prohibits a person from waiving his or her right to trial by jury.' Mall, Inc. v. Robbins, 412 So. 2d 1197, 1199 (Ala. 1982)." Because jury trials are strongly favored in the law, there is a presumption against denying a jury trial based on a contractual waiver, and a waiver of a right to a jury trial 5 1140200 must be strictly construed, giving deference to the constitutional guarantee of the right to a trial by jury. See Mall, Inc. v. Robbins, 412 So. 2d 1197, 1200 (Ala. 1982) (noting that the "same public policy that applies the rule of strict construction will likewise limit the scope of operation of a jury waiver agreement to those controversies directly related to and arising out of the terms and provisions of the overall agreement containing the jury waiver provisions"). The substantive question presented by Acosta in his petition for a writ of mandamus is whether the jury-waiver provision in each of the four assignments, which expressly applies to civil actions "arising out of, or based on, [the] Assignment," can be extended to the notes where, as here, the assignments are incorporated, by reference, into the notes. In connection with the notes, Acosta also executed certain mortgages securing the notes and the assignments, each of which contain an identical jury-waiver provision. The notes incorporate by reference both the mortgages securing the notes and the assignments. Each assignment states that the assignment is executed in consideration of a certain note and the mortgage or mortgages securing that note. 6 Additionally, 1140200 Section 19 of each of the notes states that the note plus any other documents signed in conjunction with the note contain the entire agreement of the parties. However, neither the notes nor the mortgages securing the notes contain a jurywaiver provision. As previously indicated, the bank's motion to strike the jury demand is based on the jury-waiver provision in each of the assignments. The assignments in essence grant the bank "all [Acosta's] estate, right, title, interest, claim and demand now owned or ... acquired in all existing and future leases of the real property described [therein]." Each of the assignments states the following: "4. [ACOSTA] MAY RECEIVE RENTS: As long as there is no default under the Note described above, the Security Instrument securing the note, this Assignment or any other present or future obligation of [Acosta] to [the bank] (whether incurred for the same or different purposes)('Obligations'), [the bank] grants [Acosta] a revocable license to collect all Rents from the Leases when due and to use such proceeds in [Acosta's] business operations. However, [the bank] may at any time require [Acosta] to deposit all Rents into an account maintained by [Acosta or the bank] at [the bank's] Institution. "5. DEFAULT AND REMEDIES. Upon default in the payment of, or in the performance of, any of the Obligations, [the bank] may at its option take possession of the Premises and have, hold, manage, lease and operate the Premises on terms and for a 7 1140200 period of time that [the bank] deems proper. [The bank] may proceed to collect and receive all Rents, and [the bank] shall have full power periodically to make alterations, renovations, repairs or replacements to the Premises as [the bank] may deem proper. [The bank] may apply all Rents, in [the bank's] sole discretion, to payment of the obligation or to the payment of the cost of such alterations, renovations, repairs and replacements and any expenses incident to taking and retaining possession of the Premises and the management and operation of the Premises. ... ".... "10. INDEPENDENT RIGHTS. This Assignment and the powers and rights granted are separate and independent from any obligation contained in the Security Instrument and may be enforced without regard to whether [the bank] institutes foreclosure proceedings under the Security Instrument. This Assignment is in addition to the Security Instrument and shall not affect, diminish or impair the Security Instrument. However, the rights and authority granted in this Assignment may be exercised in conjunction with the Security Instrument. ".... "16. JURY TRIAL WAIVER. [Acosta] HEREBY WAIVES ANY RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY CIVIL ACTION ARISING OUT OF, OR BASED UPON, THIS ASSIGNMENT." (Capitalization in original; emphasis added.) Acosta does not dispute the validity or enforceability of the jury-waiver provision in the assignments. Instead, he argues that the jury waiver applies only to claims "arising 8 1140200 out of, or based upon, this Assignment." (Emphasis added.) In other words, Acosta argues that the operative language in the jury-waiver provision is "this Assignment," that the waiver is expressly limited to claims "arising out of" or "based upon" the terms and provisions of the assignments, and that none of his claims are in any way connected to the assignments.1 The bank, on the other hand, argues that the phrase "arising out of, or based upon" should be construed broadly to include any claims beyond or collateral to the assignments because, it says, this Court has placed a broader meaning on waivers containing the phrase "arising out of." The bank further argues that because the notes, the mortgages securing the notes, and the assignments together represent the entire agreement of the parties, the jury-waiver provision in the assignments should be imported to the notes. In granting the bank's motion to strike Acosta's jury demand, the trial court relied on Ex parte BancorpSouth Bank, supra, in which this Court was called upon to examine and 1 It appears that the bank did not seek to enforce its rights under the assignments but instead called the notes due and foreclosed on the properties securing the notes. 9 1140200 interpret the scope of the following jury-waiver provision contained in a guaranty agreement: "'22. Waiver of Trial by Jury. GUARANTOR AND BANK WAIVE ANY RIGHT OF TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY ACTION BY BANK OR BY GUARANTOR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THIS GUARANTY, THE OBLIGATION EVIDENCED HEREBY, INCLUDING THOSE OF BORROWER, UNDER OR ARISING FROM ANY OTHER LOAN DOCUMENTS, THE TRANSACTION(S) RELATED HERETO, OR THE DEBTOR–CREDITOR RELATIONSHIP CREATED HEREBY.'" 109 So. 3d at 165 (capitalization in original; boldface type in original omitted). Specifically, the bank in BancorpSouth Bank argued that the jury-waiver provision was broad enough to encompass all of the guarantor's allegations asserted in his original and amended complaints. In addressing the bank's argument, this Court stated the following regarding broad jury-trial-waiver language: "In Ex parte AIG Baker Orange Beach Wharf, L.L.C., [449 So. 3d 1198 (Ala. 2010),] this Court enforced broad jury-trial waiver language in a contract and ordered the trial court to grant the petitioner's motion to strike the jury demand. This Court recognized a distinction between contractual jury waivers that are limited to claims 'arising from' the agreement, which are to be narrowly constructed and which exclude claims that do not require a reference to or construction of the underlying contract for resolution, and broader waiver provisions that cover claims 'arising out of or relating to' a contract. The AIG Baker Court 10 1140200 relied upon analogous cases dealing with arbitration clauses, such as Selma Medical Center v. Manayan, 733 So. 2d 382 (Ala. 1999) (holding that arbitration clause covering any dispute 'concerning any aspect of' agreement between doctor and hospital required arbitration of fraudulent-inducement claim); Beaver Construction Co. v. Lakehouse, L.L.C., 742 So. 2d 159, 165 (Ala. 1999) (noting that '"relating-to" language has been held to constitute a relatively broad arbitration provision'); General Motors Corp. v. Stokes, 850 So. 2d 1239 (Ala. 2002) (broadly interpreting provision in dealer-relocation agreement calling for arbitration of claims 'arising under or relating to' agreement and negotiation thereof to include claims that manufacturer fraudulently induced dealer to enter into agreement); Ex parte Gates, 675 So. 2d 371 (Ala. 1996) (holding that clause in mobile-home sales contract providing for arbitration of claims 'arising from or relating to' the contract required arbitration of buyers' claims that defendants had misrepresented or concealed facts to induce them to enter into agreement because claims were asserted 'in connection with' contract); and Ex parte Lorance, 669 So. 2d 890 (Ala. 1995) (holding that clause in doctor's professional-services contract requiring arbitration of any controversy or claim 'arising out of or relating to' contract covered doctor's claim that he was fraudulently induced to enter into agreement)." 109 So. 3d at 167-68. Based on the broad language of that jury-waiver provision, this Court in BancorpSouth Bank held that the waiver applied to all of the guarantor's alleged tort claims, i.e., fraud, breach of duty to inform, and failure to mitigate, as well as to a declaratory-judgment claim: "[T]he jury-trial waiver language clearly 11 applies to all ... 1140200 allegations that are 'in any way connected with' the guaranty agreements, 'the debtor-creditor transaction(s) relationship' related created hereto,' or by guaranty the 'the agreements." 109 So. 3d at 169. Clearly, the trial court's reliance BancorpSouth in on Bank the present case is misplaced, insofar as the jury-waiver provision here is far from broad and the plain language of the jury-waiver provision limits the waiver to only those claims "arising out of, or based upon, [the] Assignment." (Emphasis added.) construing the jury-waiver provision, it In strictly would be unreasonable, absent more expansive language, to hold that the waiver extends to claims collateral to the assignments. The bank, as the drafter of the assignments, could have, at a minimum, included additional language expanding the jurywaiver provision to include any claims "arising out of, or based upon," the assignments or the loan documents. Had it done so, the outcome may have been different because Acosta's claims against the bank undeniably do arise out of, and are based upon, the other loan documents. However, because Acosta's claims arise outside and beyond the operative effect of the assignments, those claims are not subject to the jury- 12 1140200 waiver provision; reference to or the claims simply construction of" "do the not require assignments a for resolution. Ex parte BancorpSouth Bank, 109 So. 3d at 163. As previously indicated, it does not appear that the bank sought to enforce its rights under the assignments; instead, the bank called the notes due and foreclosed on the properties securing the notes. We are further unpersuaded by the bank's argument that the jury-waiver imported into provision the notes in the merely assignments because the should notes, be the mortgages securing the notes, and the assignments represent the entire agreement of the parties and the assignments are incorporated by reference into the notes. The bank does not cite any cases in which this Court has incorporated a jurywaiver provision appearing in a collateral document into the primary document, especially where, as here, the language of the jury-waiver provision expressly and unambiguously limits its scope to the collateral document. In asserting its argument, however, it appears that the bank is relying on the contemporaneous-writing principle as stated in Ex parte Bill 13 1140200 Heard Chevrolet, 927 So. 2d 792, 800 (Ala. 2005)(quoting Weeden v. Asbury, 223 Ala. 687, 690, 138 So. 267, 270 (1931)): "'[I]n the absence of anything to indicate a contrary intention, writings executed at the same time by the same parties for the same purpose, and in the course of the same transaction, are in the eye of the law one instrument, and will be received and construed together as constituting one contract and evidencing the intention of the parties.'" (Emphasis added.) The Court further elaborated in Bill Heard Chevrolet: "This contemporaneous-writing principle is a rule of construction this Court uses when it is 'necessary to ascertain the intention of the parties.' Hunter–Benn & Co. v. Bassett Lumber Co., 224 Ala. 215, 218, 139 So. 348, 349 (1932). However, '[i]f a contract is unambiguous on its face, there is no room for construction and it must be enforced as written.' Southland Quality Homes, Inc. v. Williams, 781 So. 2d 949, 953 (Ala. 2000)." 927 So. 2d at 800 (emphasis added). Although the notes, the mortgages securing the notes, and the assignments were, according to the bank, executed contemporaneously by the parties for the purpose of financing the construction and management by SilverPalm of rental properties, the assignments, in relationship to the notes, are not ambiguous, insofar as the plain language of the jury- 14 1140200 waiver provision in each of the assignments expressly limits its scope to the assignment. For a good analysis of the purpose and effect of the contemporaneous-writing principle, we quote from Huyler's v. Ritz-Carlton Restaurant & Hotel Co., 1 F.2d 491, 492 (D. Del. 1924): "It is true that the principle by which instruments executed at the same time, by the same parties, for the same purpose, and in the course of the same transaction are considered as one, and receive the same construction as if embodied in one instrument, is of wide application and the illustrative cases are many. Elliott on Contracts, Sec. 1522; 6 R.C.L. 851; 13 C.J. 528. But at most that principle is merely a rule of construction to give effect to the intent of the parties. The provisions of one instrument are not thereby imported bodily into another. The application of the rule does not result in actual consolidation of the several contracts. It does not convert a specialty into a simple contract, or a simple contract into a specialty. Each of several instruments may be construed in the light of the others, without their being considered as one for all purposes. Moreover, considering several instruments as one is not the natural construction, and is resorted to only to effectuate the intention. They may be intended to be separate instruments and to provide for different things." (Emphasis added.) Because the jury-waiver provision in the instant case is unambiguous and is limited to the terms and provisions of the assignment in which it actually appears, the waiver cannot be 15 1140200 imported to the notes so as to apply to those claims arising out or based on the notes. Accordingly, we conclude that Acosta has demonstrated clear error on the part of the trial court in striking his demand for a jury trial as to all claims asserted in his counterclaim and third-party complaint. IV. Conclusion Because Acosta has demonstrated a clear legal right to a jury trial on the claims asserted in his counterclaim and third-party complaint, we grant the petition and direct the trial court to vacate its order striking Acosta's jury demand. PETITION GRANTED; WRIT ISSUED. Stuart, Parker, Murdock, Shaw, Main, Wise, and Bryan, JJ., concur. Moore, C.J., concurs in the result. 16 1140200 MOORE, Chief Justice (concurring in the result). I concur in the result reached by the Court. Although I agree with the majority opinion that Sergio Acosta has demonstrated a clear legal right to the mandamus relief he seeks, I question the holdings and reasoning in Ex parte BancorpSouth Bank, 109 So. 3d 163 (Ala. 2012), discussed by the majority opinion, and in Mall, Inc. v. Robbins, 412 So. 2d 1197 (Ala. 1982), and Ex parte AIG Baker Orange Beach Wharf, LLC, 49 So. 3d 1198 (Ala. 2010), also mentioned in the majority opinion. The Alabama Constitution states that "the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate." Art. I, § 11, Ala. Const. 1901. As I explained in Ex parte First Exchange Bank, 150 So. 3d 1010, 1022 (Ala. 2013)(Moore, C.J., concurring specially): "The gist of the cases on which the Court in Mall relied is that the Alabama Constitution does not expressly forbid the waiver of the right to a jury trial. This fact, however, does not mean that individuals may waive their right to a jury trial before the right accrues." I believe that Mall and its progeny have "relied on a line of precedent that fundamentally misconstrued the terms of the 17 Alabama Constitution and 1140200 encouraged the violation of the right to a jury trial." First Exchange Bank, 150 So. 3d at 1022. Therefore, I urge this Court "to overturn its recent holding in BancorpSouth Bank and the cases upon which it relied" and "to affirm the inviolate right to a jury trial by holding that predispute jury-trial waivers violate the Alabama Constitution." First Exchange Bank, 150 So. 3d at 1027 (Moore, C.J., concurring specially). I stand by my position expressed in First Exchange Bank that "the right to a jury trial in civil cases may not be waived by a party before a lawsuit has been filed and the right accrues." 150 So. 3d at 1025. The result reached in this case is, in my view, correct. Acosta's legal right to mandamus relief is clear because his substantive right to a jury trial is inviolate. For the reasons set forth Exchange Bank, above and in my concurrence in however, I concur in the result only. 18 First
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